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PubMed1994

Who uses Norplant. A study from Finland.

OBJECTIVE: Although Norplant implantable contraceptives were introduced first in Finland, their use has been infrequent. The objective of this study was to investigate what kind of women use Norplant in Finland, who suggested its use, and from what source women get their information on Norplant. METHODS: A questionnaire was mailed to all women having had Norplant inserted one to two years before the study initiation (June 1992) in seven family-planning clinics in the Helsinki city area (n = 262). After one reminder, the response rate was 82%. RESULTS: Most of the users were 25-34 years old, and many of them had had a previous abortion. Half of the women were still considering a (subsequent) child. All the women had used some birth control method before Norplant and reported several problems with it. Women reported that they themselves had chosen Norplant, but physicians and nursing staff in the family-planning clinic were their most important information sources. Most women considered that they had received sufficient information before insertion regarding both the good and bad aspects of the method. CONCLUSIONS: Women with previous abortions are a special users' group for Norplant, even though most users are in no way exceptional women.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characteristics of injectable contraceptive users in a low-income population in Texas.

Among 600 women at 17 family planning clinics in Texas who expressed interest in using the hormonal injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA), 536 (89%) actually received the injectable. Thirty percent of the DMPA recipients were younger than 21 and 77% were not married. The average numbers of pregnancies and births were 1.9 and 1.2 per woman; one-third of the women had had at least one abortion. The majority of women receiving DMPA (66%) were using it to space births. Their main sources of information about the method were friends (42%) and health care providers (37%), and the most commonly reported reason for its use was dissatisfaction with previous contraceptive methods.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Update on pregnancy, condom use, and prevalence of selected sexually transmitted diseases in adolescents.

Adolescent pregnancy and its consequences continue as major sources of morbidity in the United States. A teenager who becomes a parent is at a significant disadvantage in becoming a contributing adult, both psychosocially and economically. The physician who cares for adolescents has the responsibility of helping parenting teens to find needed support so that they will be able to overcome this significant hurdle. Attention from public agencies has focused on increasing condom use as one approach to adolescent pregnancy prevention. The major advantage of using condoms is that they also prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. Of note is that level of knowledge about condoms is not related to their use, and engaging in high-risk behaviors is related to a decreased likelihood of condom use. With rates of condom use estimated at less than 50%, rates of sexually transmitted disease remain high, as reported in recent surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

An outbreak of pyodermas among neonates caused by ultrasound gel contaminated with methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate an outbreak of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections in a neonatal clinic. DESIGN: Prospective chart review, environmental sampling, and genotyping by two independent methods: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR). A case-control study was performed with 31 controls from the same clinic. SETTING: A German 1,350-bed tertiary-care teaching university hospital. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the incidence of pyodermas with MSSA; 10 neonates in good physical condition with no infection immediately after birth developed pyodermas. A shared spatula and ultrasound gel were the only identified infection sources. The gel contained MSSA and was used for hip joint sonographies in all neonates. PFGE and RAPD-PCR patterns from 6 neonates and from the gel were indistinguishable and thus genetically related clones. The case-control study revealed no significant risk factor with the exception of cesarean section (P=.006). The attack rate by days of hip-joint sonography between April 15 and April 27, 1994, was 11.8% to 40%. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate hygienic measures in connection with lubricants during routine ultrasound scanning may lead to nosocomial S. aureus infections of the skin. To our knowledge this source of S. aureus infections has not previously been described.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1988

High school students' attitudes towards and use of contraceptives.

A questionnaire survey was conducted in an urban coeducational secondary school in the North Island region. Of the 162 adolescents sampled in this study, 39 percent reported coital experience. Of these coitally experienced students, contraception was always used by only 42%. The pill and the condom were reported as the most used contraceptives. Females were found to be significantly better contraceptive users than males. Although many students report preferring their parents as a source of contraceptive information, the majority of both males and females relied upon school sex education classes as their main source of their contraceptive education. Students ability to discuss contraceptive matters with parents was found to have no effect upon coital activity. These results indicate that society must come to terms with the fact that many adolescent New Zealanders are sexually active and run a high risk of having unplanned, unwanted pregnancies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Interregional labor migration and information flows.

A model of interregional labor migration is developed that incorporates a complex system of information concerning migration and employment opportunities, as well as a heterogeneous population in which groups of workers differ in their assumed levels of skill, attitudes toward risk, and willingness to move. "Three channels are examined: interpersonal communication, general source information, and specific source information targeted at unemployed workers. In this process, trajectories of welfare levels (composed of wage plus nonwage benefits), information flows, vacancy and unemployment levels are generated for different worker and job types, regional aggregates, and the system as a whole. The behavior of the model is examined by means of numerical simulations and sensitivity analyses."

Communication↗
PubMed1988

The relation of family and partner support to the adjustment of adolescent mothers.

The influence of teenage mothers' perceptions of family and partner social support on their postpartum adjustment was examined in this study. A structured interview with teenage mothers was conducted prenatally and a follow-up assessment was done when their children were 8 months of age. Both partner and family support were related to greater satisfaction with life, but each was associated in a different way with parenting and concerns about daily living. The results indicate the importance of distinguishing between specific sources of social support and different aspects of adjustment to teen parenthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Conflicting advice? Australian adolescents' use of condoms or the pill.

CONTEXT: Teenagers are exposed to two potentially conflicting sexual health messages, one emphasizing the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and the other stressing pregnancy prevention. To protect teenagers from both STDs and unwanted pregnancy, it is important to know what method choices they make and why. METHODS: Data from a 1997 national survey of 3,550 Australian secondary school students were used to examine teenagers' method choice and patterns of advice-seeking about contraception and STD prevention. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with the exclusive use of condoms or the pill. RESULTS: Virtually all 961 currently sexually active students were using at least one contraceptive method--primarily condoms (78%) or the pill (45%). Some 31% were using condoms exclusively, and 10% were using the pill exclusively. Older students and those who had sought contraceptive advice had elevated odds of using the pill rather than condoms exclusively (odds ratios, 4.4 and 2.6, respectively), while those who had had only casual partners in the last year had a reduced likelihood of exclusive pill rather than condom use (0.1). Furthermore, the more students believed that their peers used condoms, the less likely they were to report exclusive pill use (0.4). Parents were the most frequent source of advice about contraception, followed by physicians and teachers. The most common sources of advice about HIV and other STDs were parents, teachers and then physicians. CONCLUSIONS: Young people must be educated about the distinction between safer sex and contraception, and about how to prevent both STDs and pregnancy. Providing parents with current sexual health information may help to improve young people's sexual health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Indonesian students' knowledge of breastfeeding.

This study sought information on the knowledge and attitudes of female Indonesian students studying at the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia, towards infant feeding and to study their intention to breastfeed in the future. Ninety-three percent of the respondents knew that breastmilk is an infant's preferred first food and 86% of the students knew the benefits of breastfeeding. However only 29% of respondents knew that a baby should be breastfed soon after birth. Only half of the respondents had encountered any information on breastfeeding, and where they had, it was mainly received from family or from the media (magazines, television, Internet) rather than from formal educational sources. The knowledge scores of students was significantly associated with their age group, religion and ethnicity. This study highlights the opportunity available to educate students studying in Australia on breastfeeding to reduce the risk that these students will seek to imitate the lower initiation and shorter duration of breastfeeding found in our western society.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Alcohol knowledge and experience in children aged 9 and 11.

An interview study of New Zealand children initially aged 9 (n = 743) and at the second interview aged 11 (n = 795) investigated the children's knowledge and experience of alcohol. The majority had tried alcohol and, by age 11, over 40% had at least a sip or drink in a typical month. There were indications of a shift towards a more adult drinking pattern in that more children at age 11 drank from their own glass but no increase in the proportion of those with experience of drinking from age 9 to 11. For the majority of children the context of use at both age 9 and age 11 was a parental one. Most children described the effects of drinking alcohol and the characteristics of drunkenness in somewhat negative terms. Television was nominated as a source of knowledge in this area by 37% of the children at age 9 and 47% of the children at age 11.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

No joking matter: formal and informal sources of information about AIDS in Zimbabwe.

One hundred and forty-two social work students in Harare, Zimbabwe, were questioned concerning their sources and memory of information concerning the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS. Newspapers were cited most frequently as the major source of information. Family and friends were not reported to be major sources of information. An analysis of the kinds of items most frequently recalled showed that articles concerning personal portrayals were the most powerful vehicles for AIDS information. Metaphors and similes for AIDS produced by the students mirrored those commonly reported elsewhere. Jokes were studied as indicators of informal opinions, and these showed negative views of American involvement in AIDS issues.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

Administration of medications through enteral feeding catheters.

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding catheters are commonly used to administer both nutritional feedings and oral forms of medications. Obstruction of the catheters is a major concern. OBJECTIVES: To study characteristics of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters in ICU patients and current knowledge and practices of ICU nurses of administering medications through such catheters. METHODS: A postcard invitation to participate in this descriptive survey was mailed to a random sample of 12,069 members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. The 52-item investigator-designed questionnaire was mailed to the 1700 critical care nurses who agreed to participate; 1167 (68.6%) returned completed survey questionnaires. RESULTS: Nurses estimated that 33.8% of their patients received 8.9 doses of medication per day through the enteral feeding catheter. The rate of obstruction of the tube by medications was 15.6%. Crushed medications contributed to obstruction, although liquid forms of the medications often were available. Nurses' primary source of knowledge about administering medications through enteral feeding catheters was clinical practice (56.9%) and consultation with peers (21.7%); only 19% had had inservice training on the topic. Written agency guidelines varied considerably, and 74% of nurses used two or more techniques that were contrary to recommendations. Factors significantly associated with lower rates of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters included (1) assistance from the pharmacy service to ensure liquid forms of medications, (2) nurses' attendance at a relevant seminar or inservice training program, and (3) not routinely crushing and administering enteric-coated or sustained-release medications through the enteral feeding catheter. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between nursing and pharmacy services to ensure delivery of liquid medications and avoid use of crushed medications may reduce the high rate of catheter obstruction due to medications. Research-based guidelines and a more formal dissemination of information to nurses are needed.

Catheters, Indwelling↗
PubMed1990

Knowledge about menstruation and practices of nursing students affiliated to University of Alexandria.

All secondary school nursing students enrolled in the Main University Hospital during the scholastic year 1987-1988 were studied for knowledge and practices related to menstruation. Over 85% of the students were acquainted with age of menarche, length of the menstrual cycle, and duration of menstrual bleeding. Only 71.54% gave correct answers about age of menstrual cessation. Students' practices revealed that one quarter of the sample avoid bathing during their bleeding period. About two thirds of the students stated that they use 3-8 sanitary pads per day. First year students significantly used less pads than those at higher grades. Menstrual pains and fear of bleeding were the causes of absenteeism from school among 37.62% of the sample. The higher the grade the more likely that the student carries out her normal daily activities without any difficulties. The main source of knowledge on the topic was the mother. The nursing school education was not mentioned except by minority of students in relation to menstrual hygiene.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Hazards associated with the boat building industry in New Zealand: an OSH audit.

AIM: To randomly audit the boat building industry in New Zealand to assess the occupational health status and level of knowledge of employees. METHODS: A survey was conducted using a nurse and inspector administered questionnaire. 151 workers from 120 randomly selected firms participated in the survey. RESULTS: 31.5% respondents thought they had had some sort of work related health problem since working in that job. 22% reported wheezing during the last twelve months. 14-16% met criteria for occupational causation, and 4% met a measure of severe wheezing related to work. 25.6% of workers had dermatitis. Only a quarter of these met criteria for occupational causation. No respondents reported symptoms suggestive of chronic solvent neurotoxicity. Solvents and epoxy resins comprised the majority of chemicals with which there was contact. Observation suggested little use of Material Safety Data Sheets as a source of knowledge about toxicity of the chemicals used. Although 94.3% reported wearing gloves, this did not correlate with numbers reporting dermatitis suggesting non-compliance or glove failure. CONCLUSION: New Zealand boat builders and their employees remain at risk for occupational health problems by virtue of their employment.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Sexual socialization during early adolescence: the menarche.

It has been shown that during adolescence most information about sexual matters, generally colored with misconceptions, comes from the peer group, since cultural inhibitions often prevent discussion with parents or other adults. In addition, there is abundant evidence from anthropological data of diffuse negative beliefs across cultures concerning menstruation. In order to explore the early socialization of beliefs and attitudes toward menarche, 258 adolescents, aged 11 to 14 years, male and female pre- and postmenarcheal, from southern Italy, were interviewed by way of an open questionnaire method. The results showed a consistent lack of accurate information by a high percentage of subjects, both male and female; negative beliefs were held only by girls, pre- and postmenarcheal, while boys were more likely to ignore the subject. Half of the postmenarcheal girls expressed a negative evaluation of their first experiences with menstruation, generally due to lack of advance information. As to sources of information, importance of the peer group was confirmed, especially for boys; the influence of the mother and the cultural environment accounted for the positive acceptance of menarche. Fathers appeared to be uninvolved in the transmission of information about menstruation to either boys or girls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Ghana social mobilization analysis.

In order to increase communication channels for child survival and development, the government and UNICEF Ghana undertook a "social mobilization analysis." This analysis included three studies that aimed to identify individuals and existing organizations with the potential to serve as health communicators and to determine the type of assistance that they needed to maximize their effectiveness in this role. The first study surveyed governmental institutions, trade unions, revolutionary organizations, traditional leaders, and others and found a largely untapped reservoir of capacities to promote child health, with varying levels of current involvement. The primary need identified was for information and training materials. The second study focused on the mass media and revealed a low coverage of maternal and child health topics and the need for better cooperation between journalists and health professionals. The third study assessed sources of health information for parents and found several sources, such as religious organizations, women's groups, and school teachers that could be mobilized to promote child health. Recommendations are made for the use of the findings.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1998

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of senior high school students regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection.

A survey of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding human immunodeficiency virus infection was performed on 899 students from 3 government-administered high schools located in the Bangkok Metropolitan area. Initially, all students completed a written questionnaire (pre-test) regarding HIV/AIDS. Following this, they attended a slide lecture presentation given by a specialist physician. The same test questionnaire was then completed by the same students six weeks (post-test) later for comparison of their previous KAP. The subjects composed of male to female ratio equal to that of the median age 15-16 years old. Sixty-seven per cent of the subjects were living with their parents, 16.3 per cent with relatives and 15 per cent with friends. Ninety nine per cent of the subjects had received information on HIV/AIDS before enrollment to this study. The source of knowledge ranged from television (89.1%), teachers (81.6%), pamphlets (80.2%), newspapers (75%), radio (55%), health care workers (53.4%), friends (38.6%) and only 32.5 per cent from their parents. The subjects' knowledge about HIV/AIDS and risk factors in the post-test questionnaire was significantly increased (P < 0.001) from the pre-test status. However, their attitudes to an HIV infected person were not significantly changed in the post-test questionnaire: only the "attending school" question showed significantly (P < 0.05) increased numbers of agreement. Similarly, the attitudes and practices to prevent HIV infection were not significantly (P > 0.05) different between pre-test and post-test questionnaires. The result of this study is to recommend regular school-based programs of education to increase awareness of preventive strategies for HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗