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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1997

A comparison of the efficacy of two treatments of doramectin injectable, ivermectin injectable and ivermectin pour-on against naturally acquired gastrointestinal nematode infections of cattle during a winter-spring grazing season.

Four groups of 18 crossbred beef steer calves (three replicates of six per group) were used to compare persistent efficacy of doramectin injectable, ivermectin injectable and ivermectin pour-on against naturally acquired infections of gastrointestinal nematodes during winter-spring grazing in Louisiana. The experiment was initiated on January 11. Treatments administered on Day 0 and again on April 5 (Day 84, 12-week interval) were: Group 1, untreated controls (CONT); Group 2, doramectin (DOR) at 200 micrograms/kg, s.c. injection; Group 3, ivermectin (IVM-INJ) at 200 micrograms/kg, s.c. injection; Group 4, ivermectin pour-on (IVM-PO) at 500 micrograms/kg, back midline. The cattle were weighed and fecal samples (for egg counts and for culture-larval identification) were collected at regular intervals throughout the 161 day experiment. In the interval between Day 0 and 84, arithmetic mean egg counts of the CONT group averaged about 890 eggs per gram, but then decreased markedly between Days 119 and 126, and remained at a lower plane for the remainder of the experiment. From Day 28 to 56, egg counts of the DOR group were consistently lower (P < 0.05) than those of controls and both IVM-treated groups. Egg counts of the DOR group were always lowest after the second treatment, but differed (P < 0.05) only from IVM-PO counts between Days 119 and 140 (35 and 56 days after the second treatment). Ostertagia was the predominant genus, followed by Cooperia in all four groups. Oesophagostomum, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, and Bunostomum were other genera identified. Bodyweights of the DOR group remained significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those of all other groups from Day 112 through the end of the experiment. Total gains for the CONT, DOR, IVM-INJ, and IVM-PO groups were 96, 159, 147, and 150 kg, respectively; treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than CONT, but differences among treated groups was not significant (P > 0.05).

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1978

Routine direct injection gas--liquid chromatographic procedure for the analysis of volatile halogenated anaesthetics in whole blood using a new external injection port.

This communication describes the design and construction of a new external injection port for the direct gas--liquid chromatographic analysis of volatile compounds in whole blood. Aliquots (4--40 microliter) of EDTA anti-coagulated blood containing the volatile compound and a weighed quantity of the internal standard, isobutanol, were injected into the disposable glass wool filter of the carrier gas stream directly onto the chromatographic column. Typical data are presented from chromatography performed with dual 6 ft. x 2 mm I.D. glass columns containing Chromosorb 101 programmed from 110--180 degrees at 6 degrees/min and the external injection port maintained at 180 degrees. The method eliminated the problems usually associated with direct injection methods and permitted the accurate analysis of halothane, methoxyflurane, diethyl ether and ethanol over the approximate range 1--100 mg%. Using this analytical procedure the distribution of halothane between the cells and plasma of human blood at 4 degrees was found to be 2.0 +/- 0.2.

Anesthetics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Schedule to inject in vitro matured oocytes may increase pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

To ascertain the value of using immature oocytes in an intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) program, the authors designed a schedule, at 5 p.m. on day 1 (the day of oocyte retrieval) and at 8 a.m. and 2 p.m. on day 2, to recognize and inject the in vitro matured (IVM) oocytes. For the 1,166 oocytes retrieved in 107 ICSI cycles, 128 (11.0%) were at the stage of metaphase I (MI) and 113 (9.7%) at germinal vesicle. Routine ICSI for metaphase 11 oocytes was performed at 2 p.m. on day 1 (initial ICSI). In culture medium of human tubal fluid with 15% maternal serum, 85.1% (205/241) immature oocytes progressed to maturation in which 16.4% (21/128) of MI oocytes matured at 5 p.m. of day 1. The rate of normal fertilization for IVM oocytes (58.5%) was not significantly different from that of initial ICSI (64.0%). One patient received a transfer of two fertilized IVM oocytes alone that were injected at 5 p.m. of day 1, maturing from the MI stage, and achieved a normal pregnancy. The fertilized IVM oocytes were replaced along with the embryos from initial ICSI for 40 cycles that led to 14 (35%) clinical pregnancies. In 43 fertilized IVM oocytes donated for research, we observed that cleavage (95.3%) to the 2- to 4-cell stage was not distinct from that of initial ICSI (94.6%); however, the percentage of embryos of grade I and II morphology was significantly smaller (24.4% vs. 62.5%). Only five (11.6%) developed to blastocysts in vitro. Twenty-one fertilized IVM oocytes were frozen for future transfer. A schedule to inject IVM oocytes in ICSI cycles may generate more accessible embryos for fresh transfer or cryopreservation to increase the chance of pregnancy, although the embryo quality was relatively poor.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Infections requiring hospitalization of injection drug users who participated in an injection opiate maintenance program.

A retrospective analysis of hospitalizations due to infection in 175 injection drug users was performed for the 3 years before and the period during their participation in an injection opiate maintenance program (mean duration during program, 2.6 years). Skin infections were the main reason for hospitalization. The injection opiate maintenance program did not reduce the incidence of infection leading to hospitalization among the injection drug users studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among injection drug users: lower prevalence in an injection heroin maintenance program than in an oral methadone program.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage among injection drug users (IDUs) treated in an injection heroin maintenance program with that among IDUs treated in an oral methadone program, and to determine predictors of S. aureus carriage. DESIGN: Survey. SETTING: Two opiate maintenance programs at a psychiatric university clinic. PARTICIPANTS: A volunteer sample consisting of 94 (74%) of 127 IDUs treated in an injection opiate maintenance program with at least twice daily injections of heroin, and 70 (56%) of 125 IDUs treated in an oral methadone program. RESULTS: Addicts treated in the intravenous heroin substitution program had a significantly lower overall rate of S. aureus carriage (37 of 94 [39.4%] vs 42 of 70 [60%]; P = .009) and a significantly lower rate of nasal carriage (21 of 94 [22.3%] vs 30 of 70 [42.9%]; P = .005) than did addicts treated in the oral methadone program. Being treated in the oral methadone program was the only independent predictor of S. aureus carriage (odds ratio, 2.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.19-4.31; P = .012). All S. aureus isolates were susceptible to oxacillin. CONCLUSIONS: The regular use of needles under aseptic conditions did not increase the rate of S. aureus carriage among IDUs. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether the lower rate of S. aureus carriage among IDUs treated with intravenous heroin leads to a lower incidence of S. aureus infections in these patients.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Similar time restriction for intracytoplasmic sperm injection and round spermatid injection into activated oocytes for efficient offspring production.

The injection of male haploid germ cells, such as spermatozoa and round spermatids, into preactivated mouse oocytes can result in the development of viable embryos and offspring. However, it is not clear how the timing of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and round spermatid injection (ROSI) affects the production of offspring. We carried out ICSI and ROSI every 20 min for up to 4 h after the activation of mouse oocytes by Sr(2+) and compared the late-stage development of ICSI- and ROSI- treated oocytes, including the formation of pronuclei, blastocyst formation, and offspring production. The rate of pronucleus formation (RPF) after carrying out ICSI started to decrease from >95% at 100 min following oocyte activation and declined to <20% by 180 min. In comparison, RPF by ROSI decreased gradually from >70% between 0 and 4 h after activation. The RPFs were closely correlated with blastocyst formation. Offspring production for both ICSI and ROSI decreased significantly when injections were conducted after 100 min, a time at which activated oocytes were in the early G1 stage of the cell cycle. These results suggest that spermatozoa and round spermatids have different potentials for inducing the formation of a male pronucleus in activated oocytes, but ICSI and ROSI are both subject to the same time constraint for the efficient production of offspring, which is determined by the cell cycle of the activated oocyte.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Enfuvirtide plasma levels and injection site reactions using a needle-free gas-powered injection system (Biojector).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of the Biojector B2000 needle-free gas-powered injection system for subcutaneous administration of enfuvirtide in HIV-infected patients and to compare this system with standard needles and syringes with respect to ease of use, severity of injection site reactions (ISR), and enfuvirtide plasma levels. DESIGN: An observational study among 32 treatment-experienced HIV clinic patients receiving enfuvirtide. METHODS: Adult patients were assessed before and after switching from standard needles to the Biojector for enfuvirtide administration. Patients used the Biojector for up to 24 weeks and rated ease of use from 0 (easy) to 3 (difficult). ISR were graded from 0 to 31 for signs and symptoms (erythema, induration, pruritus, nodules/cysts, ecchymosis), duration of individual lesions, and number of lesions. Plasma was collected pre-dose and 1 h post-dose for enfuvirtide measurement. The high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method used was specific for enfuvirtide over its known plasma metabolite. Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to compare needle-based and Biojector outcomes. RESULTS: The Biojector was rated as being significantly easier to use (P < 0.001) and reduced the occurrence of ISR compared with standard needles (P < 0.001). Enfuvirtide plasma levels were not statistically different between the two administration methods at either pre-dose trough (P = 0.41) or 1 h post-dose (P = 0.74). CONCLUSIONS: The Biojector needle-free injection system was easy to use for enfuvirtide administration and was associated with a decreased severity of ISR. Plasma enfuvirtide levels pre-dose and 1 h post-dose were comparable when injecting with standard needles or the Biojector.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Intratumoral injection of IL-2-activated NK cells enhances the antitumor effect of intradermally injected paraformaldehyde-fixed tumor vaccine in a rat intracranial brain tumor model.

Combined therapy with a fixed-tumor cell vaccine and intratumoral injection of NK cells induced strong tumor regression of rat glioma. Rat 9L glioma cells were inoculated into syngeneic male rats at the flank (subcutaneous tumor model) or at the basal ganglia of the right hemisphere (intracranial tumor model). Rats were intradermally injected three times with vaccine comprising fixed 9L cells, IL-2- and GMCSF-microparticles, and tuberculin prior to (protective studies) or after (therapeutic studies) challenge with live 9L cells. In the protective studies, the vaccine alone achieved significant tumor growth inhibition and elongation of mean life span in both the subcutaneous and intracranial tumor models. No therapeutic effect was observed in the intracranial tumor model with the vaccine alone. However, intratumoral injection of rat NK cells strongly assisted the therapeutic effect of the vaccine in the brain tumor model and resulted in a statistically significant elongation of life span. We propose that intratumoral injection of NK cells may not only kill brain tumor cells directly, but also trigger a strong immune response in the focal lesion of the brain after vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Resistance and disease in Brugia malayi infection of ferrets following prior infection, injection of attenuated infective larvae and injections of larval extracts.

A partial resistance expressed by a 53% to 78% reduction in lymphatic filariae from a challenge infection was induced in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) by a prior infection and by injection of radiation attenuated infective larvae (L3) but not by injections of lyophilized microfilariae (mf) or L3. Equivalent acquired resistance was demonstrated with and without overt filarial disease. A prior infection resulted in peripheral lymphoedema in approximately one-third of the amicrofilaraemic resistant ferrets following challenge infection and injection of attenuated larvae resulted in inflammatory responses characteristic of a hyper-responsive syndrome in one-half of the amicrofilaraemic ferrets. Injections of lyophilized mf inhibited microfilaraemia and promoted development of lymphostatic disease. A limited examination of immune responses and histopathology suggested that disease in partially resistant ferrets was associated with high TH2 dependent responses directed, at least in part, to mature filariae and to mf. Mechanisms of resistance were not identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Use of a visual analog scale to assess pain of injection with intracavernous injection therapy.

AIM: Fear of pain with intracavernosal injection (ICI) therapy may discourage its use in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: We prospectively analyzed patient self-report of discomfort with ICI therapy for ED utilizing a visual analog scale from 0 to 10. RESULTS: Patient self-report using a visual analog scale revealed minimal discomfort, with 59 consecutive patients reporting an average pain score of 1.93 +/- 1.76. There was no statistical difference between self-administered or nurse-administered injections. The volume of the injection also had no statistical effect on pain score, and there was no difference observed between those who received alprostadil alone or combination treatment. Patients with diabetes mellitus did have significantly higher pain scores than other patients (3.31 +/- 2.25 vs. 1.62 +/- 1.39, P = 0.009), even when controlling for other factors. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of the greater potential for discomfort in ED patients with diabetes. In the majority of ED patients, however, discomfort is minimal, and this information should be helpful in alleviating fear of injection in those who may benefit from this therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Rotational behaviour elicited by intracerebral injections of apomorphine and pergolide in 6-hydroxy-dopamine-lesioned rats. I: Comparison between systemic and intrastriatal injections.

Rotational behaviour in unilaterally 6-hydroxy-dopamine-denervated rats has been attributed to stimulation of dopamine receptors on striatal as well as limbic areas. In the present study the rotational behaviour elicited by local intrastriatal injections of apomorphine or pergolide was compared to the rotation elicited by systemic injections of the drugs. We found that intrastriatal injections induced rotational behaviour almost identical to the behaviour occurring after systemic treatment. Furthermore, studies of the spread of [3H]apomorphine in brain tissue showed that at the peak of rotation the radioactivity was confined within the limits of the striatum. Non-significant amounts of radioactivity was found in the nucleus accumbens. On the basis of these data we conclude that rotational behaviour elicited by systemic injections of apomorphine or pergolide originates from stimulation of striatal sites. The difference in rotational patterns elicited by these drugs is more likely to relate to differences in receptor stimulation within the striatum than differences in, for example, relative distribution between limbic and striatal areas.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Barium selenate injections in cattle: effects on selenium concentrations in plasma and liver and residues at site of injection.

Twenty Angus cross heifers were fed a complete diet which contained 0.07 mg selenium/kg dry matter. Thirteen were injected subcutaneously with barium selenate at a dose rate of approximately 1 mg selenium/kg bodyweight and seven remained untreated. All the heifers were slaughtered during the following 121 days, the last of the treated group 119 days after injection. Glutathione peroxidase activity in blood increased within four weeks of administration and remained high thereafter. The selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase activity did not increase in liver kidney or muscle. The concentrations of selenium in the blood, liver and muscle were increased significantly from 30 days until 119 days. Between 76 and 99 per cent of the selenium injected remained at the site of injection.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Percutaneous hot saline injection therapy for hepatic tumors: an alternative to percutaneous ethanol injection therapy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the usefulness of percutaneous hot saline injection therapy (PSIT) in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with HCC (23 nodules) underwent PSIT. Mean tumor diameter was < or = 30 mm. PSIT was performed by injecting hot saline into the HCC. The therapeutic effect of PSIT was evaluated with computed tomography, angiography, measurement of alpha-fetoprotein levels, and histopathologic examination of needle biopsy and resected specimens. RESULTS: No complications were encountered, and a therapeutic effect was obtained in all cases. When the injected material cools, it becomes physiologic saline making it possible to inject relatively large volumes in a single session. CONCLUSION: PSIT has promise as a form of curative local therapy for small HCCs and is expected to exert a safe and favorable therapeutic effect on large HCCs as well.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Peroneal tendon bupivacaine injection: utility of concomitant injection of contrast material.

Twenty patients received the installation of contrast material into the peroneal tendons while local anesthetic was injected as a diagnostic test. In three patients (15%), communication with the ankle joint and subtalar joint was noted, as well as failure of the contrast to fill the distal tendon. Injection of local anesthetic into the peroneal tendons as a diagnostic measure, therefore, may not have 100% sensitivity of specificity. Simultaneous injection of contrast material can be used to alert the clinician to a lack of specificity of the anesthetic test injection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Using standardized methods for research on HIV and injecting drug use in developing/transitional countries: case study from the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II.

BACKGROUND: Successful cross-national research requires methods that are both standardized across sites and adaptable to local conditions. We report on the development and implementation of the methodology underlying the survey component of the WHO Drug Injection Study Phase II--a multi-site study of risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among Injecting Drug Users (IDUs). METHODS: Standardized operational guidelines were developed by the Survey Coordinating Center in collaboration with the WHO Project Officer and participating site Investigators. Throughout the duration of the study, survey implementation at the local level was monitored by the Coordinating Center. Surveys were conducted in 12 different cities. Prior rapid assessment conducted in 10 cities provided insight into local context and guided survey implementation. Where possible, subjects were recruited both from drug abuse treatment centers and via street outreach. While emphasis was on IDUs, non-injectors were also recruited in cities with substantial non-injecting use of injectable drugs. A structured interview and HIV counseling/testing were administered. RESULTS: Over 5,000 subjects were recruited. Subjects were recruited from both drug treatment and street outreach in 10 cities. Non-injectors were recruited in nine cities. Prior rapid assessment identified suitable recruitment areas, reduced drug users' distrust of survey staff, and revealed site-specific risk behaviors. Centralized survey coordination facilitated local questionnaire modification within a core structure, standardized data collection protocols, uniform database structure, and cross-site analyses. Major site-specific problems included: questionnaire translation difficulties; locating affordable HIV-testing facilities; recruitment from drug treatment due to limited/selective treatment infrastructure; access to specific sub-groups of drug users in the community, particularly females or higher income groups; security problems for users and interviewers, hostility from local drug dealers; and interference by local service providers. CONCLUSION: Rapid assessment proved invaluable in paving the way for the survey. Central coordination of data collection is crucial. While fully standardized methods may be a research ideal, local circumstances may require substantial adaptation of the methods to achieve meaningful local representation. Allowance for understanding of local context may increase rather than decrease the generalizability of the data.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The effects of a 2-stage injection technique on inferior alveolar nerve block injection pain.

The purpose of this prospective, randomized, single-blinded, crossover study was to compare the pain of a traditional 1-stage inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) block injection to a 2-stage IAN block technique. Using a crossover design, 51 subjects randomly received, in a single-blinded manner, either the traditional IAN block or the 2-stage IAN block in 2 appointments spaced at least 1 week apart. For the 2-stage injection, the needle was inserted submucosally and 0.4 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine was slowly given over 1 minute. After 5 minutes, the needle was reinserted and advanced to the target site (needle placement), and 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine was deposited. For the traditional IAN block, following needle penetration, the needle was advanced while depositing 0.4 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine (needle placement) and then 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with epinephrine was deposited at the target site. A Heft-Parker visual analogue scale was used to measure the pain of needle insertion, needle placement, and anesthetic solution deposition. There were no significant differences, as analyzed by Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test, between needle insertion and solution deposition for the 2 techniques in men or women. However, there was significantly less pain with the 2-stage injection for needle placement in women. In conclusion, the 2-stage injection significantly reduced the pain of needle placement for women when compared to the traditional IAN technique.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Study on the relationship between hepatitis C virus infection and sharing injection equipment, sexual behavior among injecting drug users].

OBJECTIVE: To study hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission through different modes of sharing injection equipment and sexual behavior among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Liangshan of Sichuan province. METHODS: A community-based survey was conducted to investigate past and current demographic data, injection equipment sharing patterns and sexual behavior of IDUs. Blood samples were also taken to test for HCV. The survey was conducted between Nov 8 and Nov 29, 2002. 379 subjects were screened through outreach recruitment and peer informing. SPSS (11.5) was used for data analysis. RESULTS: HCV prevalence was 71.0% (269/379). Needles or syringes sharing in the past three months and past syphilis infection were strongly associated with HCV transmission after univariate analysis using chi-square test. Trend analysis indicated that HCV infection rate increased along with the increase of needles or syringes sharing, sharing of rinse water and the number of peers sharing the equipments. Data from multivariate logistic regression showed that sharing of needles or syringes and history of syphilis infection were significantly associated with HCV transmission. No significant difference was found between HCV infection and sexual behavior after univariate analysis using chi-square test. CONCLUSION: Further sero-epidemiological prospective cohort studies should be conducted to clarify the relationship between different modes of sharing injection equipment, sexual behavior and HCV infection.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Evaluation of new style of drug delivery system for primary lung cancer: intermittent intra-arterial injection therapy with subcutaneous infusible port I.--Temporary changes in feeding arteries of lung cancer in processes of intra-arterial injection therapy].

Arterial injection therapy for lung cancers is concentrated on the bronchial arteries, because they are reported by the main feeders of lung cancers. In the present study, we attempted intermittent arterial injection therapy with implantable port system. In the cases of lung cancers, in the present study, tumors were mainly fed by bronchial arteries originating from intercostal-bronchial arteries in right lungs, and those directly originating from aorta in the left lungs. However, in the processes of BAI (Bronchial Arterial Injection Therapy), main feeders often were obstructed and the new feeders originated from branches of subclavian arteries, such as thyro-cervical truncks, internal mammary arteries, thoraco-acromial arteries and intercostal arteries. They formed networks surrounding the lungs. Adequate study of the feeding arteries should be performed in the course of arterial injection therapy of lung cancers.

Adenocarcinoma↗