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PubMed1992

Isolation of bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses from mosquitoes collected in Indonesia.

Three viruses isolated from anopheline mosquitoes in Indonesia have been identified as bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses. Another virus isolate showed no relationship to other orbiviruses tested and should be regarded as a new virus; the name Golok is proposed for it. The mosquitoes were collected in 1980 and 1981 in a program designed to isolate flaviviruses infecting humans. It is apparent that such collections of arthropods which feed on large mammals could be screened for other viruses which may infect domestic livestock.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

The medicinal plants of Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia.

This paper describes an ethnopharmacological study of two remote settlements in Indonesia. Interviews with practitioners of traditional medicine (dukuns) were carried out to determine the vernacular names of plants used for medicinal purposes. Parts used, methods of preparation and the medicinal uses of 158 species are presented in an inventory. Samples from several species are currently undergoing chemical analysis.

Indonesia↗
PubMed1996

Indonesia: status of cancer pain and palliative care.

Indonesia is a large archipelago with an estimated 203,000-365,400 new cancer cases a year. Most cases present in the advanced stage. Pain is the chief complaint in 89% of the patients of the palliative care unit at Dr. Soetomo hospital. The program is a community-based, family-oriented, and culturally adapted home care, widely applicable throughout the country. The service and medication should be affordable, simple, and available. The WHO three-step ladder has been adopted as the method of choice in cancer pain relief. Facilities supportive for the program are the existing health-care delivery system and non-formal support system (Indonesian Cancer Foundation and Organization for Family Welfare Promotion, PKK). The chief constraints for program implementation are the geographical and population problems, lack of resources and funding for the training of health-care workers, and limited availability of oral morphine.

Humans↗
PubMed2026

Mycoplasma and Bartonella in cats from the tropical tourist Gili Islands, Indonesia.

Bartonella spp. and haemotropic Mycoplasma spp. are important vector-borne bacteria of veterinary and zoonotic relevance, yet information on their circulation in Indonesian island ecosystems remains limited. We investigated their occurrence and molecular diversity in 117 domestic and free-roaming cats from the Gili Islands, Indonesia, using full-length 16S rRNA nanopore metagenomics followed by targeted PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic analysis and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Bartonella DNA was detected in 18/117 (15.4%) cats and haemotropic Mycoplasma DNA in 40/117 (34.2%). Sequence analysis identified Bartonella henselae as the predominant species together with Bartonella clarridgeiae. MLST of B. henselae revealed three sequence types (ST1, ST16 and ST42), with ST1, a lineage reported in both feline and human isolates, predominating. Comparison with the PubMLST database showed significant geographical differences in the distribution of ST1 and ST42, supporting regional variation in the circulation of B. henselae lineages. Haemoplasma characterization identified Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum, Mycoplasma haemofelis, Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis and a Mycoplasma feliminutum-like organism, comprising ten distinct sequence variants. Haemoplasma positivity was significantly associated with age, with adults showing higher positivity than younger animals (P < 0.001), whereas Bartonella infection was not associated with age, sex or island of origin. The detection of zoonotically relevant B. henselae lineages and the genetic diversity of feline haemoplasmas provide evidence of the circulation of vector-borne bacteria among cats in this tropical island ecosystem. These findings provide the first molecular epidemiological baseline for this region and contribute to understanding the circulation and genetic diversity of feline vector-borne pathogens in Southeast Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Activity-guided isolation of cytotoxic constituents from the bark of Aglaia crassinervia collected in Indonesia.

Activity-guided fractionation of a CHCl(3)-soluble partition of the MeOH extract of the bark of Aglaia crassinervia collected in Indonesia led to the isolation of three new glabretal-type triterpenoids, aglaiaglabretols A-C (1-3), as well as nine known compounds, 3-epi-cabraleahydroxylactone (4), cabraleahydroxylactone (5), rocaglaol (6), 2beta,3beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-pregn-17(20)-(E)-16-one, scopoletin, and mixtures of cabraleadiol and epicotillol and of beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. The structures of compounds 1-3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods. The structure of aglaiaglabretol A (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and the absolute stereochemistry of this isolate was established by the Mosher ester method. The cytotoxic activity of all isolates and several chemical transformation products obtained in the present study was evaluated. The known cyclopenta[b]benzofuran, rocaglaol (6), was found to be significantly active and comparable in potency to the positive controls, paclitaxel and camptothecin. Aglaiaglabretol B (2) was further tested in an in vivo hollow fiber model.

Aglaia↗
PubMed2005

Rare Helicobacter pylori infection as a factor for the very low stomach cancer incidence in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

To elucidate factors associated with the very low risk of gastric neoplasia in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, approximately 1/50 of the level in Japan, we recruited 52 male and 39 female participants from the general populace in the city of Yogyakarta in October 2003. Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies were found in only 5% (0-13) (95% confidence interval) and 4% (0-9) for Javanese males and females, respectively, and were statistically lower than the 62% (58-65) and 57% (53-60), respectively, in Japanese. Furthermore, positive findings of pepsinogen test were only 0 and 2% (0-6) for males and females, in Yogyakarta, and were again significantly lower than the 23% (22-25) and 22% (20-23), in Japan. The very low incidence of stomach cancer in Yogyakarta may be due to a low prevalence of H. pylori infection and chronic atrophic gastritis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Modelling variations in corallite morphology of Galaxea fascicularis coral colonies with depth and light on coastal fringing reefs in the Wakatobi Marine National Park (S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia).

Coastal environments in the tropics can suffer from high sedimentation and low light levels. Galaxea fascicularis is a hermatypic coral that is relatively resilient to stress from bleaching and from sedimentation. Corallite dimensions--width, height, corallite densities and inter-corallite distances--of Galaxea fascicularis colonies varied significantly with depth, and so with incident light at the Sampela reef in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, S.E. Sulawesi, Indonesia. Modelling studies based on our data showed that corallite width decreased with the amount of incident light, while corallite height increased with the amount of incident light (r2 values of 0.835 for width and 0.869 for height). In all colonies, inter-corallite distance decreased significantly with the amount of incident light (r2 = 0.89). Colony width/height ratio increased in a linear fashion with inter-corallite distance for all colonies studied (r2 = 0.65). Current flow as judged using tags did not appear to be a factor in variations of corallite dimensions. Our results suggest that under low light conditions, distribution and size of corallites may optimise heterotrophic nutrition, while in conditions where light is not limiting, distribution and size of corallites may be optimal for photosynthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Macro shocks and micro outcomes: child nutrition during Indonesia's crisis.

A survey of households in rural Java is used to assess the nutritional impact of Indonesia's drought and financial crisis of 1997/1998. A time-age-cohort decomposition reveals significant nutritional impacts. However, child weight-for-age (WAZ) remained constant throughout the crisis, despite rapid increases in food prices and the consequent household consumption shock. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that within households, mothers buffered children's caloric intake, resulting in increased maternal wasting. However, reductions in the consumption of high-quality foods further resulted in increased prevalence of anemia for both mothers and children. The combined effects were particularly severe for cohorts conceived and weaned during the crisis.

Child↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of a method to determine the natural occurrence of aflatoxins in commercial traditional herbal medicines from Malaysia and Indonesia.

Traditional herbal medicines, popularly known as 'jamu' and 'makjun' in Malaysia and Indonesia, are consumed regularly to promote health. In consideration of their frequent and prolonged consumption, the natural occurrence of aflatoxins (AF) in these products was determined using immunoaffinity column clean-up and high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization. The evaluated method, which entails dilution of sample extracts with Tween 20-phosphate buffered saline (1:9, v/v) and a chromatographic system using isocratic mobile phase composed of water-methanol-acetonitrile (70:20:10, v/v/v), was effective in separating AFB1, AFG1 and AFG2 from interference at their retention times. Results were confirmed using post-column derivatization with photochemical reactor. For 23 commercial samples analyzed, mean levels (incidence) of AFB(1), AFB(2) and AFG1 in positive samples were 0.26 (70%), 0.07 (61%) and 0.10 (30%) microg/kg, respectively; one sample was positive for AFG2 at a level of 0.03 (4%) microg/kg. In contrast to the high levels of AF in crude herbal drugs and medicinal plants reported previously by other researchers, the low contamination levels reported in this study may be attributed to the higher selectivity to AF of the method applied. Based on the AFB1 levels and the daily consumption of positive samples, a mean probable daily intake of 0.022 ng/kg body weight was calculated.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed2005

Surviving decentralisation? Impacts of regional autonomy on health service provision in Indonesia.

The paper aims to assess the impacts of decentralisation and privatisation reforms on access to and quality of health services in Indonesia. The research draws on qualitative and quantitative data from interviews, focus group discussions, and household surveys in four selected districts. The main conclusions are three-fold; the local administration of health care services is without transparency and accountability, health centres are turned into profit centres, and the increasing roles of private actors tend to reduce concerns over preventive health care and the conditions for poor people. Our policy recommendations include increased government spending to maintain public efforts in environmental and preventive health and in maintaining a minimum health service for the poor.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed2005

Internal cranial features of the Mojokerto child fossil (East Java, Indonesia).

The island of Java, Indonesia, has produced a remarkable number of fossil hominid remains. One of the earliest specimens was found in Perning and consists of an almost complete calvaria belonging to a juvenile individual, known as the Mojokerto child (Perning I). Using computed tomography, this study details its endocranial features. The specimen is still filled with sediment, but its inner surface is well preserved, and we were able to reconstruct its endocranial features electronically. The Mojokerto endocast is the only cerebral evidence available for such a young Homo erectus individual. We provide an analytical description, make comparisons with endocasts of other fossil hominids and modern humans, and discuss its individual age and taxonomic affinities. The ontogenetic pattern indicated by the Mojokerto child suggests that the growth and development of the Homo erectus brain was different from that of modern humans. The earliest stages of development, as characterized by this individual, correspond to important supero-inferior expansion, and relative rounding of the cerebrum. The following stages differ from that of modern humans by marked antero-posterior flattening of the brain and particularly antero-posterior development of the frontal lobes, resulting in the adult H. erectus morphology.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed2006

Stone artifacts and hominins in island Southeast Asia: new insights from Flores, eastern Indonesia.

This study reexamines the current understanding of Pleistocene stone-artifact assemblages in island Southeast Asia. A differentiation has long been made between assemblages of large-sized "core tools" and assemblages of small-sized "flake tools." "Core tool" assemblages are often argued to be the handiwork of early hominin species such as Homo erectus, while small-sized "flake tool" assemblages have been attributed to Homo sapiens. We argue that this traditional Southeast Asian perspective on stone tools assumes that the artifacts recovered from a site reflect a complete technological sequence. Our analyses of Pleistocene-age artifact assemblages from Flores, Indonesia, demonstrate that large pebble-based cores and small flake-based cores are aspects of one reduction sequence. We propose that the Flores pattern applies across island Southeast Asia: large-sized "core tool" assemblages are in fact a missing element of the small-sized flake-based reduction sequences found in many Pleistocene caves and rock-shelters. We conclude by discussing the implications of this for associating stone-artifact assemblages with hominin species in island Southeast Asia.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Evaluation of World Health Organization partograph implementation by midwives for maternity home birth in Medan, Indonesia.

OBJECTIVE: to assess the effectiveness of promoting the use of the World Health Organization (WHO) partograph by midwives for labour in a maternity home by comparing outcomes after birth. SETTING: Medan city, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. PARTICIPANTS: 20 midwives who regularly conducted births in maternity homes, randomly allocated into two equal groups. DESIGN: cluster randomised-control trial. INTERVENTION: under supervision from a team of obstetricians, midwives in the intervention group were introduced to the WHO partograph, trained in its use and instructed to use it in subsequent labours. MEASUREMENTS AND FINDINGS: there were 304 eligible women with vertex presentations among 358 labouring women in the intervention group and 322 among 363 in the control group. Among the intervention group, 304 (92.4%) partographs were correctly completed. From 71 women with the graph beyond the alert line, 42 (65%) were referred to hospital. Introducing the partograph significantly increased referral rate, and reduced the number of vaginal examinations, oxytocin use and obstructed labour. The proportions of caesarean sections and prolonged labour were not significantly reduced. Apgar scores of less than 7 at 1min was reduced significantly, whereas Apgar scores at 5mins and requirement for neonatal resuscitation were not significantly different. Fetal death and early neonatal death rates were too low to compare. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: a training programme with follow-up supervision and monitoring may be of use when introducing the WHO partograph in other similar settings, and the findings of this study suggest that the appropriate time of referral needs more emphasis in continuing education. CONCLUSION: the WHO partograph should be promoted for use by midwives who care for labouring women in a maternity home.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Taeniasis and cysticercosis in Bali and North Sumatra, Indonesia.

It has been reported that three human Taenia species are distributed in Indonesia: Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica and Taenia saginata. T. asiatica is well known in North Sumatra, especially on Samosir island in Lake Toba. T. solium and T. saginata are known from Bali. T. solium is most serious public health issue in Papua (former Irian Jaya). In this report, we briefly review the present situation of these three human Taenia species mainly in Bali and North Sumatra. For community based epidemiological survey, we have adopted and applied questionnaire, microscopic observation of eggs, coproantigen tests, coproDNA tests, mitochondrial DNA analysis and morphology for isolated specimens, serology for cysticercosis and taeniasis. For detection of taeniasis cases of both T. saginata and T. asiatica, questionnaire by expert doctors is perfect to detect worm carriers. Corpoantigen test developed for detection of taeniasis of T. solium is also highly reliable to detect taeniasis carriers in the community. Epidemiological data from these two islands 2002-2005 are reviewed with backgrounds of historical culture, religions and customs.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Mercury contamination in fish from gold mining areas in Indonesia and human health risk assessment.

This study investigates the effects on fish and assesses human health hazards from mercury released in two gold mining areas in Indonesia: Tatelu (North Sulawesi Province) and Galangan (Katingan District, Central Kalimatan Province). In Tatelu, 154 fish specimens of 10 freshwater species were collected, as well as five marine species from the fish market. The mean concentration of total mercury in muscles of freshwater fish from this area was 0.58+/-0.44 microg/g, with more than 45% of fish having Hg levels above the WHO guideline for human consumption of 0.5 microg/g. In Galangan, where 263 fish specimens of 25 species were collected, the total mercury in muscles averaged 0.25+/-0.69 microg/g. Excluding data from flooded open pits in sub-area P4, mean Hg levels in fish from Galangan were 2 to 4 times lower than 0.5 microg/g, while fewer than 10% of fish from Galangan exceeded WHO guidelines. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) was applied to both areas to determine the threat of MeHg exposure for communities in both areas. The HQ is a risk assessment indicator which defines the ratio of exposure level to a single substance in relation to a reference dose. Samples from Tatelu (excluding marine species) had an HQ above one, while those from Galangan resulted in values of 2.4 for the whole area and 9.9 for sub-area P4, pointing to potentially harmful fish consumption for the local population. By using the single-compartment model to estimate mercury levels in blood and hair from daily intake dose, sub-area P4 showed the highest levels, higher than the upper limit guideline for pregnant women, but still lower than threshold levels associated with observed clinical effects.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Tracking the re-emergence of epidemic chikungunya virus in Indonesia.

Twenty-four distinct outbreaks of probable chikungunya (CHIK) etiology were identified throughout Indonesia from September 2001 to March 2003, after a near 20-year hiatus of epidemic CHIK activity in the country. Thirteen outbreak reports were based on clinical observations alone, and 11 confirmed by serological/virological methods. Detailed epidemiological profiles of two investigated outbreaks in Bogor and Bekasi are presented. Human sera were screened using an ELISA for IgM and IgG anti-CHIK antibodies. Additionally, reverse transcriptase PCR and virus isolation were attempted for virus identification. The mean age of cases was 37 +/- 18 years in Bogor and 33 +/- 20 years in Bekasi. There was no outstanding case-clustering, although outbreak-affected households were observed to be geographically grouped within villages. The attack rates in Bogor and Bekasi were 2.8/1000 and 6.7/1000 inhabitants respectively. Both outbreaks started in the rainy season following increased Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus densities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Identification of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever cases at presentation in outpatient clinics in Jakarta, Indonesia.

In Jakarta, Indonesia, over 80% of patients with typhoid fever or paratyphoid fever are treated in outpatient settings. In a community-based prospective passive surveillance study, we identified 59 typhoid, 23 paratyphoid fever and 259 non-enteric fever outpatients, all blood culture-confirmed. We compared their symptoms with the aim of developing a clinical prediction rule that may help direct empirical antibiotic treatment to cases with suspected (para)typhoid fever, rather than all febrile patients, or refer patients for additional diagnostic tests. Paratyphoid fever (Salmonella paratyphi A) could not be distinguished clinically from typhoid fever. Decisions on empirical antibiotic treatment and advice on hygiene measures in patients with suspected (para)typhoid fever should take into account chills and absence of cough in the first week of fever and delirium in the second week of illness. This prediction rule increases the likelihood of (para)typhoid fever from 1:10 in the first week to, at most, 2:3 in the second week of a febrile illness. However, we were not able to propose a robust clinical prediction rule that could be used as absolute screening method for decisions on additional diagnostic tests, because of the low sensitivity of presenting symptoms in (para)typhoid fever.

Abdominal Pain↗