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PubMed1979

The effect of supplemental lecture, evaluation method and instructional type on student performance in a preclinical technique project.

This study examined two types of instruction, two methods of evaluation, and the effects of a supplemental lecture in teaching a laboratory technique exercise. Students were randomly assigned to one of four groups: (1) self-instruction, self-evaluation; (2) self-instruction, teacher-evaluation; (3) teacher-aided instruction, self evaluation; and (4) teacher-aided instruction, teacher-evaluation. In addition, half of the students in each of the four groups received a supplemental lecture. Ratings of technical performance, a didactic posttest, and project completion time, were used as outcome measures. Of 27 main treatment effects tested, 25 demonstrated no significant differences. This study fails to demonstrate any major advantage of using self versus traditional forms of instruction and evaluation when student performance is the primary consideration.

Composite Resins↗

PubMed2002

[The historical and scientific aspects in the lectures of Prof. Stefan Konsulov and Prof. Mihail Hristov].

In the first half of the 20th century the Sofia University 'St. St. Cyril and Methodius' had turned into a national centre for spread of knowledge and education of specialists with University degrees. Among the lecturers in the sphere of the biological sciences there stand out Stefan Konsulov and Mihail Hristov. Their lecturing and popularization activities reflect the historical development of the evolution principles and the genetics, as well as the contemporary approaches and achievements in the sphere of biology.

Biology↗

PubMed1989

A previously-untranslated report by Freud of a lecture on the mechanism of obsessional ideas and phobias.

This is an English translation of Freud's report of a lecture that he delivered in 1895 on the 'Mechanism of obsessional ideas and phobias'. The report was not included in the Standard Edition of Freud's psychological works, and nor was it included in any of the other collections of his writings. The lecture described in this report seems to have been derived directly from Freud's contemporaneous essay on 'Obsessions and phobias' (1895b). However there are a few discrepancies between the two, and these are discussed in the footnotes to the translation.

Freudian Theory↗

PubMed1988

[Complementarity of causality and finality in biology--a report reviewing two lectures given at the 1987 annual meeting of the Leopoldina].

Reviews of the opening lecture of H. Mohr "The Elementary in the Science--Possibilities and Limits of the Reductionism" and of the final lecture of N. Bischof "Order and Organization as Heuristic Principles of the Reductive Way of Thinking" at the meeting 1987 of the Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher LEOPOLDINA are framed by remarks about the connections between Biology and Physics.

Biology↗

PubMed1986

Harvey A.K. Whitney lecture. The art of growing professionally.

The paths for professional development are described using past recipients of the Harvey A.K. Whitney Lecture Award as examples. Past recipients were able to improve their performance by accepting the help of others, including their families. Most of these individuals were guided by mentors who taught them how to think and supported their character. Their growth was enhanced through memberships in professional associations. As members of regional and national organizations, they were able to observe pharmacy practice outside their own communities. An attempt to grow professionally is in effect a search for excellence. One way that past recipients achieved excellence was by participating in continuing education. One of the most important factors contributing to their professional growth was their relationships with other people. Hospital pharmacists have been influenced by such persons as Harvey A.K. Whitney, Donald Francke, Donald Brodie, and Evlyn Gray Scott. Past recipients of the Harvey A.K. Whitney Lecture Award have exemplified professional growth.

Pharmacists↗

PubMed1986

The 1986 Armstrong lecture. AIDS and the world of the 1990s: here to stay.

The 1986 Armstrong Lecture--21st in a series of annual lectures named for the late Col. Harry Armstrong, USAF, MC--was delivered April 24 during the Aerospace Medical Association's Annual Scientific Meeting in Nashville, TN, April 20-24. The history of the onset of the AIDS epidemic was reviewed along with pertinent aspects of the underlying biomedical science which have enabled precise recommendations concerning its control. The prospects of drug treatment or vaccine interventions are remote and, therefore, health education and prevention are the chief weapons available to combat the epidemic for years to come. Numerous impediments to those effective strategies were discussed.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed1995

[Providing practice-oriented social medicine in medical education--a lecture concept].

This article outlines the concept on which lectures in Social Medicine offered at the Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg for the past three years are based. In addition to the fundamentals of Social Medicine, in our lectures we impart practical and career-oriented knowledge of the social security system and socio-medical diagnostics and how to compile medical assessments. We thus try to make it easier for the prospective physicians to later give help and advice to their patients about gaining social welfare benefits. Additionally we instruct the students in the basics of preventive medicine and the economics of medical activity. Consequently they recognise the importance of these topics for their later work in a clinic or as general practitioners. Our concept is in accordance with the intended modification of the German legislation governing the permission of doctors to practise medicine. Improvements are planned which will gear medical training better with the requirements of a medical practitioner as well as offering more intensive instruction in preventive medicine and the economy aspects of health care.

Curriculum↗

PubMed1994

Is there a relation between student lecture attendance and clinical science subject examination score?

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a relation between lecture attendance and factual knowledge of obstetrics and gynecology, as measured by the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) clinical science subject examination. METHODS: We analyzed data on 197 students completing 8-week obstetrics and gynecology rotations from July 1, 1991 to June 30, 1992. Each student was expected to attend a weekly lecture series, and each completed the NBME clinical science subject examination at the end of the clerkship. Student attendance and board scores were correlated at the end of the academic year overall and by subgroups. Scores in the top and bottom 15% were defined as good and poor performance, respectively. RESULTS: A negative correlation (r = -0.1738, P = .0146) was found between percent absence and examination score. The odds ratio for poor performance was 5.48 (95% confidence interval 1.3-26.5; P = .015) for the subgroup of students with more than 30% absence compared to those without absences. Odds ratios for scoring in the upper 15th percentile were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: The negative correlation and the high odds ratio for poor performance suggest the value of monitoring attendance and identifying students at risk for poor performance (more than 30% absence). Lower absence rates did not predict performance.

Clinical Clerkship↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Multimedia anatomy and physiology lectures for nursing students.

The use of the multimedia computer and projector can provide the lecturer who teaches anatomy and physiology to nursing students with a very powerful educational tool. The recent explosion in the number of Internet sites has resulted in a huge resource base of illustrations, photos, x-rays, and film clips, which are useful for anatomy and physiology multimedia presentations. These allow nursing students to be instructed in a clear, colorful, and dynamic fashion. This article shows how to put together anatomy and physiology multimedia presentations quickly and easily, and reviews some of the key sites on the Internet that provide resources suitable for lectures to nursing students.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2004

IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: an international perspective on the development of psychosocial oncology: overcoming cultural and attitudinal barriers to improve psychosocial care.

Around the world, traditionally the diagnosis of cancer and its prognosis was withheld from patients for centuries, due to the stigma and fears attached to it. This custom of 'never telling' precluded talking with patients about their feelings and how they were coping with illness and the threat of death. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, patient's right of access to information, coupled with the diminished stigma attached to cancer, encouraged physicians into a more open dialogue. In the majority of countries today, patients learn their diagnosis and know their treatment options. This change permitted the first formal psychosocial studies of patients in the 1950s, and the beginning of research into coping and development of interventions to improve quality of life. However, a second independent stigma, also present for centuries, has persisted: the stigma associated with mental disorders (even in the context of severe physical illness). This prejudice about mental problems has been a barrier to the integration of the psychosocial domain into total cancer care; the identification of patients who are distressed; and, patient's acceptance of psychological help. Despite these barriers, psychosocial oncology has developed worldwide, with a small, but active cadre of investigators and clinicians engaging in clinical, educational and research aspects of psycho-oncology. The International Psycho-Oncology Society (IPOS), since 1984, has brought them together. The Sutherland Memorial Lecture has honored nine individuals from five countries who have made major contributions to the field: 1982, Avery Weisman; 1984, Bernard Fox; 1987, Morton Bard; 1991, Margit von Kerekjarto; 1993, Ned Cassem; 1996, Steven Greer; 1998, Hiroomi Kawano; 2000, Robert Zittoun; and 2003, Jimmie Holland. The scientific base for psychosocial oncology is now secure with a body of knowledge, textbooks and journals which have led to the development of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for psychosocial services in several countries. A benchmark now exists against which care can be monitored and accountability established. The next 25 years will see an improvement in the psychosocial care of patients, based on research that gives a scientific basis for interventions, and a reduction in the barriers to psychosocial care in cancer.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

The modernization of pediatric neurosurgery. The Donald D. Matson Lecture 2003.

INTRODUCTION: It might be presumed that the discipline of pediatric neurosurgery is as youthful as the patients it serves. But this subspecialty of neurosurgery is at least 50 years old. DISCUSSION: This 2003 Donald D. Matson Memorial Lecture will examine the growth and development of children's neurosurgical care from the aspects of its identity and continuing educational activity, the impact of technology, outcome measures, and the role of public advocacy.

Child↗

PubMed2004

Old and forgotten: Alzheimer's lessons (opening lecture of the ABCDE Congress of Bologna).

In Alois Alzheimer's times, an integrated approach combining neurology, psychiatry and neuropathology was natural, but those directions are growing apart from each other. Although no doubt these fields have developed into new fruitful disciplines, there is the danger of inconsistency and tunnel vision. In this lecture, a plea is made for a more integrative neuropsychiatric approach. This is demonstrated by means of new research findings from the Maastricht Behavior and Dementia Study, and the Maastricht MCI cohort study. A broad neuropsychiatric approach, in which both biological and psychosocial aspects are studied, does greater justice to patients with dementia. A too narrow view of dementia as a cognitive disorder not only frustrates research, but also is not at all helpful to patients and their carers, because the most harrowing aspects of the disease remain underexposed. Research on psychosocial aspects and care should be given a higher priority.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed2004

The Mortimer M. Bortin Lecture: to destroy by the reaction of immunity: the search for separation of graft-versus-leukemia and graft-versus-host.

The graft-versus-leukemia effect of allogeneic blood or marrow transplantation is a dramatic example of the power of the immune system to eradicate malignant disease. In this personal essay, adapted from the inaugural Mortimer M. Bortin Lecture presented at the 2004 Tandem BMT Meetings, the author recounts early efforts by Bortin and others to manipulate the graft-versus-leukemia effect and separate it from the potentially fatal complications of graft-versus-host disease.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The inaugural Frank Ellis Lecture--latrogenic cancer: the impact of intensity-modulated radiotherapy.

It is an honour and personal pleasure to give the inaugural Frank Ellis Lecture to celebrate his 100th birthday, and to acknowledge his enormous contributions to radiation oncology. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) allows dose to be concentrated in the tumour volume while sparing normal tissues. However, the downside to IMRT is the potential to increase the number of radiation-induced second cancers because more fields are used which involves a bigger volume of normal tissue exposed to lower doses. It has been estimated that IMRT may double the incidence of solid cancers in long-term survivors. This may be acceptable in older patients if balanced by an improvement in local tumour control and reduced toxicity. On the other hand, the incidence of second cancers is higher in children, so that doubling it may not be acceptable. IMRT represents a special case for children. First, they are more sensitive to radiation-induced cancer than adults. Second, radiation scattered from the treatment volume is more important in the small body of the child. Third, there is the question of genetic susceptibility, as many childhood cancers involve a germline mutation. The levels of leakage radiation in current Linacs can be reduced, but the cost would be substantial. An alternative strategy is to replace X-rays with protons. This is an advantage only if the proton machine uses a pencil scanning beam, as passive modulation of a scattering foil produces neutrons, which results in an effective dose to the patient higher than that characteristic of IMRT.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Douglas P. Zipes Lecture. Biology and pathobiology of cardiac connexins: from cell to bedside.

This paper, presented on the occasion of the 1st Annual Douglas Zipes Lecture at the 2005 Scientific Sessions of the Heart Rhythm Society, briefly reviews current knowledge on the role of gap junctions in normal cardiac electrophysiology and the contributions of gap junction remodeling in the pathogenesis of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. It highlights recent advances and new research directions in gap junction biology.

Cell Communication↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Third Annual Mario S. Verani, MD, Memorial Lecture: The future of clinical nuclear cardiology.

It is a great honor and privilege to present the Third Annual Mario S. Verani, MD, Memorial Lecture. Mario Verani (1943-2001) will be remembered foremost for his major contributions to the field of nuclear cardiology (Figure 1). For instance, he was one of the first investigators to recognize that fixed thallium defects were often not just scar but could be reversed by coronary revascularization. This led to an extensive revision of accepted traditional concepts on the meaning of image patterns. Mario's work on risk stratification by myocardial perfusion and function imaging after acute myocardial infarction was equally pioneering. He also laid out the basic principles for the safe use of adenosine for pharmacologic stress testing. Adenosine is now the preferred procedure all over the world in millions of patients. Dr Verani was a founding member and past president (1996-1997) of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC). The day before he died, he received the ASNC Distinguished Service Award. Personally, I will remember Mario as a very dear friend. We spent many hours together at meetings and gatherings all over the world. I still miss his outgoing personality, his warmth, his humor, and his enthusiasm. Above all, I enjoyed his comfortable friendship. That this friendship extended itself naturally to our wives, Regina and Marjan, made it all the more special. One of the best times we had was during a cardiology meeting in Recife, in the country of his birth, Brazil. I was greatly amused and, at the same time, impressed by the admiration and respect bestowed on him by his fellow Brazilians. One evening, we were going some place in the street on foot. We could not walk down the street without Mario being stopped by one or another Brazilian cardiologist who wanted to speak and consult with him. He was clearly greatly admired and appreciated in his country. I jokingly called him "King of Recife," and the king was holding audience. We arrived rather late where we were going... . I will always cherish the memories of our times together. I am grateful that I could visit Mario at his sickbed on the day before he passed away. He was so fragile and, at the same time, so courageous. I felt sad that there was so much that we could have discussed that we did not. Life seems sometimes full of missed opportunities... .

Cardiology↗

PubMed2004

The Estro Regaud Lecture. Radiotherapy in the conservative treatment of rectal cancer. Evidence-based medicine and opinion.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This lecture is given on behalf of my former Lyon Sud Radiotherapy department (Dr P. Romestaing) and of the Radiotherapy Department of Centre Antoine-Lacassagne in Nice (Dr A. Courdi) without which it would have been impossible to produce any original clinical data. The major benefit from radiotherapy (RXT) in oncology can be summarized with 3 'C': cure-cost effectiveness-conservative treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Rectal cancer illustrates the hypothesis that radiotherapy can increase the chance of conservative treatment (with sphincter preservation SP). Sphincter preservation is a complex process, and only randomized trials can be used to see if preoperative treatment can increase SP. RESULTS: Different phase III trials have shown that: preoperative RXT is superior to postop RX (local control--toxicity--SP), preoperative RXT with immediate surgery does not increase SP, preoperative RXT with delayed surgery increases SP, concurrent chemotherapy with RXT has not yet proven to increase SP, important dose escalation (90 Gy) with contact X-ray RXT increases complete clinical tumor response and SP. CONCLUSIONS: The surgeon is the key person for the cure of rectal cancer and mainly responsible for the decision of sphincter preservation. The experience gained with contact X-ray therapy stresses the importance of a complete clinical tumor response before surgery to increase the chance of sphincter preservation. 'High dose small volume' RXT is a key factor to achieve such a complete clinical tumor response.

Anal Canal↗

PubMed1999

NACOB presentation Keynote lecture. Cancellous bone biomechanics. North American Congress on Biomechanics.

Cancellous bone is both a biological and a mechanical structure. The interaction between these two aspects of cancellous bone is sufficiently strong that understanding the mechanical properties of the tissue is not possible without consideration of the biology. This manuscript is a mathematical expansion of a portion of the first author's Keynote lecture at the 1998 NACOB presentation. The cellular activity of cancellous bone proceeds in part by the transport of metabolites between trabecular hard tissue and marrow. The anatomical observation is that human trabeculae are seldom internally served by a blood supply, suggesting that the transport mechanisms for trabecular survival are diffusion and a collection of mechanisms for active transport of metabolites independent of blood flow. It will be demonstrated that metabolite transport by diffusion can explain two notable empirical relationships for bone: (a) the close relationship between the bone surface and the bone volume, and (b) the exponential decline in the bone volume fraction during periods of mechanical disuse. A mathematical model is also developed showing how mechanical loading can effect bone volume fraction by increasing metabolite transport between the tissue compartments.

Biological Transport↗