Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “HABIT”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Precancerous and other oral mucosal lesions related to chewing, smoking and drinking habits in Thailand.

In a field study (1979-1984) four out of six major hilltribes of Northern Thailand, namely the Lahu, Karen, Lisu and Meo, as well as a group of rural Thai, were examined. Chewing, smoking and drinking habits and lesions of the oral mucosa (leukoedema, preleukoplakia, leukoplakia and chewer's mucosa) were recorded. 1866 individuals were examined. Considerable differences in the chewing and smoking habits among the various tribes were recorded and some of them were considered tribe-specific. Chewing of betel and miang was more prevalent among older people; these habits seem to have lost their attraction for the younger people. Cigarette smoking was more prevalent among middle-aged individuals. Leukoedema was observed in 12.4%, preleukoplakia in 1.8%, leukoplakia in 1.1% and chewer's mucosa in 13.1%. Men and the older generation were affected more often, except that more women (Karen and Thai) revealed chewer's mucosa. A positive correlation could be demonstrated between some mucosal lesions (leukoedema, chewer's mucosa) and some smoking and chewing habits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Relation between sucking habits and dental characteristics in preschoolchildren with unilateral cross-bite.

The relationship between sucking habits and dental characteristics of unilateral cross-bite in 4-yr-old children (n = 76) was studied. The cross-bites were classified on the variables "number of teeth involved", incisor "overjet" and "overbite", "terminal plane shift", "midline shift", "asymmetric maxillary dental arch" and "max./mand. arch width difference". Type of sucking habit (dummy, finger) and its duration and intensity were analyzed from a questionnaire answered by the parents. The "max./mand. arch width difference" in the canine region was found to be negatively related to the intensity and duration of the sucking habit, and also negatively related to sucking a dummy compared to finger sucking. The study indicates that the "duration" and "intensity" of the sucking habit have a negative influence by reducing the transverse width of the maxillary arch in children with a unilateral cross-bite. Dummy sucking was more detrimental to the transverse dimension in the canine region than finger sucking.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2006

Self-reported oral hygiene habits among institutionalised elderly and their relationship to the condition of oral tissues in Taubaté, Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: To record self-reported hygiene habits, examine the oral conditions of a sample group of institutionalised elderly, and examine possible relationships between these habits and conditions. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: All the institutions for the elderly in Taubaté, Brazil. SUBJECTS: The entire population of these institutionalised elderly people (n = 553). INTERVENTION: The subjects were interviewed and underwent an oral examination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Oral hygiene habits, oral conditions and statistical relationships between habits and oral conditions were recorded. RESULTS: The average age of the subjects who knew their age (n = 364) was 74.9 years (+/-12.9), and 64.7% of the sample group were females. Denture-related stomatitis was found in 19.5%, impaired manual dexterity in 40%, dry mouth sensation in 36.3%, difficulty in performing oral hygiene in 20%, no oral hygiene-related orientation in 54.1%, no periodic oral examinations in 59.5%, and no tongue cleaning in 68.3% was declared. Among dentate subjects, 73.3% had periodontal disease, 54.7% had caries, 26% reported no toothbrushing, and 7.3% reported flossing. Of the denture wearers, 7% did not brush their dentures. Denture-related stomatitis showed a statistical relationship with impaired manual dexterity (p = 0.012) and an inverse statistical relationship with denture brushing frequency (p = 0.006). Periodontal disease showed an inverse relationship to flossing (p < 0.001) and tongue cleaning (p = 0.0026). Caries showed an inverse relationship with tooth-brushing (p = 0.043), flossing (0.022), proper oral hygiene orientation (p = 0.041) and periodical check-ups (p = 0.007). CONCLUSION: Oral hygiene practices in this sample group were found to be inadequate, and statistically significant relationships were verified between the lack of good oral hygiene practices and the deleterious oral conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Oral health knowledge and habits of senior elementary school students.

Despite improvements in children's dental health, and significant resource allocation to health education programs, few recent studies have investigated the associations of oral health knowledge, behaviors, and status. This study of 11-year-old children (N = 6,329) in northeastern Ontario used a supervised self-complete questionnaire and a clinical examination to gather baseline data on, and test associations of, caries and periodontal knowledge, self-reported oral health behaviors and source of knowledge, and oral health status. Results show the children had poor knowledge of caries preventive measures such as water fluoridation, dental sealants, and choice of snack foods. Periodontal knowledge was better, but children confused plaque and calculus. Respondents claimed good oral health habits, with 73 percent claiming to brush at least twice daily, 88 percent claiming to use toothpaste, 42 percent claim to floss at least twice weekly, and 84 percent claiming an annual dental visit. Children with the best knowledge claimed dentist and school as the sources. High knowledge was associated with good oral health habits (P less than .001) and low DMFT score (P less than .001). Good habits were not related to DMFT score (P = .1095). Logistic regression showed high knowledge was associated with English cultural status, urban school area, good habits, having a dental sealant, and attending a fluoride-rinse school (P less than .05). Findings suggest a need to reinforce caries preventive teaching, to investigate the effect of cultural status, dental experience, and residence status on oral health knowledge, and to further test the efficacy of different oral health education programs delivered by different sources.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2003

Residential area deprivation predicts smoking habit independently of individual educational level and occupational social class. A cross sectional study in the Norfolk cohort of the European Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk).

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the independent association between individual and area based measures of socioeconomic status and cigarette smoking habit. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross sectional, population based study. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: 12 579 men and 15 132 women aged 39-79 years living in the general community participating in the EPIC-Norfolk Study in 1993-1997. The association between social class, educational status, Townsend residential deprivation level, and cigarette smoking status was examined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Cigarette smoking status at baseline survey. RESULTS: Social class, educational level, and residential deprivation level independently related to cigarette smoking habit in both men and women. Multivariate age adjusted odds ratios for current smoking in men were 1.62 (95% CI 1.45 to 1.81) for manual compared with non-manual social class, 1.32 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.48) for those with educational level less than O level compared with those with O level qualifications or higher and 1.84 (95% CI 1.62 to 2.08) for high versus low area deprivation level. For women, the odds ratios for current smoking for manual social class were 1.14 (95% CI 1.03 to 1.27); 1.31 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.46) for low educational level and 1.68 (95% CI 1.49 to 1.90) for high residential deprivation respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Residential deprivation level using the Townsend score, individual social class, and educational level all independently predict smoking habit in both men and women. Efforts to reduce cigarette smoking need to tackle not just individual but also area based factors. Understanding the specific factors in deprived areas that influence smoking habit may help inform preventive efforts.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Determinants of sexual habits in Italian females.

OBJECTIVE: To identify characteristics of women reporting multiple sexual partners and early age at first intercourse in Italy. METHOD: Information on 1139 control women (median age 54 years) interviewed as part of a case-control study of cervical neoplasia conducted in the greater Milan area, Northern Italy were analysed using stratified analysis and multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Overall, 81% of the study sample reported no more than one sexual partner, 10% two and 9% three or more. The proportion reporting multiple sexual partners tended to be higher among younger and more educated women (4% vs 19% of women with respectively less than 7 and 12 or more years of education reported three or more partners). Ever smokers reported a higher number of sexual partners than never smokers. The proportion of nulliparae reporting three or more sexual partners was higher than that of parous women. These findings were confirmed after taking into account in a multivariate analysis the role of potential confounding factors. Furthermore similar findings emerged from an analysis restricted to women aged 40 years or less. Always considering number of sexual partners, no relationship emerged with marital status, spontaneous or induced abortions, lifetime number of reported Pap smears and contraceptive habits. With reference to age at first intercourse, 25% of the study population reported their first intercourse at age 18 or before, 34% between 19 and 22 years, and 41% at age 23 or later. Younger women (that is, more recent cohorts) more frequently reported earlier age at first intercourse and the proportion of never married women reporting early intercourse was higher (51% vs 22% of never married vs married women). No relationship emerged between education, smoking habits, parity, history of spontaneous or induced abortions, number of Pap smears, contraceptive habits, and age at first intercourse. CONCLUSION: This study documents conservative sexual habits in Northern Italian females (at least on the basis of self reporting) but indicates that any educational compaigns towards safe sex should be focused towards younger women, particularly smokers, unmarried and nulliparae.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed2007

Self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of Kuwaiti adults.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to examine self-reported oral hygiene habits and oral health problems of a sample of adult Kuwaitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A self-administered, anonymous, structured questionnaire was distributed to 2,400 adult Kuwaiti nationals from all 6 governates of Kuwait assessing socio-demographic variables, oral hygiene habits, and oral health problems. RESULTS: Of the 2,400 questionnaires, 1,925 (80.25%) responded. Of these, 62% reported brushing their teeth at least twice daily, while daily use of dental floss was uncommon (11.8%). Adequate toothbrushing habits were significantly associated with female gender, educational level, non-smoking status, and history of recent preventive dental visits (p = 0.001). The majority of subjects reported multiple oral health problems (64.7% with 2 or more and 41.8% with 3 or more). Factors associated with multiple oral health complaints included younger age, smoking, not having a recent preventive dental visit, and brushing the teeth less than twice daily. CONCLUSIONS: Less than two-thirds of the sampled adult Kuwaitis followed the recommended toothbrushing frequency of twice daily or more, and the majority of subjects have not had a preventive dental visit in the previous 6 months. Furthermore, most subjects reported multiple oral health problems that are mostly preventable through adequate oral hygiene habits and regular preventive dental visits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Effect of oral care habits on caries in adolescents.

Data on toothbrushing habits were collected during a 3-year caries clinical trial of sodium monofluorophosphate toothpastes in Lanarkshire, Scotland, involving 3,005 schoolchildren of mean age 12.5 years at baseline. Stated normal brushing frequency and oral rinsing method after brushing were recorded. Half the panel indicated they rinsed their mouths after toothbrushing using a beaker. The proportion of the panel brushing once per day or more increased during the trial. Differences in oral habits were observed between the sexes, with 42% of girls and 52% of boys being non-beaker rinsers and 73% of girls, but only 44% of boys, brushing their teeth at least twice per day. Twice-a-day brushers had a consistently lower caries increment than less frequent brushers. This was also seen in the baseline prevalence data, but did not account for all incremental differences noted. Subjects using beakers had consistently higher increments than non-beaker rinsers. Again, this difference could not be explained by variations in baseline prevalence. Differences in the caries increment were also observed between boys and girls, these appearing to be linked both to the cumulative effect of male/female habit variations plus a difference in the baseline caries prevalence. A dose response to the three fluoride levels, i.e 1,000, 1,500, and 2,500 ppm F, was seen for the different habit combinations which again could not be explained by differences in the baseline caries prevalence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The insulin resistance syndrome in smokers is related to smoking habits.

The relationship between smoking habits, insulin resistance, and related risk factors for cardiovascular disease was examined in 57 middle-aged male smokers whose degree of insulin resistance was quantified by using the euglycemic clamp technique. Smoking habits correlated with degree of insulin resistance and consequently with various manifestations of the insulin resistance syndrome including levels of insulin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity. Smoking habits, independent of degree of insulin resistance, were also related to levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as triglycerides. Stepwise regression analyses considering the effects of age, lean body mass, body fat, body mass index, waist/hip ratio, and alcohol consumption showed that only smoking habits and percent body fat were independently related to degree of insulin resistance. This study shows that insulin resistance and the insulin resistance syndrome are important but not unique contributors to the strong risk profile for cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men who smoke.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies of smoking habits of schizophrenic patients have found rates as high as 88%. The authors report the smoking habits of all known schizophrenic patients within a discrete geographical area and compare them with the smoking habits of a general population sample. METHOD: All known schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale in South-West Scotland (N = 168) were invited to complete a questionnaire on smoking habits. Also assessed were mental state, drug-related side effects, and premorbid childhood personality and social adjustment. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-five of the 168 patients returned the questionnaires. The rate of smoking among the patients was 58% (N = 78), compared with 28% in the general population. Sixty-eight percent of the patients who smoked (N = 53) had 25 or more cigarettes per day. The mean age at starting smoking was 17 years in both patients and normal subjects. Ninety percent of the patients who smoked (N = 70) started smoking before the onset of schizophrenia. Patients who smoked were younger than nonsmokers, and more of them were male. They had had more hospitalizations, and more were in contact with psychiatric services. More were receiving intramuscular antipsychotic medication. Smokers had poorer childhood social adjustment. Among the female patients, there was a positive correlation between age at starting smoking and age at onset of schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of smoking and level of nicotine addiction are greater in schizophrenic patients than in the general population. Smoking may be a marker for the neurodevelopmental form of the illness and may be another environmental risk factor for schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Comparison between data obtained through questionnaires and interviews: life-style habits of pregnant women.

A random sample of pregnant women in the cities of Odense and Aalborg, Denmark, was taken as a part of a quasi-experimental study. The time period of the study was from October 1984 to March 1985. Out of 175 randomly selected pregnant women, 146 filled out the questionnaire in the 36th week of their pregnancy. The questionnaire was concerned with eating, smoking, and drinking habits before and during their pregnancy. These 146 pregnant women participated in an interview 3 weeks later where some of the same questions on the questionnaire were asked by the interviewer. In spite of the rather short interval between the two data collections, there were some differences in the answers given at the individual level. This is especially true for eating habits and estimated average drinking habits during pregnancy. No tendency was observed for a more frequent recalling of "less socially acceptable norms" in the questionnaire method of obtaining information. Lack of knowledge of the "true" classification is probably the main reason for the lack of stability in the answers given. This leads to some unavoidable misclassification in studies on self-reporting life style habits among pregnant women.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

Smoking habits of students in secondary health institutes in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia.

The smoking habits of all male and female students enrolled in Riyadh Secondary Health Institutes of the Ministry of Health in 1990 were studied using a self-administered questionnaire. The overall smoking prevalence was 22%. Cigarettes were virtually the only form of tobacco used. Males smoked about twice the females in terms of prevalence (24% and 14%) and intensity (14 and 6 cigarettes per day). The majority of smokers for both sexes started the habit at or before the age of 16 years and the majority of them thought seriously about quitting and attempted to quit but only 12% of them were so far successful. Psychologic pressures, smoking contacts and foreign travel were important factors in relapses. Religious, health and professional considerations were the most important motives for attempting to quit the habit among smokers and for not attempting the habit itself for the non smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Relations among night work, dietary habits, biological measure, and health status.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate dietary intake, behavioral habits, and clinical and metabolic differences in night workers compared to day workers and to evaluate the metabolic differences associated with diet and body habits that occur between these two groups. Dietary habits, biological parameters, and health status were collected in 1,200 night workers and in an equal number of day workers, matched for gender, age, and socioeconomic status. Our findings demonstrated that night workers had poorer dietary habits and metabolic profile compared to day workers with a similar overall health status. These differences were associated with a higher prevalence of some cardiovascular risk factors such as smoking and obesity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

[Effects of serum lipid concentrations and smoking and drinking habits on serum vitamin A and E levels].

Serum retinol and tocopherol concentrations in 419 males and 478 females, aged 10 to 49 years, were determined by an HPLC method. Then their relationships to serum lipid concentrations and smoking and drinking habits were examined. Retinol levels were higher in males than in females but tocopherol showed little difference by sex. The sex differences in age-related serum levels of retinol and triglyceride (TG) were similar to those of tocopherol and total cholesterol (TC), respectively. Retinol had a significant correlation with TC and TG, with coefficients of 0.20-0.29 (p less than 0.001). These were smaller than those of tocopherol (R = 0.32-0.52, p less than 0.001) both in males and females, suggesting that it had a higher susceptibility to factors other than serum lipids than tocopherol did. Both the retinol and tocopherol levels were significantly higher in the groups with smoking and drinking habits than in the groups without them among the males aged 30 years and over. Furthermore, the retinol level was positively dependent on the daily consumption of both cigarettes and alcohol, whereas tocopherol was dependent on the consumption of alcohol. Multiple regression analysis showed that smoking and drinking habits had statistically significant effects on the serum retinol level independent of other factors and that their effects were greater than those of TC and TG. Tocopherol was affected most by TC and TG and then by drinking habit. Less significant but similar results were obtained for the females of the same age group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

[Reproducibility of a self-administered questionnaire for dietary habits, smoking, and drinking].

Reproducibility of results from a self-administered questionnaire on dietary habits (the frequency of taking various foods and eating habits), smoking and drinking was examined to study the reliability of the questionnaire, stability of lifestyle, and the validity of the questionnaire in assessing lifestyle as a risk factor in chronic diseases. The study sample included 120 males and 173 females in a rural town in Kyoto Prefecture, who participated in a series of three health examinations in 1988, 1989, and 1992. A survey using the same questionnaire was performed before each health examination. Reproducibility was assessed by correlation (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient or kappa coefficient), exact agreement of category answered, and comparison of mean frequency. An attempt was made to separate reliability and stability from reproducibility using the data from the questionnaire obtained in the three years. Good reproducibility for one-year and four-year intervals was found for foods taken habitually or often (boiled rice, cooked rice gruel with tea, milk, coffee, fruits and bread), and habits (eating breakfast, some eating habits, smoking and drinking). The same was also found for cigarette or alcohol consumption among current consumers except that cigarette consumption over a four-year interval was more likely to change. The reliability of the questionnaire and stability of these items were considered satisfactory, suggesting that the questionnaire was a valid method of assessing long-term lifestyle. Poor reproducibility of results regarding consumption of green-yellow and other vegetables indicated both poor reliability and a change in consumption over four years, and suggested poor validity. However, disagreement in more than one category of vegetables was not large and misclassification in assessing them as risk factors and changes in frequency of consumption may not be large either. Although correlation coefficients for the items of dairy food and eating snacks were fair, disagreement in more than one category was relatively large which may have caused misclassification. The mean frequency of consumption of pickles and fishpaste, ham or sausage significantly decreased over the four year interval. This may reflect the influence of health education on reducing salt intake.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[The relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue, subjective fatigue feeling, and life habits of high school and college students].

The relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue, subjective fatigue feeling, and life habits of high school and college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among subjective symptoms of fatigue (SSF), subjective fatigue feeling (SFF), life habits (behavioral patterns (BP) and life-style consciousness (LC)) in male students. A questionnaire on SSF, SFF, fatigue content, BP and LC was administered to 1802 male students aged 15-20 yr, and data from 1792 properly completed questionnaires was analyzed. The results were: 1) Students experience high SFF from daily activity. Students with a higher SFF tend to have more complaints of SSF, especially symptoms of languor, but the relationship between SFF and symptoms of irritation and physical disintegration are low. 2) Relationships between SFF and BP and LC are relatively low, except for physical condition. Even if the BP is successful, student's SFF is relatively high. 3) Subjective degree of health and physical condition relate highly to SSF. Exercise habits relate to loss of vigor, dietary habits to languor, loss of vigor, drowsiness and a decrease in concentration, and LC to SSF except for languor. It was inferred that SSF is influenced by BP and LC.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The sleep/wake habits of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the sleep/wake habits of patients diagnosed as having obstructive sleep apnea (ie, respiratory event index [REI] > or = 5). DESIGN: Case series with prospective data collection to determine the relationship among sleepiness, REI, and sleep/wake habits. Patients were grouped according to their multiple sleep latency test (MSLT) results (< or = 5 and > 5) and REI (mild REI < or = 20; moderate REI > 20 but < or = 60; and severe REI > 60). SETTING: An American Sleep Disorders Association-accredited sleep laboratory. PATIENTS: Three hundred ninety (325 male, 65 female) consecutive patients seen between June 1993 and January 1995 for evaluation of sleep apnea. This included a sleep, medical, and psychiatric evaluation followed by a physical examination. Sleep histories and sleep/wake habits were recorded by a physician trained in sleep medicine. Polysomnographic evaluation consisted of a nocturnal clinical polysomnogram (CPSG) and an MSLT on the following day. Of 390 patients, 268 completed polysomnographic evaluation (CPSG and MSLT). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sleepy (MSLT < or = 5) patients with mild (REI < or = 20) and moderate apnea (REI > 20 < or = 60) reported spending significantly less time in bed than sleepy patients with severe apnea (REI > 60). Those with severe apnea (REI > 60) reported napping significantly more and experienced a more severe disruption of their routine daily activities because of sleepiness when compared with mild and moderate OSA patients. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that sleep habits have an important modulatory effect on the level of sleepiness and this effect is lost as the severity of sleep-disordered breathing increases.

Aging↗
PubMed2003

A comparison of smoking habits among medical and nursing students.

OBJECTIVE: The approach and credibility of future physicians and nurses as treatment providers for smoking- and tobacco-related diseases may be influenced by their smoking habits. We compared smoking habits among medical and nursing students, and examined whether these habits changed during the course of education for each cohort. METHOD: Over 1,100 medical and nursing students from a university were surveyed in year 2000 using a questionnaire that included the Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND). RESULTS: A total of 397 medical students and 126 nursing students completed the survey. Significantly fewer medical students (3.3%) smoked compared to nursing students (13.5%). Also, significantly more nursing students were former smokers (17.8%) than medical students (9.8%). The severity of nicotine dependence, as indicated by the total FTND score as well as scores on five of the six items on the FTND, was significantly lower among medical students compared to nursing students. Smoking or quit rates did not differ across class years in both groups; however, unlike nursing students, time since quitting significantly differed across class years for medical students. Although smoking habits appear to change little during the course of education for both medical and nursing students, many smokers may have quit just prior to entering medical school but not nursing school. CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm the continuing decline in smoking among medical students in the United States; however, increased efforts to promote tobacco education and intervention among nursing students seem necessary. Nevertheless, both groups appear to have the potential to be credible advisors to patients and public regarding smoking cessation.

Adult↗