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PubMed2000

Nature over nurture: temperament, personality, and life span development.

Temperaments are often regarded as biologically based psychological tendencies with intrinsic paths of development. It is argued that this definition applies to the personality traits of the five-factor model. Evidence for the endogenous nature of traits is summarized from studies of behavior genetics, parent-child relations, personality structure, animal personality, and the longitudinal stability of individual differences. New evidence for intrinsic maturation is offered from analyses of NEO Five-Factor Inventory scores for men and women age 14 and over in German, British, Spanish, Czech, and Turkish samples (N = 5,085). These data support strong conceptual links to child temperament despite modest empirical associations. The intrinsic maturation of personality is complemented by the culturally conditioned development of characteristic adaptations that express personality; interventions in human development are best addressed to these.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Personality development: stability and change.

In this review, we evaluate four topics in the study of personality development where discernible progress has been made since 1995 (the last time the area of personality development was reviewed in this series). We (a) evaluate research about the structure of personality in childhood and in adulthood, with special attention to possible developmental changes in the lower-order components of broad traits; (b) summarize new directions in behavioral genetic studies of personality; (c) synthesize evidence from longitudinal studies to pinpoint where and when in the life course personality change is most likely to occur; and (d) document which personality traits influence social relationships, status attainment, and health, and the mechanisms by which these personality effects come about. In each of these four areas, we note gaps and identify priorities for further research.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Excitatory conditioning of individual Drosophila melanogaster.

Testing individual animals from a heterogenic population of Drosophila melanogaster, we demonstrate conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex. The presentation of paired (conditioning) stimuli produced (a) an increase in the average number of conditioned responses over trials, (b) measured differences in performance levels among individual subjects, and (c) a sex difference, with more males conditioned than females, and those that did did so more quickly. The presentation of unpaired (control) stimuli produced significantly lower average levels of acquisition responding and a change in the distribution of individual response patterns. Neither central excitatory state nor sensitization induced by the conditioned or unconditioned stimuli directly affected the conditioned response, whereas unconditioned stimulus preexposure adversely affected performance levels. Presenting the unpaired (extinction) stimuli after conditioning produced less of a decline in responding than did an extinction procedure with removal of the unconditioned stimulus. With the ability to identify individual differences in acquisition and extinction patterns, and given the relatively large number of individuals that can be tested simultaneously on the automated stimulation apparatus, it is now possible to make precise behavioral measurements on samples large enough for the behavior-genetic analysis of D. melanogaster with conditioning as the phenotype.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Pediatricians' and psychologists' implicit personality theory: significance of sibling differences.

Pediatricians' and psychologists' implicit theories of how personality develops are compared to recent behavioral-genetic analyses based on twin and adoption studies. Results show that both practitioner groups--less so the psychologists--underestimate differences between children in the same family, over-estimate the influence of their shared environmental experiences, and underestimate those not shared. Findings mirror the bias of traditional personality research, pointing out the need to investigate environmental variables with differential impacts on children in the same family, e.g., sibling deidentification; one child extrovert, one introvert; one saint, one sinner.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pleiotropy, epistasis and new QTL: the genetic architecture of honey bee foraging behavior.

The regulation of division of labor in social insects, particularly in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.), has received considerable attention from a number of biological subdisciplines, including quantitative and behavioral genetics, because of the high complexity of the behavioral traits involved. The foraging choices of honey bee workers can be accurately quantified, and previous studies have made the foraging behavior of honey bees one of the best studied naturally occurring behavioral phenotypes. Three quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified that influence a set of foraging variables, including the concentration of nectar collected and the amount of pollen and nectar brought back to the hive. This study extends previous genetic investigations and represents the most comprehensive investigation of the genetic architecture of these foraging variables. We examined the effects of markers for the three established QTL and for one further candidate gene (Amfor), in two reciprocal backcross populations. These populations were also used to carry out two new QTL mapping studies, with over 400 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers in each. We detected a variety of effects of the genetic markers for the established QTL and the candidate gene, which were mostly epistatic in nature. A few new QTL could be detected with a variety of mapping techniques. Our results add complexity to the genetic architecture of the foraging behavior of the honey bee. Specifically, we support the hypotheses that pln1, pln2, pln3, and Amfor are involved in the regulation of foraging behavior in the honey bee and add some new factors that deserve further study in the future.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Ontogeny and interdependence of genetically selected behaviors in rats: avoidance response and open field.

Ontogeny and interdependence of genetically selected avoidance and open-field behaviors were investigated in six genetic lines, involving 1,018 animals, and three developmental models (longitudinal, cross sectional, and generational). In selected lines, behaviors varied with age, depending upon the genetic selection; in the control (random bred) line, no such effects were found. Between the lines selected for high (RHA) and low (RLA) rates of two-way-active avoidance, ontogenetic differences in the selected behavior emerged as the animals grew older, whereas between the lines selected for high (MR) and low (MNR) frequency of open-field defecation, the differences in the selected behavior were present at all stages of development. In unconditioned escape response to footshock, which shows an inverse relation to avoidance response in the RHA and RLA lines, and in general activity (number of sections crossed in an open field), which shows inverse relation to defecation in the MNR and MR lines, the differences were present at all stages. The relation between avoidance response and open-field defecation (emotional reactivity) was not linear but suggestive of curvilinear inverted-U-function.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

The genetics of schizophrenia.

Behavioral genetic studies provide overwhelming evidence that genes contribute to schizophrenia. Recently, genetic studies have provided promising evidence that schizophrenia genes are linked to several chromosomal locations in affected family members. Despite this progress, individual genes for schizophrenia have yet to be identified. Future progress will depend, in part, on the selection of phenotypes that best reflect effects of etiologic genes. One such phenotype is schizotaxia, a clinically meaningful syndrome that reflects the genetic liability to schizophrenia in nonpsychotic individuals. The potential importance of schizotaxia, or similar concepts, for use in genetic studies, is discussed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1985

Early development in mice: II. Sensory motor behavior and genetic analysis.

The genetic and environmental bases for differences in rate of development were investigated in 2 inbred strains of mice: C57BL/6By (B) and BALB/cBy (C). Twelve motor responses, aside from individual weight, were used to measure these differences. The Recombinant Inbred Strains method was chosen to perform the genetic analysis. Overdominance is shown to be present in 2 variables alone (eye opening, weight at 10 and 20 days). In most cases, each of the response reflexes was found to be associated with several genes (locomotion, hind limb, crossed extensor, righting, vibrissae placing, bar holding). Differences across strains are associated with one segregating unit for rate of disappearance of the rooting response. This unit is mapped on the part of the 4th chromosome including the loci b and H-21. The strain distribution pattern differs for each sensory motor response, consequently no one general genetic factor of development can be advanced. Maternal effects were found for 4 variables (grasping, fore limb placing, eye opening and weight). For two responses, the F1 pups developing the fastest were reared by mothers from the slowest developing parental strain. As regards this latter finding, the authors hypothesize that mothers differ as to the quality of the environment they furnish to their young and pups differ in their ability to benefit from these environments.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

The influence of ecology and genetics on behavioral variation in salamander populations across the Eastern Continental Divide.

Understanding the unique contributions of ecology and history to the distribution of species within communities requires an integrative approach. The Eastern Continental Divide in southwestern Virginia separates river drainages that differ in species composition: the more aquatic, predatory Desmognathus quadramaculatus is present only in the New River drainage (which drains to the Gulf of Mexico), while Desmognathus monticola is present in both the New River drainage and the James River drainage (which drains to the Atlantic Ocean). We investigated natural distributions, behavioral variation in experimental mesocosms, population genetic, and phylogenetic implications of community structure. The presence of D. quadramaculatus increased the terrestriality of D. monticola in natural and experimental situations but to different degrees in allopatric and sympatric populations. Our ecological data suggest that the degree of terrestriality in D. monticola is a result of a balance between the optimal aquatic habitat and risks of predation. Our genetic analyses suggest that D. monticola has experienced a recent range expansion and has only a recent history of association with D. quadramaculatus in Virginia. This is surprising given the strong behavioral variation that exists in populations experiencing unique community compositions over a scale of meters. This study demonstrates the need to combine both ecology and genetics toward an understanding of the factors affecting species distributions, behavioral variation between populations, and patterns of genetic variation across a landscape.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Sources of structure: genetic, environmental, and artifactual influences on the covariation of personality traits.

The phenotypic structure of personality traits has been well described, but it has not yet been explained causally. Behavior genetic covariance analyses can identify the underlying causes of phenotypic structure; previous behavior genetic research has suggested that the effects from both genetic and nonshared environmental influences mirror the phenotype. However, nonshared environmental effects are usually estimated as a residualterm that may also include systematic bias, such as that introduced by implicit personality theory. To reduce that bias, we supplemented data from Canadian and German twin studies with cross-observer correlations on the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The hypothesized five-factor structure was found in both the phenotypic and genetic/familial covariances. When the residual covariance was decomposed into true nonshared environmental influences and method bias, only the latter showed the five-factor structure. True nonshared environmental influences are not structured as genetic influences are, although there was some suggestion that they do affect two personality dimensions, Conscientiousness and Love. These data reaffirm the value of behavior genetic analyses for research on the underlying causes of personality traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Targeted mutations of the corticotropin-releasing factor system: effects on physiology and behavior.

Genetic modifications of the genes that encode proteins integral to the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system have been employed in the creation of mutant mice that serve as tools for studying the role of this neuropeptide in regulated and dysregulated behaviors and physiology. Overexpression of the CRF peptide and CRF binding protein as well as deletion of the peptide, binding protein, and both known receptors has been achieved and these mouse models have been characterized for anatomical, neuroendocrine, and behavioral sequelae. The profile of results, consistent with current knowledge of CRF function from more traditional assays, indicates that enhancement of CRF function is associated with an activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, an anxious phenotype, alterations in cognitive performance and reductions in feeding. In general, blockade of CRF function produces the opposite effects. Genetic mouse models allow further analysis of specific elements in the CRF circuitry for which more traditional tools have not existed. These animal models are valuable for increasing our understanding of the underlying pathology associated with a variety of psychiatric and neuroendocrine disorders and for the development and testing of novel treatment agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Measuring behavior in genetic disorders of mental retardation.

As researchers have examined the so-called "behavioral phenotypes" of different genetic mental retardation conditions, the measurement of behavior becomes increasingly important. From earlier, more global examinations of noteworthy behaviors or profiles, recent researchers have moved from reliance on a single, all-encompassing questionnaire to more multimethod, multireporter approaches. This paper summarizes strengths and weaknesses in utilizing parent-report questionnaires and checklists; psychiatric nosology and specific psychiatric questionnaires; observational studies; reports from individuals with mental retardation themselves; profile analyses of psychometric test and subtest scores; and "grouping" analyses of items (factor analysis) and people (cluster analysis). Although we advocate a mixture of approaches to behavioral assessment, in future work researchers will require more theoretically driven methods for studying behavior, greater acknowledgment that the child's behavior is simply one event in ongoing interactions-transactions with other people, and more attention to age-related changes in behavioral phenotypes.

Humans↗