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PubMed1985

Office management: increasing productivity in the workplace.

Healthcare managers are seeking new ways to increase productivity in the workplace. New technologies, such as word processing, electronic mail, electronic conferencing, calendar management, data base management systems, artificial intelligence, decision support systems, and local area networks, are being developed to help the healthcare manager make the workplace more productive. The challenge therefore is to implement these systems smoothly and address the organizational issues associated with implementation.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of the cardiorespiratory monitor SpiroGuard C for infants. Improved registration of respiratory events by new sensors and intelligent alarm management system].

OBJECTIVES: The SpiroGuard C is a commercially available cardiorespiratory monitor working with field plethysmography, wireless signal transmission and a novel alarm management system. In order to determine the recognition rates for central, mixed and obstructive apneas, a prospective clinical trial was performed comparing frequency and kind of signals from the monitor with those simultaneously registered by polysomnographic studies. DESIGN: Normal respiratory and alarm signals of the monitor under investigation were integrated into a polysomnographic setting. All central, mixed and obstructive apneas lasting more than 10 seconds as well as all alarms obtained from the monitor were evaluated. RESULTS: 47 series of monitor recordings could be evaluated in parallel to polysomnographic studies: the detection rate for central apneas was 298/328 (90.85%), for mixed apneas 9/41 (21.95%) and for obstructive apneas 0/36 (0%). Out of the total of 708 registered alarms 359 (50.71%) were false alarms, 307 (43.36%) were apnea-related and 42/708 (5.93%) were alarms due to technical problems. 177 of the 359 false alarms (49.30%) occurred during apneas that were shorter than 10 seconds, 119 (33.15%) were related to bad signal quality, and 55 (15.32%) were caused by movement artifacts. CONCLUSION: The recognition rate for central apneas was high (> 90%), while sensitivity for mixed and obstructive apneas was not satisfactory. Approximately half of the alarms were false alarms. These could be reduced by setting the apnea detection time to > 15 seconds, by tighter fastening of the respiration belt (improving the signal transmission), and by turning off the instrument when the child is awake and physically active. The wireless system renders the SpiroGuard C an attractive alternative for home monitoring.

Apnea↗
PubMed1990

Cancer chronotherapy: a drug delivery challenge.

The toxicity and/or efficacy of more than twenty anticancer agents have been shown in various experimental systems to be dependent upon the circadian timing of their bolus administration or the circadian shaping of their continuous infusion. In cancer patients, the toxicity of several single agents, given either as bolus or infusion, and a growing number of drug combinations have been shown to similarly depend upon their timing. While clinical trials currently underway demonstrate that the circadian stage of drug toxicity and dose intensity each depend upon their circadian timing, definitive investigations of whether or not cancer control and patient survival are similarly dependent upon circadian treatment timing are currently under way. Both clinical trials of treatment timing and chronotherapy depend totally upon the development and use of programmable wearable and implantable, single-channel and multi-channel, open and eventually closed loop delivery systems. First generation intelligent delivery systems are currently available, work well, are economical and are destined, for economic reasons, to be more widely used. When used, each system requires temporal input, making it impossible to avoid specification of drug sequence, interval between drugs or treatment cycles and circadian treatment timing. The advent of biological therapy with cytokines and growth factors makes it likely that the precise timing of cancer therapies will be of growing importance.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Automated anesthesia data management and recordkeeping.

It is apparent that judicious application of computer technology to the design and implementation of an automated anesthesia recordkeeping system could afford increased ease of use to the anesthesiologist compared to a manually kept record. Although prototype systems have been developed at academic institutions, and commercially available operating room physiological monitoring systems show increasing capability for some recordkeeping functions, production of an effective AAD-MARKS will depend on the development of suitable display formats and capabilities, markedly improved user interfaces for data input and system control, intelligent graduated alarm systems, and demonstrated reliability, with provision for preservation of critical data and recordkeeping functions and basic physiological data monitoring despite system failure.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1995

Toward an intelligent wound assessment system.

There is general agreement regarding the need for pressure ulcer assessment methodology which more discretely reflects relevant aspects of wound status than does the commonly used staging system. The Pressure Sore Status Tool (PSST) is one such instrument which was developed with consensual expert input. While the psychometric properties of the PSST have been reported in the literature, the instrument was validated using ET nurses, highly trained wound care specialists, and existed only in manual form. This paper reports results from attempts to establish reliability estimates for healthcare practitioners without extraordinary wound care training or experience. The paper further describes the automation of the PSST and provides examples of pressure ulcer profiles tracked over time. Results indicate that inter-rater reliability with general healthcare practitioners was .78 and intra-rater reliability was .89. The practitioners were able to use the PSST for over six months and the automated system allowed analysis of wound healing profiles that would have been difficult using a manual system. These results imply that movement toward an automated system which makes discriminations regarding the effects of various treatment and intervention strategies is possible and practical.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The goal of PACS in Nagoya University Hospital.

In Nagoya University Hospital, a Radiology Intelligent Information System (RIIS) is under construction which will be linked with the Hospital Intelligent Information System (HIIS). RIIS is composed of the radiation oncology information system and the diagnostic radiology information system which is named Imaging Diagnosis Intelligent Information System (IDIIS). IDIIS consists of three parts: (a) the Imaging Diagnosis Management System (IDMS); (b) the Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS); (c) the Report Generation Support System for Imaging Diagnosis (RGSS-ID). Artificial intelligence methodology is applied to RGSS-ID and IDMS which includes the ordering and scheduling system of diagnostic imaging. IDIIS has an important role to improve the quality of patient care and medical education as well as image management and is an essential component for the implementation of HIIS.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1991

Computerized measurement of speech intelligibility. I. Development of system and procedures.

An experimental system for the measurement of speech intelligibility has been developed. It uses a Personal Computer (PC), together with appropriate software to handle playback of test words in carrier phrases, presented in a 'closed response' test condition. Information about the intelligibility, based on the correct responses and the confusions, is immediately available due to simultaneous collecting and sorting of subjects' responses. The system works satisfactorily and reliably and has been well received by experimenters as well as by adult test subjects in the age range 18-70 years. From a new Danish standard speech material for audiological purposes, a Multiple Choice speech intelligibility test has been devised. The test is called 4AFC (Four Alternative Forced Choice) and is based on monosyllabic words with consonant confusions. Normative data for the 4AFC test, obtained with the computerized system, are presented in an accompanying paper.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Automated Water Analyser Computer Supported System (AWACSS) Part II: Intelligent, remote-controlled, cost-effective, on-line, water-monitoring measurement system.

A novel analytical system AWACSS (Automated Water Analyser Computer Supported System) based on immunochemical technology has been evaluated that can measure several organic pollutants at low nanogram per litre level in a single few-minutes analysis without any prior sample pre-concentration or pre-treatment steps. Having in mind actual needs of water-sector managers related to the implementation of the Drinking Water Directive (DWD) [98/83/EC, 1998. Council Directive (98/83/EC) of 3 November 1998 relating to the quality of water intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L330, 32-54] and Water Framework Directive (WFD) [2000/60/EC, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L327, 1-72], drinking, ground, surface, and waste waters were major media used for the evaluation of the system performance. The first part article gave the reader an overview of the aims and scope of the AWACSS project as well as details about basic technology, immunoassays, software, and networking developed and utilised within the research project. The second part reports on the system performance, first real sample measurements, and an international collaborative trial (inter-laboratory tests) to compare the biosensor with conventional anayltical methods. The systems' capability for analysing a wide range of environmental organic micro-pollutants, such as modern pesticides, endocrine disrupting compounds and pharmaceuticals in surface, ground, drinking and waste water is shown. In addition, a protocol using reconstitution of extracts of solid samples, developed and applied for analysis of river sediments and food samples, is presented. Finally, the overall performance of the AWACSS system in comparison to the conventional analytical techniques, which included liquid and gas chromatographic systems with diode-array UV and mass spectrometric detectors, was successfully tested in an inter-laboratory collaborative trial among six project partners.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

An "eye" in the gut: the appendix as a sentinel sensory organ of the immune intelligence network.

Neural systems are the traditional model of intelligence. Their complex interconnected network of wired neurons acquires, processes, and responds to environmental cues. We propose that the immune system is a parallel system of intelligence in which the gut, including the appendix, plays a prominent role in data acquisition. The immune system is essentially a virtual unwired network of interacting cells that acquires, processes, and responds to environmental data. The data is typically acquired by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that gather antigenic information from the environment. The APCs chemically digest large antigens and deconstruct them into smaller data packets for sampling by other cells. The gut performs the same function on a larger scale. Morsels of environmental content that enter the gut are sequentially deconstructed by physical and chemical digestion. In addition to providing nutrients, the componentized contents offer environmental data to APCs in mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) that relay the sampled information to the immune intelligence network. In this framework, positioning of the appendix immediately after the ileocecal valve is strategic: it is ideally positioned to sample environmental data in its maximally deconstructed state after small bowel digestion. For single-celled organisms, digestion of the environment has been the primary way to sample the surroundings. Prior to the emergence of complex sensory systems such as the eye, even multi-cellular organisms may have relied heavily on digestion to acquire environmental information. While the relative value of immune intelligence has diminished since the emergence of neural intelligence, organisms still use information from both systems in integrated fashion to respond appropriately to ecologic opportunities and challenges. Appendicitis may represent a momentary maladaptation in the evolutionary transition of sensory leadership from the gut to the eye. Relationships between immune dysfunctions and cognition are explored.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Artificial intelligence in radiology: decision support systems.

Computer-based systems that incorporate artificial intelligence techniques can help physicians make decisions about their patients' care. In radiology, systems have been developed to help physicians choose appropriate radiologic procedures and to formulate accurate diagnoses. These decision support systems use techniques such as rule-based reasoning, artificial neural networks, hypertext, Bayesian networks, and case-based reasoning. This article reviews these artificial intelligence techniques, describes their application in radiology, and discusses the role that decision support systems may play in radiology's future.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1992

[Intelligent instrumentation in medicine].

The introduction of intelligent robots, expert systems and other forms of intelligent automatization in the current practice of medicine seems to be inevitable. It appears interesting to look back to the efforts that have been done, since the former steps, about three decades ago and consider the prospects in this field for both short and long term. Simultaneously it is interesting to reckon the new aspects which are raised with the evolution of these methodologies such as the responsibility of decisions taken by intelligent systems, the probable advantages, at the present stage, of the interactive systems and the risk of self-learning systems. Some efforts carried out in our department in this field are described.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1988

Computer-assisted breast cancer grading.

Morphological tumour differentiation has been shown in numerous studies to give a good prognosis in breast cancer, but as histological grading is based upon a subjective assessment of microscopical appearances, difficulties in consistency and reproducibility are inevitable. A review of the many conventional methods served to highlight a common limitation in their approach; lack of structure. We introduce a new approach which seeks to overcome the problem, by formalizing the methods and identifying aspects which are well suited to computer aided analysis, these being incorporated into a microcomputer system facilitating the collection and appraisal of morphometric data. Within the Information Technology Institute (ITRI) at Brighton Polytechnic a research team is carrying out multidisciplinary work into the elucidation of biological systems. This programme, entitled 'Intelligent Medical Systems', used methods of mathematical signal processing and artificial intelligence, applied to a number of areas, one of which is described in this paper. The aim has been to utilize the inherent skill exercised by the histopathologist in interpreting microscopical images, whilst making quantitization more accurate and reproducible. the system has been developed within a highly structured framework and will have applications in teaching and routine histological analysis. The value of artificial intelligence techniques in the wider issues of this area is discussed.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1996

A computerized diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveforms.

OBJECTIVE: Development of an artificial intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform measurements. STUDY DESIGN: Study design comprised several stages including data acquisition, image processing and analysis, training of artificial neural network and testing the predictive value of the system. The clinical material was handled in two groups. The training group consisted of 952 umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform images of 174 normal pregnancies with normal outcome, while the testing group was composed of 138 images derived from 20 normal pregnancies with normal outcome and 68 images of 16 high risk pregnancies with poor outcome. All subjects were evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography and umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform images were transferred to the computer environment by means of a special data acquisition system. Automated image processing and analysis were performed to derive indices such as A/B ratio, resistance index, pulse related index, area ratio of wave and angle of coincident slopes. We have used a supervised artificial neural network (back propagation learning algorithm) to develop an intelligent diagnostic system which is called the BOLU system. RESULTS: This version of the system was trained with the umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform images of normal pregnancies. Thus, the BOLU system decides whether the tested image is normal for a given gestational week or not. The specificity and sensitivity of this system were estimated to be 98.6% and 51.5% respectively. CONCLUSION: We have developed an artificial intelligent diagnostic system for the interpretation of umbilical artery blood flow velocity waveform measurements. Waveform indices were obtained automatically by image processing and analysis. The predictive value of the system was found to be satisfactory.

Blood Flow Velocity↗
PubMed1999

Intelligent control of a planning system for astronaut training.

This work intends to design, analyze and solve, from the systems control perspective, a complex, dynamic, and multiconstrained planning system for generating training plans for crew members of the NASA-led International Space Station. Various intelligent planning systems have been developed within the framework of artificial intelligence. These planning systems generally lack a rigorous mathematical formalism to allow a reliable and flexible methodology for their design, modeling, and performance analysis in a dynamical, time-critical, and multiconstrained environment. Formulating the planning problem in the domain of discrete-event systems under a unified framework such that it can be modeled, designed, and analyzed as a control system will provide a self-contained theory for such planning systems. This will also provide a means to certify various planning systems for operations in the dynamical and complex environments in space. The work presented here completes the design, development, and analysis of an intricate, large-scale, and representative mathematical formulation for intelligent control of a real planning system for Space Station crew training. This planning system has been tested and used at NASA-Johnson Space Center.

Algorithms↗