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PubMed2006

The potential of a jumping spider, Phidippus clarus, as a biocontrol agent.

Spiders, particularly assemblages of species, have been shown to be effective in reducing pest insects and crop damage in field crops and orchards. We investigated the potential for a single jumping spider species to reduce pests in a greenhouse setting. We placed three treatments in large enclosures: 1) control treatment of only sweet basil, Ocimum basilicum L.; 2) sweet basil and a phytophagous pest, fourlined plant bug, Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.) (Heteroptera: Miridae); and 3) sweet basil, fourlined plant bug, and jumping spider Phidippus clarus (Keyserling 1884). After 1 wk, jumping spiders reduced the number of plant bugs. Plants exposed to plant bugs alone were significantly shorter than either control plants or plants exposed to plant bugs and spiders. Chlorophyll concentration did not significantly differ across treatments. We discuss the feasibility of using P. clarus and similar salticids in biocontrol.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of precocenes on ovarian development of the seed bug, Oxycarenus lavaterae (F.).

Antigonadotropic activities of Precocene 1 (P1), Precocene 2 (P2) and Ethoxyprecocene 2 (EP2) on the seed bug Oxycarenus lavaterae (F.) (Heteroptera, Lygaeidae), are reported. EP2 proved to be the most active compound followed by P2 and P1, which agrees with the structure-activity relationships reported for these compounds thus far. Mortality in both sexes was furthermore studied. In this context, compound P2 showed the highest degree of toxicity. Males, interestingly, appeared to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of Precocenes.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The cerebral neurosecretory cells of cicadas (Homoptera: Cicadidae).

The cerebral neurosecretory cells (NSCs) of three cicadid species (Tibicen plebeja Scop., Cicada orni L. and Melampsalta musiva (Germ.) were studied in sections stained with PTh-PF, AB-PF and PThPh. There were revealed numerous scattered NSCs of the cellular cortex, three paired groups (M 1, M 2, M 3) of the median NSCs homologous to the corresponding NSC groups of Holometabola, and lateral NSCs not forming a single compact group. The group MI located in the pars intercerebralis was found to consist at least of four NSC types in Tibicen plebeja and in Cicada orni and of six NSC types in Melampsalta musiva. Four cells of two groups M 2 were observed at the basis of MI-group, and four NSCs of two M 3-groups - in the anterior cellular cortex of the protocerebrum. The nerve fibers of M 1-group NSCs send out side branches lateralwards into the dorsal protocerebral neuropile, then they cross with their contralateral counterparts and leave the brain within the nervus corporis cardiaci I. The M 2- and M 3-cell fibers do not join those of MI-group NSCs. The M 2-cell fibers could not be traced for a long distance, whereas M3-cell fibers were observed to pass apparently into the circumoesophageal connectives. The cerebral neurosecretory system of Cicadidae seems to be similar in its organization level to that of Neuroptera and is considered as less advanced that that of Geocorisae (Heteroptera).

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Efficacy of Clostridium bifermentans serovar Malaysia on target and nontarget organisms.

Clostridium bifermentans serovar malaysia (C.b.m.) is highly toxic to mosquito larvae. In this study, the following aquatic nontarget invertebrates were treated with high C.b.m. concentrations (up to 1,600-fold the toxic concentration for Anopheles stephensi) to study their susceptibility towards the bacterial toxin: Planorbis planorbis (Pulmonata); Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda); Daphnia pulex (Cladocera); Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera); Plea leachi (Heteroptera); and Eristalis sp., Chaoborus crystallinus, Chironomus thummi, and Psychoda alternata (Diptera). In addition, bioassays were performed with mosquito larvae (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex pipiens). Psychoda alternata larvae were very susceptible, with LC50/LC90 values comparable to those of mosquito larvae (about 10(3)-10(5) spores/ml). The tests with Chaoborus crystallinus larvae showed significant mortality rates at high concentrations, but generally not before 4 or 5 days after treatment. The remaining nontarget organisms did not show any susceptibility. The investigation confirms the specificity of C.b.m. to nematocerous Diptera.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Basic taxonomic groupings of the organisms participating in the formation of nest-burrow microbiocenoses].

The transition of arthropods, other invertebrates and microorganisms to the nest-burrow habitats was accompanied (if presented in a historical aspect) by an intensive speciation resulting in a rise of a peculiar life form, nidicoles. Now nidicoles are reported in such large taxons as Protophyta, Mycophyta, Protozoa, Nematoda and Arthropoda. The main part of nidicoles is represented by arthropods, members of the orders Acariformes, Parasitiformes, Blattoidea, Saltatoria, Mallophaga, Anoplura, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, Diptera and Siphonaptera.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Demonstration of amylase from the zoophytophagous anthocorid Orius insidiosus.

To better understand facultative phytophagy in the zoophytophagous anthocorid, Orius insidiosus, tests for amylase were conducted and the enzyme was partially purified. Three activity bands were detected with polyacrylamide-starch gel electrophoretic analysis of amylase in O. insidiosus. The major amylase was found to have a mean isoelectric point (pI) of 4.53. The presence of amylase indicates the ability of O. insidiosus to use starch, a nutrient, derived from plants, either by direct ingestion or by ingestion of plant material from the digestive system of their prey. The presence of amylase suggests that these predators are more committed to plant feeding than other species of predators that lack this enzyme.

Amylases↗
PubMed2002

Perturbed turnover of microtubule-based nutritive tubes in ovarioles of virgin and precocene-treated Dysdercus fasciatus.

During early oogenesis in Dysdercus fasciatus, anteriorly positioned nurse cells supply each oocyte with mRNA, ribosomes, and proteins via a microtubule-rich nutritive tube that lengthens as the oocyte is displaced backwards down an ovariole. Nurse cell-dependent development of an oocyte continues until the latter reaches a particular stage of oogenesis after which the nutritive tube supplying it becomes redundant and breaks down. The signal for nutritive tube breakdown is believed to derive from the oocyte, and to be developmental stage-specific. To explore this, nutritive tube turnover has been investigated following the experimental inhibition of oocyte maturation both by the prevention of mating, and also the topical application of precocene II. In each case, the nutritive tubes with their component microtubules continued to extend and failed to show normal tube redundancy, typified by microtubule rearrangement and then depolymerisation. This provided an in vivo demonstration that the dynamics of a large microtubule aggregate are influenced by the developmental state of the cytoplasm.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Micro-injection of Lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers.

Alfalfa and cotton flowers were pierced with small glass capillaries of an overall size and shape similar to that of Lygus stylets, and injected with small quantities (6 to 100 nL) of solutions that contained Lygus salivary enzymes. Crude and partially purified protein solutions from Lygus heads and isolated salivary glands showed substantial polygalacturonase (PG) activity, as has been previously reported. Following injection with both crude and partially purified protein solutions, as well as with pure fungal and bacterial PGs, flowers of both alfalfa and cotton exhibited damage similar to that caused by Lygus feeding. Injection with the same volume of a buffer control as well as a buffer control containing BSA at a comparable protein concentration (approximately 6 microg/mL) showed no symptoms. These results are consistent with a previously suggested hypothesis that the extensive tissue damage caused by Lygus feeding is primarily due to the action of the PG enzyme on the host tissue, rather than to mechanical damage caused by the insect stylet. Substantial genotypic variation for a PG inhibiting protein (PGIP) exists in alfalfa and cotton. We, therefore, suggest that breeding and selection for increased native PGIP levels, or transformation with genes encoding PGIP from other plant species, may be of value in obtaining alfalfa and cotton varieties that are more resistant to Lygus feeding damage.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The piercing-sucking herbivores Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula induce volatile emissions in plants.

Plant volatiles induced by herbivory are often used as olfactory cues by foraging herbivores and their natural enemies, and thus have potential for control of agricultural pests. Compared to chewing insects and mites, little is known about plant volatile production following herbivory by insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts. Here, we studied factors (insect life stage, gender, the role of salivary glands, and type of bioassay used for volatile induction) that influence the induction of plant volatiles by two agriculturally important hemipterans, Lygus hesperus and Nezara viridula. Feeding on intact cotton by virgin females of L. hesperus induced 2.6-fold greater volatile response compared to that induced by mated females, possibly due to increased feeding activity by virgin females. This plant volatile response was associated with elicitors present in the insect's salivary glands as well as to the degree of mechanical injury. Feeding injury by N. viridula females also increased volatile emissions in intact maize by approximately 2-fold compared to control plants. Maize seedlings injured by N. viridula emitted higher amounts of the monoterpene linalool, the sesquiterpenes (E)-beta-caryophyllene, alpha-trans-bergamotene, and (E,E)-beta-farnesene, and the homoterpene (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, but not amounts of green leaf volatiles, compared to uninjured plants. Emissions from intact maize injured by adult males were lower than those emitted by adult females of the same age and did not differ from those emitted by uninjured plants. Similarly, feeding by virgin female N. viridula followed by excision led to 64% higher quantities of volatiles compared to untreated plants. Volatile emission in excised plants, however, was considerably greater than in intact plants, suggesting that careful consideration must be given to bioassay design in studies of herbivore-induced plant volatiles. Salivary gland extracts of N. viridula led to sesquiterpene emissions approximately 2.5-fold higher than for controls, although no significant differences were observed for green leaf volatiles, monoterpenes, and homoterpenes. These results indicate that L. hesperus and female N. viridula feeding induce volatile production in plants, and that volatile production is affected by gender and life stage of the bug. Although oviposition and mechanical injury by stylets may increase release of volatiles, elicitors from salivary glands of L. hesperus and N. viridula also seem to play a role in the emission of plant volatiles.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The intrinsic toxicity of several neonicotinoids to Lygus lineolaris and Hyaliodes vitripennis, a phytophagous and a predacious mirid.

The tarnished plant bug Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is a key pest of apples in eastern Canada and, currently, chemical control is the only way to manage this pest. Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say) is a univoltine indigenous predacious mirid and an integral part of biological control programs for apples in certain regions of Quebec. In worst-case laboratory conditions, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and acetamiprid were exceptionally toxic to this predacious mirid. The adults were more susceptible than the nymphs. However, the residual toxicity of these neonicotinoids to L lineolaris in orchards was very short-lived. Because of the short residual toxicity, neonicotinoids should be applied when L lineolaris is at maximum abundance and well before eggs of H vitripennis hatch in late June.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

A predator-derived odor specifically triggers avoidance in gregarious mated female Locusta migratoria.

BACKGROUND: Insects possess a highly specialized olfactory system. The migratory locust (Locusta migratoria), a major agricultural pest, is thought to emit odors that serve as aposematic signals to protect gregarious individuals from predation. However, whether locusts can detect the odors of their natural enemies to preemptively avoid predation remains unclear. RESULTS: Here, we show that gregarious mated female locusts exhibit strong avoidance behavior toward the odors of two avian predators, Numida meleagris and Anas platyrhynchos. Through volatile compound profiling, we identified 1-octen-3-ol, a key predator-released odor, which elicited significant aversive responses specifically in gregarious mated females; notably, virgin females showed no behavioral response to this odor. Through screening 82 olfactory receptors in L. migratoria, we identified two receptors, LmOR1 and LmOR17, that detect 1-octen-3-ol. A temporal expression study of LmOR1 and LmOR17 across different developmental stages of two locust phases using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that both genes are significantly more highly expressed in the gregarious mated females. Genome editing of these receptors revealed that knockout of LmOR1 significantly reduced both the electrophysiological response and the behavioral avoidance of 1-octen-3-ol, whereas knockout of LmOR17 had no effect. In our results we thus uncover a striking mating-state dependence of an innate avoidance behavior to a predator-derived odor, and further we identify LmOR1 as the major receptor mediating this olfactory-driven defense. CONCLUSION: Our findings provide crucial insights into the behavioral and olfactory mechanisms underlying insect-predator interactions, as well as the role of mating status in modulating defensive responses, offering potential olfactory targets for locust management. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Multifunctional lysozymes from the assassin bug Sycanus bifidus: Insecticidal proteins with anticoagulant and melanization inhibition properties.

BACKGROUND: Predatory hemipterans deploy complex venom cocktails to immobilize preys, yet the specific roles of many individual venom components remain poorly understood. RESULTS: Four lysozyme genes were identified from the genome of the predatory assassin bug Sycanus bifidus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), comprising one i-type (SbLyzi) and three c-type lysozyme genes (SbLyzc1-3). Transcriptomic and quantitative (q)PCR analyses revealed that these lysozymes were expressed at different levels in various venom glands. Of them, SbLyzc1-3 with signal peptides displayed significant transcriptions in the venom glands, implicating these lysozymes as venom constituents. Functional assays found that SbLyzc1 and SbLyzc2 showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Three lysozymes (SbLyzi, SbLyzc1 and SbLyzc3) suppressed thrombin-induced fibrin clot formation, indicating anticoagulant activity, with SbLyzc1 exhibiting the greatest potency [half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 0.036 ± 0.003 μg μL-1]. SbLyzi and SbLyzc1 inhibited phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph of the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor pupae, thereby suppressing its hemolymph melanization, with maximal inhibition rates of 78.4% and 74.3%, respectively. All four lysozymes exhibited insecticidal effects, causing >80% mortality in yellow mealworm pupae following injection of 6 μg per individual, with SbLyzc1 showing the highest insecticidal potency [half-maximal lethal dose (LD50) = 4.25 ± 0.51 μg g-1]. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that lysozymes from S. bifidus possess multifunctional biological activities and SbLyzc1-3 act as significant venom components involved in capturing prey, providing new insights into the functional diversity of lysozymes in predatory bugs and their potential application in biological control strategies. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Toxicity of indoxacarb to two species of predacious mites and a predacious mirid.

Indoxacarb is a novel oxadiazine pro-insecticide that has no toxic effects on the adults, fecundity and eclosion of Amblyseius fallacis (Garman), a predacious phytoseiid, or Agistemus fleschneri Summers, a predacious stigmaeid. It is toxic to Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say), a predacious mirid that has been reported from several Quebec orchards where IPM programs are used. The LC50 for this mirid is about one-half of the recommended dose (0.054 g AI litre(-1)) of indoxacarb for apple orchards. Following an application, the intoxicated mirids remained motionless as their prolegs and posterior had paralyzed. Twenty-four hours later, they appeared smaller, shrunken and severely desiccated.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Insecticidal activity of the enantiomers of fipronil.

The two enantiomers of the insecticide fipronil were made by preparative HPLC. The insecticidal activities of the racemic mixture and the two enantiomers against selected agricultural or household pests (cotton stainer, Dysdercus cingulatus F; grain weevil, Sitophilus granarius L and house fly, Musca domestica L) were determined. There was no significant difference in acute or residual activity between the racemic mixture and the enantiomers of fipronil, indicating that there is no preferred chiral form of the compound in these key species of important insects. This observation clearly suggests that there is no major scope for marketing the insecticide in a one-enantiomer form.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The contact toxicity of indoxacarb and five other insecticides to Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), beneficials used in the greenhouse industry.

The contact toxicity of indoxacarb, abamectin, endosulfan, insecticide soap, S-kinoprene and dimethoate to Orius insidiosus (Say) and Aphidius colemani Viereck were studied in the laboratory. These beneficials are often used in the greenhouses to manage various insect pests. Indoxacarb is slow acting and therefore, to estimate lethal dosages, observations should be continued for several days until data stabilize. Seven days after treatment, the LC50 was 0.119 g AI litre(-1) for O insidiosus adults and 0.019 g AI litre(-1) for A colemani. At that time, the recommended field concentration was 0.479 times the LC50 for O insidiosus adults and three times the LC50 for A colemani. In contrast, indoxacarb had no adverse effect on the reproductive capacity of wasps surviving a treatment or the developing wasps in the aphid mummy. Among the other insecticides S-kinoprene was the most innocuous while dimethoate was the most toxic to the two beneficials. The other insecticides had overlapping toxicities.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

A gap junctionally transmitted epithelial cell signal regulates endocytic yolk uptake in Oncopeltus fasciatus.

For endocytic uptake of vitellogenins, developing oocytes of Oncopeltus require a soluble, diffusible molecular signal from their surrounding epithelial cells, and this signal must be transmitted through open gap junctions. Hormonal stimulation triggering synthesis and processing of vitellogenins into mature insect yolk spheres has been intensely studied, and follicle epithelial cells are known in several insects to contribute to the blood products which are endocytosed along with vitellogenins synthesized in the fat bodies. However, there has been little evidence that direct gap junctional communication is a requirement for endocytic activity by oocytes. In untreated control follicles, both electrical and dye coupling occur, and follicles incubated in vitro in physiological salt solution containing small amounts of blood and fluorescent dye produce fluorescently labeled nascent yolk spheres. Labeled yolk spheres were visible in both sectioned material, and, with (Laser) Confocal Scanning, in living material. Dye coupling was abolished by treatment with either 1 mM octanol, 0.5 mM ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), or cytoplasmic acidification, with coupling coefficients also being affected as each of these gap junction antagonists down-regulated the connexons. With each of these treatments, after gap junctions were down-regulated, receptor-mediated endocytic uptake of blood-born vitellogenins came to a halt. Furthermore, Oncopeltus follicles with endocytic activity blocked in this manner could be rescued by microinjection of the soluble fraction of lysed epithelial cell cytoplasm, confirming that the process depended upon a molecular signal from the epithelial cells.

Acids↗