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The exact pathomechanics of problems in the wrists of gymnasts are yet to be defined. This article discusses injuries and overload phenomena in the wrist and skin problems, fractures, and sprains of the hand, including mallet finger.
Nachemson suggested that there are more girls than boys with progressive adolescent idiopathic because of a different timing between skeletal maturation and postural maturation in the sexes during adolescence. We termed Nachemson's concept the neuro-osseous timing of maturation (NOTOM) hypothesis and used it to propose a possible medical treatment for idiopathic scoliosis by delaying puberty through the pituitary using gonadorelin analogues as in idiopathic precocious puberty. The prevalence of scoliosis is reported to be increased in rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) in Bulgaria and in ballet dancers (BDs) in the USA. Both groups exhibit delayed puberty, which, at first sight, nullifies the NOTOM hypothesis for idiopathic scoliosis. While constitutional and environmental factors may determine these scolioses, the different curve types in RGs and BDs suggest that the exercise pattern over many years determines which type of scoliosis develops, although not the curve severity. We support the view that scoliotic RGs should be included in a group of sports-associated scoliosis separate from idiopathic scoliosis. Hence the delayed puberty of RGs and BDs with scoliosis does not nullify the NOTOM hypothesis as their scolioses are not idiopathic. There is a need to focus research on such subjects who have defined constitutional and environmental factors related to their scolioses.
On September 7, 1991, the Indiana State Department of Health (ISDH) was notified of three suspected measles cases among athletes from New Zealand (NZ) participating in an international gymnastics competition September 6-15 in Indianapolis (Marion County). Among those potentially at risk for measles were approximately 700 athletes and 1200 coaches, trainers, and managers from 51 countries; an estimated 2500 volunteers and staff; international media, families, and employees; and approximately 60,000 spectators attending the competition. This report summarizes the epidemiologic investigation of these cases.
This study on gymnasts found the subjects' body fat to be 5-8% higher than that found in comparable studies on the subject. With the exception of protein, vitamin C, and riboflavin, the subjects' dietary intake of energy and other nutrients, i.e., calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin and niacin, was found to be inadequate. The athletes were recommended to observe a proper diet and training program which could enable them to reduce the amount of body fat and compensate for dietary inadequacies.
The female members of two different gym squads who where subject to hard training (12 to 15 hours a week), were investigated in regard to their growth parameters shortly after the beginning of intensive training and at yearly intervals thereafter. 12 of the initial 25 girls gave up training before reaching their 14th year. Only data compiled during the training period were included in the study. At the beginning of training, the gymnasts were comparable to the standard population (Zurich Longitudinal Study of Growth and Development) in regard to height and bone age: their weight was slightly subaverage. Height, growth rate, bone age, weight development and skinfold thickness remained clearly below standard values during the years of training. Due to a prolonged growth spurt during puberty, the final height and body weight were again comparable to standard values. Thelarche, pubarche and menarche were also significantly delayed; thelarche and menarche did occur, though, when the same body measurements (height, weight) as compared to the standard population were reached. FH, FSH and estradiol showed the puberty rise only after the 14th year, i.e. with considerable delay. When separately analyzing the data of the girls who gave up training before completing their 14th year, preexisting greater body measurements (including bone age) as well as more rapid development during the first years of training were found. Thus, the observed physical growth retardation is partly due to predisposition in the form of a constitutional late puberty, and is partly caused by the intensive training. A permanent physical developmental loss was not observed.
Nutritional status and body composition of 26 young female gymnasts (average age 12 years) were studied. The body fat percentage (15% of total body weight) is low, still consistent with an excellent health. The caloric intake is lower (1552 kcal/day) than that recommended for their age group, however it is still within the standard by body weight (43 kcal/kg). They show and insufficient assumption of carbohydrates (47.7%), mineral salts and vitamins, so that a more detailed alimentary information is required in order to avoid undesired consequences on sport performance and growth rate.
A variety of the Chinese gymnastics was studied in relation to performance status of essentially healthy subjects. Thirty-three office workers exercised twice a week during 5 months. A positive trend was observed in nervous and emotional status, cardiovascular adaptation to muscular loads, external respiration, fatigue after 5 working days. Methods of training are presented.
A review of injury patterns to the knee joint in gymnastics seen at our sport medicine clinic over a six and one-half year period reveals the patellofemoral pain syndrome to be more than twice as frequent as any other type of injury. Sprains are second in frequency but first in order of problems requiring emergency surgical treatment. The intensity of training correlates with the various overuse syndrome encountered, and the perfection of intricate routines and tricks can lead to significant injury of ligaments and menisci.
A brief review of the injuries in women's collegiate gymnastics is presented, together with a brief analysis of the mechanisms of injury and relative frequency thereof in the different events.
In summary, we came to the conclusion that gymnastics as performed at the club level has an injury rate that is compatible with other athletic endeavors and follows logical expectations. As these data are augmented in the future, and further refined and analyzed, we hope to be able to offer meaningful suggestions for avoiding injuries. Probably the most important single piece of information that we have gleaned so far is the major discrepancy between the injury rate in those students being spotted during a trick versus those not being spotted. Our data show that there is a definite value in spotting, and we highly recommend a student-to-instructor ratio that allows spotting for the vast majority of tricks. That recommendation holds regardless of the degree of difficulty or the level of experience that the individual has with each maneuver.
The spectrum of posterior element, vertebral injury in the young gymnast ranges from stress reaction to spondylolisthesis. Hyperextension and repetitive microtrauma lead to such injuries in young athletes. Early recognition may lead to a more favorable clinical outcome.
The gymnast often places unphysiologic extreme stresses upon her body during the maneuvers characteristic of that sport. These may result in stress fractures to the skeleton, the lumbar spine being at greatest risk. Minor malalignments of the extremities can encourage injury. The extremes of joint position can produce significant symptoms with chrondromalacia.
In general, the diets of these athletes appeared to be nutritionally inadequate. Diets were judged to be inadequate for vitamins B-6, folic acid, calcium, iron, zinc, and magnesium in 30% to 60% of gymnasts studied. Several reasons seem to make this population somewhat more vulnerable: (a) the desire to be light, lean, and aesthetically appealing; (b) the anaerobic nature of their sport, which does not lend itself to excessive levels of energy expenditure; and (c) the fact that these athletes are teenagers, subscribing all too often to typical teenage diets. It seems clear that this is a population which could benefit from nutrition counseling.
The case of an adolescent Olympic-level gymnast with insidious onset shoulder pain is presented. Radiographic evaluation revealed bilateral physeal irregularities of the proximal humerus similar to those seen in Little Leaguer's shoulder. Roentgenograms of the involved shoulder also demonstrated Salter-Harris type I displacement at this physis and a slipped capital humeral epiphysis was diagnosed. A discussion reviewing proximal humeral physeal injury follows the case presentation.
A controlled, long-term training process, extensive medical treatment as well as a satisfying social and familiar environment are the key factors for a healthy development of young athletes in high level gymnastics.
The loading of wordprocessor workers was followed over a four month period of a re-education course with the aid of electromyography of the trapezius and frontalis muscles in order to study the effect of learning. Working with the word processor increased the electrical activities in both muscles. The increase did not diminish with the learning of the work. On the contrary the electrical activity increased significantly in the frontalis muscle. Intervening gymnastics during work decreased the electrical activities. The screen (on/off) did not affect the activity. Most effective in lowering the myoelectrical activity in both muscles were the armsupports. A significant positive linear correlation was observed in the electrical activities of the trapezius and frontalis muscles both at rest and during wordprocessor work.
We describe a 14-year-old female gymnast whose complaint was that of chronic low back pain. Radiographs and computed tomograms showed both lumbar manifestations of Scheuermann's disease and an osseous destruction of the S1 vertebral body. We suggest that this is a sacral component of Scheuermann's disease.
A new benzofuran derivative, named gymnastone [5-hydroxy-6-acetyl-2-(2-propane-1,2,3-triol)-benzofuran (1)], was isolated from the aerial part of Gymnaster koraiensis, together with viscidone (2) by repeated column chromatography. The structures of both compounds were identified by physico-chemical and spectral analysis including COSY, HMQC, and HMBC experiments.