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PubMedDate not supplied

[Morphological characteristics of the shell of the ova of Capillariidae (Nematoda, Capillariidae)].

Peculiarities of the surface architectonics of the egg shell in 18 species of capillariids (Nematoda, Capillariidae) were studied. Capillariids were found in mammals of 5 orders: Insectivora, Chiroptera, Muridae, Carnivora and Arctiodactyla. A correlation between the structure of the external surface of egg shell of these nematodes on one hand, and localization in the organism of the definitive host and its biology on the other, was established. On the basis of these characters capillariids of the genera Capillaria, Eucoleus, Calodium, Liniscus, Thominx and Scrjabinocapillaria were arranged into 6 groups: 1 - the genus Capillaria (luman of the stomach and gut), 2 - the genus Eucoleus (mucous membrane of oesophagus and stomach), 3 - the genus Calodium (parenchima of the liver), 4 - the genus Liniscus (urinary bladder), 5 - the genus Thominx (lungs), 6 - the genera Thominx and Scrjabinocapillaria (lumen of the stomach). The classification suggested makes more precise and supplements the known systems of nematodes of the fam. Capillariidae.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Comparative anatomical studies of the vomeronasal complex and the rostral palate of various mammals. I].

The anatomy of the vomeronasal complex and, in connection with this, the structures of the rostral palate were studied in different species of mammals, namely members of the order Marsupialia, Scandentia, Insectivora, Primates, Rodentia, and Lagomorpha. The following results were obtained: The organs of Jacobson of all forms studied are well-developed. The organ of Jacobson is situated at the base of the nasal septum and opens rostrally, always closely connected to the nasopalatine duct. Even in rodents, lagomorphs and Solenodon, where the openings of the organs are positioned rostral to the ductus, both systems are nevertheless connected by means of special furrows. Accordingly the organs of Jacobson are functionally much more closely related to the oral cavity than to the nasal cavity, which they actually belong to. This can be emphasized by the peculiar structures of the rostral palate inclosing the papilla palatina and with it the oral openings of the nasopalatine ducts. In all species studied, the anterior part of the upper jaw presents a very interesting situation because the median furrow of the rhinarium communicates directly or indirectly with the sulcus papillae palatinae, thus forming a very distinct system of grooves which preserves a connection between the nasopalatine ducts and the preoral surroundings. In rodents, lagomorphs, and Solenodon, we find in this part of the palate a special situation because of their unusually arranged incisors, which are not separated by a diastema. However, also in these cases, there are distinct connecting passages between the papilla palatina and the extraoral surroundings. The conditions found in Ratufa bicolor and in early stages of the rat demonstrate that the extraordinary topography of the rostral palate in rodents is a secondary formation by means of ontogeny and phylogeny. Cebus apella, a platyrrhine simian, shows already a clear reduction of palatal structures compared to those found in prosimians. In Setifer setosus and Echinops telfairi, we find the papilla palatina and with it the oral openings of the nasopalatine ducts overgrown by a bipartite caudal branch of the rhinarium. The neonate Setifer allows us to reconstruct the mechanism of this overgrowing procedure. We find a similar situation in Erinaceus, where the papilla palatina remains uncovered, however. Because of contradictory bibliographical data, some elements of the vomeronasal complex in mammals needed to be carefully analysed in regard to structure and nomenclature: in many species the paraseptal cartilage bifurcates rostrally into a dorsal and a ventral branch.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed1984

The Haller's organ roof and anterior pit setae of Argas ticks (Ixodoidea: Argasidae). Subgenera Secretargas and Ogadenus.

Adults of the Argas subgenera Secretargas (3 species) and Ogadenus (1 species) were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In each species, the anterior pit and Haller's organ are situated in a large dorsal hump of Tarsus I and the 9 setae of the anterior pit are characteristic of the genus Argas in structure and numbers. In A. (S.) transgariepinus, an Ethiopian-Palearctic crevice-dwelling parasite of bats, the Haller's organ capsule roof is solid with a slitlike transverse aperture. In A. (S.) hoogstraali and A. (S.) echinops, Malagasy soil-dwelling parasites of Oplurus (Varanidae) lizards and the hedgehog-tenrec (Insectivora: Tenrecidae), respectively, the Haller's organ is virtually unroofed but partially screened by arborescent dorsal projections from the posterior wall of the capsule, and the open capsule contains numerous fine pleomorphs. In A. (O.) brumpti, a soil-dwelling parasite of the hyrax (Procavia), other terrestrial mammals, and lizards in the Ethiopian Region, the capsule is also virtually unroofed and contains numerous fine pleomorphs. The unroofed capsule is probably phylogenetically primitive and occurs only in these 3 and 2 other Argas species. The soil microhabitat (in Argas confined to 3 of the 4 species recorded here), and the reptile or ancient mammal hosts of these 3 species, as well as the zoogeographical isolation of 2 of the species in the Malagasy Region, are distinctive in this genus of 56 species. The interrelationships between an unroofed Haller's organ capsule and unusual biological properties remain to be determined.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Small wild mammals and arboviruses in Italy].

In 1980 and 1981, sera of 256 small wild mammals (rodentia, insectivora, carnivora) were collected in Piemonte and Southern Italy. They were then tested for antibody against 12 arboviruses by haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests. In the North of the country, 42.8% of sera were found positive against Tahyna or Sicilian Sandfly fever viruses. In the Southern provinces, 44.3% of sera reacted with Bhanja, West Nile or other flaviviruses, Tahyna, Sicilian Sandfly fever and Arumowot viruses. These results lead to suspect the possible role of some small mammals (muridae, Clethrionomys glareolus, Talpa caeca, Talpa romana) in circulating these arboviruses in Italy.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1981

[Sublingual structures of primates. II. Hominoidea, review, summary and literature].

1. In Homo and the great apes (Pongidae) there occurs, besides the plica sublingualis a plica fimbriata at the ventral surface of the tongue. This duplicature of the mucosa does not occur in the Hylobytidae and in the other primates. 2. Some taste buds could be found in the epithelium of the plica sublingualis of the Pongidae. 3. There are many taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata of the Pongidae. On this sublingual structure there were counted 1776 taste buds in Pongo, 592 in Gorilla and 280 in Pan. A few taste buds could also be found on the plica fimbriata of a human newborn. 4. A glandula apicis linguae occurs in Homo, Pan, Gorilla and Pongo. 5. The fresh saliva of the glandula apicis linguae and the saliva on the floor of the mouth can be tested by the taste buds in the epithelium of the plica fimbriata, of papillae lenticulares and of areae gustatoriae at the ventral surface of the tongue. 6. It might be the function of the sublingual taste buds to taste the fresh saliva as a gradient for the central nervous comparison with the taste of the saliva on the dorsal surface of the tongue. 7. Because of the complete absence of a sublingua in the Platyrrhini and in the Cercopithecinae it is unlikely that the plica fimbriata of Homo and the great apes can be interpreted as a homalogon of the sublingua in the prosimians. 8. Because of the absence of a sublingua in other ordines of the Mammalia (Insectivora, Carnivora, Rodentia, Chiroptera, Ungulata) it is unlikely as well that the sublingua in the prosimians can be interpreted as a homologon of the tongues of the lower vertebrates. The sublingual structures occuring in the Marsupialia have to be investigated. 9. Because of these reasons the new development of the sublingua in the prosimians and the plica fimbriata in the Hominoidea, in complete independence from one another, seems to be a better explanation of the 2 structures and less contradictionary to anatomical and phylogenetic arguments. The different function of both structures in the recent primates gives a hint for the possible reason for their development during the process of evolution.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arbovirus infections in Tunisia: new serological survey of small wild mammals].

Sera of 103 small wild mammals (rodents, insectivora, cheiroptera) trapped at the beginning of 1980 in different areas of Tunisia were studied for antibody against 15 arboviruses. In inhibition haemagglutination tests, positive reactions were found against Dengue type 2 (2.2%), Tahyna (18.4%), Arumowot (42.7%) and Sicilian sandfly fever (31%) viruses. No antibody was found for 8 tick-borne viruses. In comparison with previous sero-surveys, our results indicated a fall of West Nile virus activity and the emergence of Tahyna virus. The possibility that wild cycles involving small mammals and the two phleboviruses may exist in Tunisia is discussed.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1982

[Arbovirus infections in Morocco: serosurvey in small wild mammals in the northern part of the country].

Sera of 128 small wild mammals (rodents, insectivora) trapped in Northern Morocco in March 1979, were studied for antibody against 15 arboviruses. In inhibition-haemagglutination tests, positive reactions were found against West Nile (0.8%), Tahyna (21 %), Arumowot (14 %) and Sicilian Sandfly fever (9.4 %) viruses. In complement fixation tests, an unique serum from Apodemus sylvaticus was simultaneously positive for Quaranfil virus and for a Kemerovo group virus, Brest/Ar/T222, previously isolated from Ornithodoros (A.) maritimus ticks caught in Morocco. These results are discussed according to the bioclimatic profile of the station where the mammals originated and to the potential vectors known to occur here.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1981

Bearing of the diencephalon on the taxonomic status of the Tupaioidea.

As the taxonomic status of the Tupaioidea within the Order Primates is still unsettled, an attempt is being made to throw some light on this problem through investigations on the nuclear configuration and fibre connections of the diencephalon of the tree-shrew. Several tree-shrew species, particularly Tupaia glis and Urogale everetti have been involved in this qualitative study, and comparisons of diencephalic structures among the tree-shrews species, and with the Insectivores and Prosimii have been made. Thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei which show more advanced development than others, are nuclei anteroventralis, mediodorsalis, centrum medianum, lateralis posterior, pulvinaris, geniculati lateralis and medialis, subthalamicus and mamillaris medialis. The nucleus mediodorsalis becomes much enlarged and more clearly differentiated into two or three regions. The ventrolateral thalamic nuclear group, though comparably small, is clearly definable into anterior, lateral and posterior parts. The pulvinar makes its first definitive appearance as a separate entity. The nuclei pretectalis and thalamicus posterior are larger and more prominent than those in the Prosimii. The dorsal part of the lateral geniculate body, termed nucleus geniculatus lateralis, show a clear stratification of its cells into six layers that correspond well to the primate pattern. The nucleus geniculatus medialis is well developed and differentiated into magnocellular and parvocellular parts. The epithalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus are not much different from those of other mammalian species. This study has shown that the thalamus and metathalamus show more advanced than primitive phylogenetic features than are found in the Insectivora. These may compare favorably with most of the homologues in the diencephalon of the Lemuroidea.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Fungi from interior organs of free-living small mammals in Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.

A total of 308 fungi was isolated from interior organs (lungs, spleen, liver) of 529 small mammals belonging to 21 species, 7 families and 3 orders (Insectivora, Chiroptera, Rodentia), some of these being potentially pathogenic to vertebrates (e.g. Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, Geotrichum candidum, Mucor pusillus, Rhizopus arrhizus). In one vole (Microtus arvalis) captured in South Moravia, adiaspiromycosis (Emmonsia crescens) was demonstrated. Comparison of mycoflora of hair and that of interior organs of wild small mammals revealed that out of the total number of isolates the following fungi were represented in a higher proportion from visceral organs than from the hair: Aspergillus (A. amstelodami, A. flavus, A. repens), Aureobasidium (A. pullulans), Candida, Cladosporium (C. herbarum), Cryptococcus, Fusarium, Gliocladium (G. deliquescens), Helminthosporium, Kloeckera, Mucor (M. fragilis, M. hiemalis, M. pusillus), Paecilomyces marquandii, Penicillium (P. purpurogenum), Phoma, Rhizopus arrhizus, Scopulariopsis (S. candida, S. koningii) and Torulopsis.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Enterobacteria of bats (Chiroptera) (author's transl)].

The aerobic gram-negative faecal flora of 38 bats consisting of 10 species and genera respectively, of Microchiroptera, and of 4 species and genera respectively, of Megachiroptera was studied (Table 1 and 3). There were no specific differences between Insectivora and Frugivora: E. coli 15-24%, Citrobacter 8-10%, Enterobacter-Klebsiella-group 40-43% and Proteus-group 28-30% (Table 2). The overwhelming majority of the isolated bacteria were lactose-positive (Table 3), corresponding to the membership of the bats to the mammals. The vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus), however, nourishing exclusively with mammalian blood, possess a fundamental other faecal flora. Here we always found Aeromonas hydrophila sometimes as a pure culture and sometimes in combination with E. coli, Enterobacter, Providencia, and Arizona. The normal habitat of Aeromonas hydrophila in vampire bats suggests that these bacteria are necessary for digest the drunken blood in a similar manner as in leechs. The observations were discussed regarding their ecological, epidemiological, and phylogenetic significances.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Arbovirus infections in Spain: serological survey on small mammals].

Sera of 386 small mammals (rodents, insectivora, small carnivora and cheiroptera) trapped in Spain in 1978 and 1979 were studied for antibody against 10 arboviruses. Positive reactions were found against flaviviruses: West Nile (3.1%), dengue type 2 (0.5%), tick-borne encephalitis, European type (0.2%), together with Tahyna (6.5%), Uukuniemi (2%) and Bhanja (1%) viruses. The animal species concerned by positive reactions were essentially Mus spretus and Apodemus sylvaticus which were also the more numerous species trapped during the survey. In addition, in Crocidura russula, an unique reaction against West Nile virus was found. Results of our serosurvey in small mammals correlated well with those of previous reports in men or animals, from Portugal and from north-western Spain.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 peroxisomal and mitochondrial targeting. A survey of its subcellular distribution in the livers of various representatives of the classes Mammalia, Aves and Amphibia.

As part of a wider study on the molecular evolution of alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 (AGT1) intracellular compartmentalization, we have determined the subcellular distribution of immunoreactive AGT1, using postembedding protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy, in the livers of various members of the classes Mammalia, Aves, and Amphibia. As far as organellar distribution is concerned, three categories could be distinguished. In members of the first category (type I), all, or nearly all, of the immunoreactive AGT1 was concentrated within the peroxisomes. In the second category (type II), AGT1 was found more evenly distributed in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. In the third category (type III), AGT1 was localized mainly within the mitochondria with much lower, but widely variable, amounts in the peroxisomes. Type I animals include the human, two great apes (gorilla, orangutan), two Old World monkeys (anubis baboon, Japanese macaque), a New World monkey (white-faced Saki monkey), a lago, morph (European rabbit), a bat (Seba's short-tailed fruit bat), two caviomorph rodents (guinea pig, orange-rumped agouti), and two Australian marsupials (koala, Bennett's wallaby). Type II animals include two New World monkeys (common marmoset, cotton-top tamarin), three prosimians (brown lemur, fat-tailed dwarf lemur, pygmy slow loris), five rodents (a hybrid crested porcupine, Colombian ground squirrel, laboratory rat, laboratory mouse, golden hamster), an American marsupial (grey short-tailed opossum), and a bird (raven). Type III animals include the large tree shrew, three insectivores (common Eurasian mole, European hedgehog, house shrew), four carnivores (domestic cat, ocelot, domestic dog, polecat ferret), and an amphibian (common frog). In addition to these categories, some animals (e.g. guinea pig, common frog) possessed significant amounts of cytosolic AGT1. Whereas the subcellular distribution of AGT1 in some orders (e.g. Insectivora and Carnivora) did not appear to vary markedly between the different members, in other orders (e.g. Primates, Rodentia and Marsupialia) it fluctuated widely between the different species. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the subcellular distribution of AGT1 has changed radically on numerous occasions during the evolution of mammals. The new observations presented in this paper are compatible with our previous demonstration of a relationship between AGT1 subcellular distribution and either present or putative ancestral dietary habit, and our previous suggestion that the molecular evolution of the AGT gene has been markedly influenced by dietary selection pressure.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1994

Volumetric comparison of hippocampal regions in 44 primate species.

Volumes of retrocommissural hippocampal regions (Subiculum, CA 1, CA 2, CA 3, hilus region, and fascia dentata) were measured using serial sections of 44 species of prosimian and simian brains, including man. The volumes were compared allometrically with those of the least encephalized eutherian mammals, the madagassian tenrecs (Insectivora, Tenrecinae; 4 species). The retrocommissural hippocampus is 2.9 times larger in prosimians, 2.4 times in non-human simians, and 4.1 times in man. The different hippocampal regions do not enlarge uniformly to the same degree as the total hippocampus. The regions can be grouped into three categories, according to the degrees to which they enlarge in primates: a) Structures with the greatest degree of enlargement are the subiculum and the field CA 1. b) An enlargement similar to that of the total retrocommissural hippocampus is seen for the hilus region. c) No or only a slight enlargement as compared to their sizes in tenrecs is observed for the hippocampal fields CA 2, CA 3, and the fascia dentata.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Sarcocystis booliati n.sp. and a parasite of undetermined taxonomic position, Octoplasma garnhami n. gen. n. sp., from the moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus.

Sarcocystis booliati n.sp. is described from the moonrat Echinosorex gymnurus (Mammalia, Insectivora) from West Malaysia. The cysts are very thin-walled, not visible to the naked eye, and have no trabeculae or cytophaneres. They are found in skeletal but not heart muscle. The zoites are small, 5-8 by 2-3 mum with a mean of 6.5 by 2.2 mum, in dry fixed smears. Octoplasma garnhami n.gen. n.sp., a parasite of undetermined taxonomic status but belonging to the Coccidiasina, Apicomplexa, is also described from the same host. Only schizononts and pseudocysts with typically 8 zoites, have so far been seen in monocytes of the spleen and liver. The zoites are large, 15 by 3 mum and have a distinct nucleolus even in dry-fixed smears.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Shrews: a review of the diseases, anomalies, and parasites.

The diseases, lesions, congenital disorders, and parasites of both Insectivora and prosimian shrews were reviewed. Preliminary baseline data provide encouraging prospects for using these animals as research models because few spontaneous diseases and lesions have been reported. It must be pointed out, however, that throughout the literature reviewed, clinical histories were incomplete and histopathologic examinations had seldom been performed, particularly with the parasitic entities.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1976

A comparative survey of the mast cells of the mammalian brain.

A search for mast cells has been made in the brains of 18 mammalian species in 13 families in the orders Insectivora, Primates, Rodentia and Carnivora. In the larger animals, only the diencephalon and olfactory bulbs were examined. Mast cells were identified by virtue of their heparin-containing granules, which are stained by Alcian blue 8GX and, metachromatically, by toluidine blue 0. Within the cerebral parenchyma, mast cells were confined to the dorsal diencephalon of Erinaceus europaeus (hedgehog), Tupaia glis (tree-shrew) and Nycticebus coucang (slow loris). Some cells were next to capillaries; others were not. Mast cells were sometimes found, though rarely, in the intracerebral perivascular connective tissue leptomeninges and choroid plexuses of some of the other species examined. It is concluded that pericapillary cells (pericytes), which have been called mast cells by some investigators, are not in fact mast cells since there is no evidence for the presence of heparin. The functions of mast cells in the brain are unknown.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The flea fauna of small mammals in Kostroma Province].

There were 22 species of fleas recorded on different Rodentia and Insectivora in Kostroma Province. The flea species M. turbidus, M. penicilliger, M. walkeri, C. agyrtes, C. uncinatus, P. sylvatica dominate on the rodents, and the species C. bisoctodentatus, P. soricis, P. kohauti, D. dasycnema dominate on the insectivores.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Brain structure volumes in the mole rat, Spalax ehrenbergi (Spalacidae, Rodentia) in comparison to the rat and subterrestrial insectivores.

Natural blindness and a subterranean, digging mode of life demand peculiar adaptations of the central nervous system in the mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi, which are the focus of this quantitative investigation. Volumes of 25 brain structures in Spalax were evaluated allometrically, using the least encephalized mammalian species, the Madagassian hedgehog-like tenrecs (Tenrecinae) as a reference base, and their sizes compared with those of the rat (as a more generalized representative of rodents) and of some subterranean Insectivora. The allometric approach reveals that Spalax has a larger brain than tenrecs and the rat. Within the brain, the neocortex and diencephalon are well developed, an observation also made in other mammalian species with a relatively high encephalization. An unique feature in Spalax is the enlargement of motor structures of the brain, such as the cerebellum (and cerebellar nuclei), and the striatum. Most conspicuous is the large size of the nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, reflecting the importance of masticatory muscles for the special digging technique, which demand an intense use of the teeth for loosening the soil.

Animals↗