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PubMed1987

Anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in naturally parasitized cats.

Ivermectin was administered per os [( PO]; n = 15) or subcutaneously [( SC]; n = 3) to naturally parasitized cats at 10 (n = 6), 100 (n = 6), or 300 (n = 6) micrograms/kg of body weight. Nontreated control cats were given sterile isotonic saline solution PO (n = 5) or SC (n = 1). Qualitative fecal examinations were performed on each cat 1 day before treatment and 14 days after treatment. Cats were euthanatized 14 days after treatment, at which time parasites from the gastrointestinal tracts were recovered, identified, and enumerated. Lungs and urinary bladders were examined histologically or by digestion (lungs only) for Capillaria spp and/or Aelurostrongylus abstrusus. Ivermectin was effective in removing Ancylostoma spp at all doses, but removal of Toxocara cati required 300 micrograms of ivermectin/kg. Efficacies against A abstrusus, Capillaria spp, and Physaloptera spp could not be determined definitively. Ivermectin had no effect on Dipylidium caninum, Hydatigera taeniaeformis, Spirometra mansonoides, or Isospora spp. Adverse reactions were not observed in cats given ivermectin PO; however, 3 cats given ivermectin SC reacted as though they experienced pain at the injection site.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Clinical observations in collies given ivermectin orally.

An oral liquid form of ivermectin was administered to 14 purebred Collies (12 rough coated, 2 smooth coated). All Collies were given ivermectin at dosages of 100 and then 200 micrograms/kg of body weight. Three of the dogs developed mild clinical signs of toxicosis (salivation, vomiting, confusion, ataxia, and tremors) with the 100 micrograms/kg dosage. After the 200 micrograms/kg dosage, 7 dogs (including 1 smooth-coated Collie) developed severe toxicosis (seizure-like activity, recumbency, nonresponsiveness, and coma). Because dogs that developed severe toxicosis were not retreated, only the 7 remaining dogs were given ivermectin at 600 micrograms/kg. Severe toxic signs were not observed in the dogs given the 600 micrograms/kg dosage, and only 1 of these 7 dogs developed severe toxicosis when given ivermectin at 2,500 micrograms/kg. Dogs that developed severe toxicosis were given supportive care while in the comatose state. All dogs recovered completely. The results indicated that Collies (including the smooth-coated Collies) have a wide range of sensitivity to ivermectin-induced toxicosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1986

Anti-strongyle activity of a propylene glycol-glycerol formal formulation of ivermectin in horses (mares).

Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 micrograms/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (PTD) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal examinations before treatment were similar in all horses. All horses treated with ivermectin had similar percentages of reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts after treatment; 100% on PTD 14, 28, and 56 and 93.4% to 98.7% on PTD 70. All ivermectin treatment groups had 0 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14 and 28, 0 to 2 on PTD 42, 3 to 5 on PTD 56, and 8 to 9 on PTD 70. Horses treated with oxibendazole had 99.9%, 99.7%, 92.9% 78.6%, and 54.5% reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts and 5, 7, 8, 9, and 9 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on PTD 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70, respectively. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Efficacy of ivermectin against internal parasites of sheep.

Ivermectin in an oral formulation was evaluated by the non-parametric method against a wide range of endoparasites of sheep in 15 trials involving a total of 297 sheep. Ivermectin at 200 micrograms/kg was more than 80% effective in more than 80% of the treated animals (i.e. Class A) against induced infestations of 3rd and 4th stage larvae and adults of Chabertia ovina, Dictyocaulus filaria, Haemonchus contortus (including a benzimidazole-resistant strain), Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, Ostertagia circumcincta (including a benzimidazole-resistant isolate), and Trichostrongylus colubriformis; an "A" class was also obtained against the 4th stage larvae and adults of Gaigeria pachyscelis and Strongyloides papillosis and natural infestations of adult Trichuris spp. Efficacy against the 3rd stage larvae of G. pachyscelis and S. papillosus fell to Class B (i.e. more than 60% effective in more than 60% of the treated animals). Ivermectin completely eliminated Oestrus ovis larvae (all 3 instars). In 2 additional trials the efficacy of concurrent oral treatment with ivermectin at 200 micrograms/kg and rafoxanide suspension at 7,5 mg/kg was evaluated against the 3rd stage larvae of N. spathiger, O. columbianum and S. papillosus and 56 day-old Fasciola gigantica. Concurrent medication did not adversely affect the individual efficacies of either ivermectin or rafoxanide.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Effectiveness of ivermectin in the treatment of equine Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi infections.

Fifteen horses harboring naturally acquired, patent Parascaris equorum and Oxyuris equi infections were equally allotted to 3 treatment groups given (1) injectable vehicle; (2) injectable ivermectin at the dose rate of 200 microgram/kg of body weight; and (3) injectable ivermectin at the rate of 300 microgram/kg. All treatments were given IM in the neck. All animals were killed 14 days after treatment and examined for the targeted nematodes. Regardless of dose rate, ivermectin proved 100% effective in the removal of adult O equi and P equorum infections. Levels of immature P equorum were decreased by 98.5% in both ivermectin-treated groups. Oxyuris equi 4th-stage larval injections were decreased by 95.7% and 99.9% by the 200 and 300 microgram/kg ivermectin treatments, respectively. Adverse reactions to the injections of drug were not seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Ivermectin-induced cell-dependent lethal effects on litomosoides carinii microfilariae in vitro.

Ivermectin affected the motility of Litomosoides carinii microfilariae in vitro in a dose dependent manner but did not completely immobilize the larvae and had no lethal effects when tested up to a concentration of 1000 ng/ml. However, killing of microfilariae was induced by ivermectin in vitro in the presence of spleen cells of Mastomys coucha or rats within 14 h. Optimum effects occurred at drug levels of 10-100 ng ivermectin/ml. Addition of infection serum led to increased cytotoxicity when compared with normal serum. Pretreatment in vitro of L. carinii microfilariae with ivermectin in cell-free medium and subsequent exposure to spleen cells caused also cytotoxic effects which appeared to be accelerated in comparison with simultaneous exposure of microfilariae to ivermectin and cells. Pretreated microfilariae, injected intravenously into naive M. coucha were rapidly eliminated from the blood of the recipients. These results suggest that the microfilariae become altered by the drug and thus susceptible to cell-mediated cytotoxic effects. Cytotoxicity did not depend on the attachment of cells to L. carinii microfilariae and was also induced when targets and effector cells were separated by membranes impermeable for cells. Thus ivermectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity to L. carinii microfilariae is at least partly mediated by soluble factors released by effective cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Impact of combined large-scale ivermectin distribution and vector control on transmission of Onchocerca volvulus in the Niger basin, Guinea.

As part of the WHO Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), the attack phase of operations in the Niger basin in Guinea began in 1989 with the simultaneous use of ivermectin and vector control. Larvicide applications coupled with annual large-scale ivermectin distribution have greatly reduced blackfly infectivity (by 78.8% for the number of infective larvae per 1000 parous flies). The combination of vector control and ivermectin has permitted excellent control of transmission. In the original OCP area, it took 6-8 years of vector control alone to obtain an equivalent decrease in blackfly infectivity. For the same number of flies caught, transmission was much higher in areas where ivermectin had not been distributed. The combined use of ivermectin and vector control has opened up new prospects for carrying out OCP operations with, notably, the possibility of reducing larviciding operations.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis XVII. A clinical evaluation of albendazole in patients with onchocerciasis; effects of food and pretreatment with ivermectin on drug response and pharmacokinetics.

Three pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in Ghanaian patients in support of investigations of albendazole and its combination with ivermectin in the treatment of onchocerciasis. These included dose-finding studies, investigations into the influence of a fatty meal on the relative bioavailability of albendazole as assessed by the measurement of concentrations of albendazole sulphoxide and the effect of prior treatment with ivermectin on antiparasitic efficacy and plasma concentrations of albendazole suphoxide. Increasing the dose of albendazole from 800 mg x 3 daily to 1200 mg x 3 daily produced no additional antiparasitic effects although plasma concentrations of albendazole sulphoxide were increased in proportion to dose size. Moreover, the plasma concentration vs time profiles suggest that most of the effects observed may have been due to the first 800 mg dose. Administration of ivermectin had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of albendazole sulphoxide and there was no additive effect on the parasite. Albendazole was well tolerated and its administration 5-7 days after ivermectin produced little additional reaction. Although it is not macrofilaricidal, it does possess important chemosterilant properties which are enhanced by its administration with a fatty breakfast. Under these conditions, the relative bioavailability of albendazole is increased four-fold. These studies support further work with albendazole administered with food either as a single dose, as multiple single doses repeated at intervals of several months and its coadministration with ivermectin. They also encourage the belief that a more potent and bioavailable benzimidazole may be macrofilaricidal or a permanent chemosterilant for Onchocerca volvulus on single dosage.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The treatment of scabies with oral ivermectin].

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single 200 mcg/Kg dose of ivermectine as compared with placebo in the treatment of scabies was settled. Fifty five patients with the diagnosis of scabies were randomized to a single oral dose of ivermectine or placebo. The study informed that 26 (79.3%) patients were cured with ivermectine on their first follow-up visit, as compared to only four (16%) in the placebo group (X2 = 77.07, p < 0.001). Overall, 37 of 50 (74%) patients treated with ivermectine cured, as compared to only four of 26 (16%) treated with placebo, this difference was still significant (X2 = 23.66, p < 0.001). We concluded that ivermectine is a safe and effective treatment for scabies.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of ivermectin for scabies.

BACKGROUND: Ivermectin, a modified avermectin, is widely known to be an ectoparasiticidal agent in animals but its effect on human ectoparasites is not known. METHODS: As a part of a chemotherapy trial with ivermectin against Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia, two males with clinical scabies were studied. Three skin scrapings were taken from the lesions of each of the cases and examined with potassium hydroxide solution for the presence of eggs, larvae or adult mites. RESULTS: Following a single oral dose of ivermectin at either 100 micrograms or 20 micrograms/kg body weight both the itching and eruptions were reduced and the lesions healed after 14 days of treatment. Skin scrapings taken on days 7 and 30 after administering the drug did not reveal any mites. However, the lesions reappeared after 3 months. CONCLUSION: The beneficial results on the healing of scabetic lesions following ivermectin therapy indicates that the drug may have a scabicidal effect. Reappearance of the lesions may have been due to an inadequate dose. This emphasizes the need for future controlled trials on the efficacy of ivermectin against human scabies infection. If proven, this may be an additional advantage in mass chemotherapy campaigns, when there is co-existence of filariasis, intestinal helminthiasis and scabies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of ivermectin (Mectizan) on intestinal nematodes.

Ancillary to a community based mass treatment campaign of onchocerciasis with ivermectin, assessment of the drug's effect on various intestinal nematodes was made in Bebeka, Southwest Ethiopia between 23 April and 23 July, 1990. A total of 231 people were invited for the study and all consented. From each, stool specimen was collected before treatment, two weeks and three months after administration of ivermectin at a dose of 150 mcg/kg body weight. Various intestinal parasites were observed in many of the samples, ranging from single parasite up to five mixed infections per slide. Efficacy of ivermectin against Strongyloides stercoralis was 100% throughout the observation period. Eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides were found in 74.5% of the stool samples collected before treatment and this was reduced to 3.5% and 48.9% in the post-treatment samples of 15 days and three months, respectively. Similar observation was made for the other geohelminths at a lower cure rate. This finding shows that apart from its primary purpose in the control of onchocerciasis, ivermectin has the added benefit of eliminating ascaris and strongyloides infection in areas where such parasites are co-endemic. Furthermore, its significant effect on the intensity of the other enteric nematodes will have a great impact on reducing transmission. The public health significance of population based mass chemotherapy with ivermectin is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Ivermectin binding sites in sensitive and resistant Haemonchus contortus.

Membranes from both ivermectin-sensitive and -resistant Haemonchus contortus L3 larvae were examined for the presence of high affinity [3H]ivermectin binding sites. Both tissue preparations displayed high affinity drug binding sites (Kd = 0.13 nM). Receptor density (Bmax = 0.4 pmol/mg) was the same in both the sensitive and resistant nematodes suggesting that target site modification was not involved in the development of drug resistance in this particular strain of H. contortus. The H. contortus ivermectin binding site appeared to be similar to the well characterized Caenorhabditis elegans ivermectin binding site with respect to affinity for ivermectin and receptor density.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Absence of sperm from the seminal receptacle of female Onchocerca volvulus following multiple doses of ivermectin.

It is already known that multiple doses of ivermectin have a profound effect on embryonic development in Onchocerca volvulus and that this appears to operate mainly at the single cell stage. To investigate this further, we examined adult female O. volvulus originating from patients treated either with placebo or one, four or five doses of ivermectin. The reproductive organs were dissected out of the worm and examined for evidence of oogenesis and for the quantity of sperm and oocytes in the seminal receptacles. A single dose of ivermectin had no measurable effect on oogenesis or on the amount of sperm and oocytes compared to placebo. However after multiple doses of ivermectin a significantly lower proportion of seminal receptacles contained sperm and there was a significantly higher proportion of ovaries with impaired oogenesis compared to placebo. It is concluded that the reduction in the number of multicellular embryonic stages from worms exposed to multiple doses of ivermectin is due, at least in part, to a major reduction in the effective insemination of female worms and to a minor impairment of oogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

[Long-term effect of a single dose of ivermectin on skin microfilarial density in an endemic onchocerciasis area of North Cameroon].

The long-term efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin (150 micrograms/kg) on skin microfilarial densities was evaluated by comparing parasite levels, before and after treatment, in 192 patients living in an area endemic for onchocerciasis in North Cameroon. A mass treatment with ivermectin has been undertaken in 1989 in two villages, where pretreatment community microfilarial loads (CMFL) were 5.5 and 25.1 microfilariae per snip. The parasitological examination carried out 32 months later showed that the microfilarial densities in the adults where only 24 and 51% of the initial values, respectively. In a third village, treated once in 1989 but located in an area where annual mass distributions of ivermectin have been undertaken since 1987, the mean microfilarial density 28 months after treatment was only 12% of the initial value. In 1992, the mean microfilarial load in children had decreased significantly in comparison with those of 1989 only in the village where the level of endemicity was initially the lowest. The rate of increase in the number of skin microfilariae after one dose of ivermectin is related with the pretreatment endemicity level. The impact of large-scale ivermectin treatments on the transmission of onchocerciasis enhances the long-term efficacy of this drug on the skin microfilarial densities.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Secondary effects of the treatment of hypermicrofilaremic loiasis using ivermectin].

In the last ten years ivermectin appeared an efficient and safe alternative to diethylcarbamazine which is known to induce severe adverse reactions in loiasis, including encephalitis. After these results, large scale ivermectin treatments against onchocerciasis were carried out in Central Africa where loiasis is also endemic; and seven cases of severe reaction were reported in Cameroon since 1991, during these mass ivermectin treatments. In order to study adverse reactions in patients harbouring high load of Loa loa microfilariae (mf), we realized careful hospital based treatment in 112 patients with more than 3,000 mf/ml (ml) blood. Patients received once 200 micrograms ivermectin per kilogram at day 0 (D0). Clinical examination was made daily during the four following days (D1 to D4). Blood and urine samples were analysed before treatment and at D1 and D3. Lumbar puncture was made at D1 for 39 patients with more than 10,000 mf/ml; at D3 for the 49 following patients without consideration for the level of parasitaemia, and at D0 and D3 for ten voluntary patients. For analysis the patients were distributed in 3 groups according to initial parasitaemia: the first group included 50% out of the patients, those whose parasitaemia was fewer than 15,000 mf/ml blood; the second group included 25% patients whose parasitaemia was between 15,000 and 30,000 mf/ml; the third group included the last 25% patients whose parasitaemia was higher than 30,000 mf per ml blood. Adverse reactions were observed in 71% out of the patients. Symptoms described were fever, pruritus, headache, arthralgia. Most symptoms appeared 24 to 36 hours after treatment. Temperature increased significantly in group 3. Microfilaraemia decreased by 85% in the 3 groups during the 4 days following treatment. C-reactive-protein increased dramatically after treatment in all patients (p < 10(-4)). Some patients presented blood in urine in three groups but haematuria reached 35% of patients in group 3. Proteinuria is noted among 33% of all patients but 20% in group 1 and 2 versus 70% in group 3. Loa loa mf were observed in urine of half the patients, but in low amounts (< 10 mf per 50 ml urine). In cerebro-spinal fluid (CSF), some mf appeared at D1 or D3 in people heavily infected with Loa loa, reaching 80% of the patients of group 3. LP made at D0 in ten patients with parasitaemia higher than 30,000 mf/ml blood confirmed that CSF was naturally microfilaria free before treatment. One patient presented severe troubles with fever, asthenia and conscience troubles beginning at D3, reactive coma at D4, renal impairment with transitory anuria; progressive improvement in 2 weeks and complete recovery at D22; he presented 102 mf/ml CSF at D6. The study confirmed that ivermectin treatment is generally well tolerated. Among people with high Loa loa parasitaemia the symptoms after treatment are frequent but mild. However severe cases with conscience troubles are possible, and may occur in about 1% of subjects with more than 3,000 mf/ml blood. Severity of adverse reactions was linked to level of parasitaemia before treatment. The critical parasitaemia level which could lead to expect serious adverse effects seems to be 30,000 ml/ml blood. These informations should induce carefulness to carry out large scale treatments against filariosis in endemic areas of Loa loa.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of ivermectin on survival and fecundity of Culex pipiens the vector of Wuchereria bancrofti in Egypt.

The effect of two different doses of ivermectin on the survival and fecundity of Culex pipiens was evaluated. Female mosquitoes (50 in each group), same age and generation, were fed once on blood from ivermectin-treated rabbits. Comparative treatments consisted of two different doses of ivermectin (0.1 mg or 0.4 mg/kg of body weight), and mosquito groups were fed on the rabbits at 3 days and 10 days post-treatment respectively. Mosquitoes were maintained with 10% sucrose solution, at 25 degrees C and 70% relative humidity. Observations were made at 7, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days post-feeding. Mosquitoes fed on rabbits treated with the small dose at three days post-injection showed reduced survival of 94%, 62%, 44%, 8% and 0%, while the 0.4 while the 0.4 mg/kg of body weight (bw) dose reduced survival to 88%, 60%, 6% and 0%. Survival of the control groups were 100%, 90%, 88%, 68% and 52% respectively. Survival of adult females fed at the lower dose, 10 days post injection were reduced to 92%, 90%, 84% 60% and 44%; while the higher dose reduced survival to 86%, 58%, 34% 22% and 0%. Survival of control groups were 96%, 92%, 84%, 78% and 72% respectively. Fecundity resulting from blood meals at 3 and 10 days post injection were 61% and 85% for the lower dose, and 0% and 42% for the higher dose respectively. Hatching of eggs was 82% and 88% for the 0.1 mg/kg bw dose, and no hatching was observed at the higher dose. Larval survival rates resulting from blood meals taken 3 days and 10 days post-injection of the lower dose were 24% and 25% respectively. However, no larvae survived from the high dose groups. Larval survival rates in control groups were 42% and 40%, respectively. These results provide new information about the effect of ivermectin on the vector of lymphatic filariasis, and add a new dimension to the use of ivermectin in filariasis control.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Effectiveness of oral administration of ivermectin on warble fly larvae (Hypoderma diana B.) in roe deer].

Hypodermosis and cephenemyiosis are largely widespread diseases in roe deer in the conditions of the Czech Republic. Both kinds of parasitosis cause great losses of game. The aim of this study was to test peroral administration of ivermectin with respect to the control of larval stages of hypodermosis (Hypoderma diana B.) in roe deer. Studies were performed on three localities within one three-year study and two 18-month studies. Ivermectin was administered for two days at a daily dose of 0.30 mg/kg body weight during winter game feeding. The shot deer were checked for the presence of larvae throughout the year. Prevalence and intensity of infection were determined. A total of 147 animals were checked in 1992-1994 (Tab.I); prevalence and intensity of infection were very low in comparison with the situation before treatment and with the control group (1994). Similar results were obtained in both shorter studies (Tab. II) performed on 27 animals in total. The results suggest (on the base of detail discussion) that the low values of prevalence and intensity of infection should be taken as partly distorted due to the methodical conditions of checks. The efficacy of ivermectin treatment was complemented by observation of several cases and their results employing direct checks of shot deer (Tab. III), including a six-year observation of a group of 6 to 10 individuals of tame deer treated year by. These results explicitly document the high efficacy of mass peroral ivermectin administration in the control of warble fly larvae. Ivermectin is the first drug suitable for the treatment of roe deer hypodermosis.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1997

Effect of two single doses of ivermectin in treatment of asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis in two villages in the Nile Delta, Egypt.

To evaluate the efficacy and longitudinal effect of two single (100 micrograms/kg) doses of ivermectin, 3 months apart, 240 asymptomatic male subjects from 2 endemic Egyptian villages were enrolled in a one-year double-blind study. Subjects aged 15-55 years were randomly assigned placebo (40) or ivermectin (200). Microfilaria (MF) density in 1 ml blood was measured by membrane filtration before and every 3 months after treatment. Initial mean MF density was 462 (range 14-2869/ml). Clinical examination performed daily for 3 days after each treatment revealed brief, mild side effects: fever, headache, weakness, nausea, and epigastric pain, with no adverse physical or laboratory findings. Three months after initial dose, 31% of MF counts had completely cleared; in the remainder, mean MF density was 11.0 (2.4% of pretreatment level). At 3, 6 and 9 months after the second dose there was complete MF clearance in 60%, 45% and 47%; in those still infected, MF densities were 1.7, 4.6 and 6.1% of the pretreatment level. Therefore, treatment with two doses of ivermectin reduced microfilaremia, without inducing severe side effects. Prolonged suppression of microfilaremia may indicate an effect of ivermectin on the adult worms and may reduce the potential for MF acquisition by mosquitoes, reducing transmission of lymphatic filariasis. It was concluded that ivermectin is a useful drug for public health measure, including asymptomatic filariasis patients.

Adolescent↗