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Group practices and hospital affiliation of medical practices.

Federal reimbursement systems, state constitutional amendments, and fiscal responsibilities are driving physicians and hospitals into alliances that were unheard of a decade ago. How those alliances are established is critical to the success of those new affiliations. James Unland explores several forms of physician groups and physician-hospital alliances. The "Group Practice Without Walls," "The Mutual Service Corporation" and others are explored in this article. In a world of changing health-care programs, Unland states there is a middle ground where group-practice ownership and control are shared. The exact type of structure, ownership, and control will depend upon many factors. Unland makes a point-by-point evaluation of a hospital-group alliance that integrates numerous medical practices into a single operational entity.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

The cost of a primary care teaching program in a prepaid group practice.

Costs were determined for a teaching program in general pediatrics and general internal medicine for advanced residents in a prepaid group practice, the Medical Care Group of Washington University. A time and motion study was conducted to measure the productivity of faculty physicians before and after the establishment of the teaching program. There was a statistically significant loss in productivity for internists and an apparent loss, though not significant, for pediatricians as a result of their teaching effort, but the productivity of the residents more than compensated for the loss. The residual positive value of a full time equivalent (FTE) pediatric resident after reimbursement of all possible lost productivity by faculty pediatricians represented 43.9 per cent of a FTE pediatrician. For a FTE resident in internal medicine the residual positive value was 49.7 per cent of a FTE internist.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗

Sick absence certification. Analysis of one group practice in 1967.

Certificates of inability or fitness to work were issued on 6,161 occasions in one year in one group practice. Half the episodes of illness lasted for seven days or less, and two thirds of the episodes ended on a Sunday. Clearly in most cases the doctor does no more than countersign the patient's declaration of his fitness or not to work. Abolition of short-term medical certification would probably have little effect on absenteeism or the sums paid out as sick benefit.

Absenteeism↗

Work satisfaction and career aspirations of internists working in teaching hospital group practices.

This paper presents data on the characteristics, work activities, job-related stress, work satisfaction, and career aspirations of 150 faculty and 595 housestaff physicians who regularly provide continuous primary care in 15 teaching hospital-based group practices. The faculty were young, board-certified generalists; they had been recruited from local training programs and spent the majority of their time seeing patients and supervising housestaff. Job satisfaction among faculty and housestaff was generally high. Dissatisfaction occurred most often with aspects of work over which physicians had little control. Although work-related stress was common, it was not related to job satisfaction. Compared with housestaff in traditional residency programs, housestaff enrolled in special Primary Care Training Programs reported significantly greater job satisfaction. For all housestaff, satisfaction with work in the group practice was consistently associated with decreased interest in subspecialty training.

Aspirations, Psychological↗

A problem-oriented approach to medical information systems: an application in a primary care group practice.

A relatively simple computer-based information system developed for a primary care group practice at the San Francisco Veterans Administration Hospital contributes to the management of the practice, to improvement of medical care for patients within the group, and to research studies on resource utilization in the management of chronic diseases and the evaluation of care of chronically ill patients. Preliminary results from the use of the information system are encouraging and demonstrate that much may be achieved by information systems that do not attempt to computerize the entire medical record.

California↗

Patient acceptance of nurse-midwife in a private group practice.

Forty private obstetrical patients cared for by a group practice employing a nurse-midwife were interviewed. Half of the study group accepted the nurse-midwife for delivery. The other 20 were delivered by an obstetrician. Acceptance of prenatal care by the nurse-midwife was found to be favorable. Patients reported feeling more comfortable with the nurse-midwife and perceived her as more understanding, sympathetic and available to answer questions than the physicians. The initial encounter with the nurse-midwife differed significantly between those in the two delivery groups. Patients accepting the nurse-midwife for delivery were more likely to have first met her alone while those who chose to be delivered by an obstetrician-gynecologist were more likely to have been introduced to the nurse-midwife by the physician. The implications of this initial "imprinting experience" on the acceptance of the nurse-midwife for delivery are discussed.

Female↗

Managing space for managed care: the challenge for a multispecialty group practice.

A project that began as an architectural study to determine space requirements and remedy space deficiencies for an academic medical center's faculty multispecialty group practice led to development of an analytical methodology for assessing real space needs and viable options for solutions in the context of the group's operational policies, physician practice patterns, and business goals. Major facility investments for new or renovated construction demand significant capital expenditure, which can severely affect a group's ability to complete as a financially viable player in a marketplace environment of increasingly competitive managed care delivery systems. The methodology created during this project helped the group practice to understand how they could optimize the use of existing space, minimize capital costs, and provide flexibility for future developments.

Academic Medical Centers↗

How to buy and sell a group practice.

This article reviews the world of mergers, acquisitions and divestitures, providing guidelines for the group practice administrator who is in the position of considering a merger or sale. The importance of strategic planning is discussed, and a set of working tools for buying and selling a medical practice is provided, along with suggestions for ways for groups to compete with industrial health/clinic programs in the area of long-term growth/acquisition programs.

Group Practice↗

The shift toward a managed care environment in a multispecialty group practice model. Looking for reciprocal benefits.

Managed care is notably affecting the practice of surgery in the United States. Four principal elements are subject to change: (1) patient care patterns, (2) ethics, (3) education and research, and (4) surgeon compensation. The Virginia Mason Clinic, a multispecialty group practice, is adapting to the demands of managed and capitated care. With the patient as the primary focus of effort, the goal is to create optimum value in health care. The principles of Continuous Quality Improvement are used to increase value in health care by ensuring appropriate treatment with optimum outcome at reasonable cost. Practice patterns are shifting to provide value to patients and payers. Ethical conflicts threaten but have been avoided. Surgical education remains unaffected, but future funding is problematic. The emphasis in surgical research has shifted toward outcome-based studies. The conflict between work effort and resource conservation as determinants of physician compensation is less for surgical than for medical practitioners. Although the principal benefactors of the shift toward managed care have been the payers, patients have gained modestly through efficiencies in the health care process and more stable insurance premiums. The satisfaction level of the surgeons in our multispecialty group practice remains high. Surgical research is thriving, volumes and case mix remain excellent, and changes in practice pattern have enabled us to increase efficiency without compromising patient care.

Ethics, Medical↗