Conformity process and prior group support.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “GROUP PROCESSES”
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Group psychotherapy with sexually abused boys: dynamics in interventions.
Group psychotherapy is an important component of treatment of sexually abused children. The purpose of this article is to add to our understanding of the unique dynamics and some of the challenges encountered during the course of group treatment with this population. Specifically the dynamics of a traumatic experience (i.e., loss of power and helplessness in a context of dependency) and the accompanying defensive responses (i.e., identification with the aggressor, denial, splitting, projection, emotional isolation, and dissociation) are examined in the context of group process. The process of one group is described to detail the themes, issues, and interventions used in each phase of treatment.
Adolescent↗
Structural domains, protein modules, and sequence similarities enrich our understanding of the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 proteome.
The protein coding sequences of S. oneidensis MR-1 were analyzed, and new annotations were given to 491 gene products, 306 of which were previously of unknown function. New information was mainly brought in from structural domain predictions for S. oneidensis proteins of the SUPERFAM database (http://supfam.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/SUPERFAMILY/) and newly identified and experimentally verified functions of homologous proteins. Proteins encoded by fused genes were identified and separated into modules, protein units of at least 83 aa with independent functions and distinct evolutionary histories. A reannotation of the fused gene products was done to assign functions to the appropriate module within the protein. Groups of sequence-similar proteins of S. oneidensis were assembled. The fused gene products were represented by their modular entities for the grouping process. The protein groups were analyzed for their size and functions, and they were used to indicate activities that are of importance to the environmental adaptation of this organism. Making use of several approaches not commonly used in annotation, we have been able to enrich our understanding of the functions encoded by the S. oneidensis genome.
Bacterial Proteins↗
Therapy groups for schizophrenic patients on acute care units.
Issues in selecting a format for group therapy for schizophrenic patients on a short-term acute care unit are discussed. After comparing the relative merits of open and closed groups and of diagnostically homogeneous and heterogeneous groups, the author suggests an open, homogeneous format as most appropriate. A model therapy group for schizophrenic patients is described. The group is led by unit staff and focuses on discussions of improving relationships and coping with psychotic experiences. Patients are encouraged to interact with each other and to deal with current problems. The effectiveness of the group has been supported by a series of empirical studies involving patients' ratings of the group, process studies of group interaction, and a content analysis of topics discussed.
Acute Disease↗
Processing a task group: a continuing education committee at work planning a conference.
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Adult↗
Temperature adaptation of synonymous codon usage in different functional categories of genes: a comparative study between homologous genes of Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanococcus maripaludis.
Synonymous codon usage of homologous sequences between Methanococcus jannaschii and Methanococcus maripaludis have been analyzed in three broad functional categories of genes namely: (i) information storage and processing; (ii) metabolism; and (iii) cellular processes and signaling. Average values of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site are significantly lower for information processing genes compared to either metabolic or cellular processing genes. These results suggests that synonymous codon usage has been subject to greater constraint in the information storage and processing group of genes compared to other functional categories of genes. For metabolic and cellular processing genes, correspondence analysis based on relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) values separates the genes along the first major axes according to the genome type; while in the information processing group, genes are separated along the second major axes according to the genome type. Further study on synonymous substitution rate for information processing genes shows a stronger selective constraint on synonymous codon usage of six amino acids, G,A,R,P,Y,F. Randomization of the original transcript of M. jannaschii for information processing genes suggests that variation in selective constraint between synonymous codon usage is related to the potential formation of mRNA secondary structures which contribute to the folding stability.
Adaptation, Biological↗
When the CNS needs help establishing a women's support group: getting the most from the consultation process.
Support groups are an effective intervention strategy to address the unique psychosocial needs of women in transition. The task of establishing a support group can be overwhelming for the CNS who possesses expertise in women's health but not in establishing a support group. Securing the services of an external nurse consultant with experience in group process and project management skills is an invaluable resource to the CNS in charge of developing a formal proposal, setting goals and planning actions, and/or implementing and evaluating interventions. The CNS's role as a consumer of the formal consultation process is addressed.
Consultants↗
[From contact to contract. Psychiatric supervision of groups of general practitioners].
For the last 2 1/2 years, supervision groups for general practitioners have been run at Telemark sentralsjukehus. Initially the instructors emphasised flexibility, utility and servicemindedness. By means of group process thinking and emphasis on distinct contracts the meetings eventually developed into consultation groups. Parallel with the group process we have experienced more informal contact and new forms of collaboration with the individual general practitioners which may indicate an increased interest among them for psychiatry.
Hospital Departments↗
[The skin and aging. Spontaneous and drug-induced repair of radiation-induced dermal injuries].
For the last 2 1/2 years, supervision groups for general practitioners have been run at Telemark sentralsjukehus. Initially the instructors emphasised flexibility, utility and servicemindedness. By means of group process thinking and emphasis on distinct contracts the meetings eventually developed into consultation groups. Parallel with the group process we have experienced more informal contact and new forms of collaboration with the individual general practitioners which may indicate an increased interest among them for psychiatry.
Aged↗
Preference-consistent evaluation of information in the hidden profile paradigm: beyond group-level explanations for the dominance of shared information in group decisions.
Common explanations for the failure of groups to solve so-called hidden profiles focus on group processes, namely insufficient discussion of unshared information and premature consensus on a suboptimal alternative. As 2 experiments show, even in the absence of such group processes, hidden profiles are hardly ever solved. In Experiment 1, participants first received individual information about a personnel selection task and then read a group discussion protocol containing full information exchange. If the individual information was misleading (hidden profile), most participants failed to detect the correct alternative. In Experiment 2, it was determined that this effect is due to preference-consistent evaluation of information that constitutes an individual-level process mediating the failure of group members to solve hidden profiles.
Adolescent↗
Mechanisms of group psychotherapy: processes and dynamics.
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Humans↗
Independent living skills groups in a level I fieldwork experience.
Since 1985, the Tufts University-Boston School of Occupational Therapy has experimented with a service model for Level I fieldwork that uses independent living skills (ILS) groups. Under the off-site supervision of the course instructor and a Level I coordinator, students taking an Advanced Group Process course have run ILS groups in community agencies using faculty- and staff-developed group protocols. Populations served have included adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities, adults with psychosocial dysfunction, well geriatric adults, and single mothers. The response of area clinicians has been very positive--the number of settings willing to accept students for this experience has more than doubled since the ILS groups have been introduced. This approach to Level I fieldwork, which does not require as much faculty time as do other service models currently in use, could be applied to other Level I experiences and provide a structure for expanding occupational therapy into nontraditional community settings.
Activities of Daily Living↗
Characterization of N-terminal processing of group VIA phospholipase A2 and of potential cleavage sites of amyloid precursor protein constructs by automated identification of signature peptides in LC/MS/MS analyses of proteolytic digests.
Dysregulation of proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease, and the Group VIA phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)beta) is the dominant PLA(2) enzyme in the central nervous system and is subject to regulatory proteolytic processing. We have identified novel N-terminal variants of iPLA(2)beta and previously unrecognized proteolysis sites in APP constructs with a C-terminal 6-myc tag by automated identification of signature peptides in LC/MS/MS analyses of proteolytic digests. We have developed a Signature-Discovery (SD) program to characterize protein isoforms by identifying signature peptides that arise from proteolytic processing in vivo. This program analyzes MS/MS data from LC analyses of proteolytic digests of protein mixtures that can include incompletely resolved components in biological samples. This reduces requirements for purification and thereby minimizes artifactual modifications during sample processing. A new algorithm to generate the theoretical signature peptide set and to calculate similarity scores between predicted and observed mass spectra has been tested and optimized with model proteins. The program has been applied to the identification of variants of proteins of biological interest, including APP cleavage products and iPLA(2)beta, and such applications demonstrate the utility of this approach.
Algorithms↗
Terror, silencing and children: international, multidisciplinary collaboration with Guatemalan Maya communities.
In recent years psychologists and other mental health workers have begun to document the effects of state-sponsored violence and civil war on civilians and to develop specific clinical and community interventions to address these issues. During the past decade between 50,000 to 100,000 Guatemalans have been murdered and at least 38,000 people disappeared. Over 400 rural villages were destroyed and the Guatemalan army's scorched earth policy forced hundreds of thousands who survived to flee, either to another part of the country or to leave Guatemala altogether. State-sponsored terror and silencing persists in Guatemala despite a return to civilian government. This article describes some of the problems encountered by Maya children in situations of ongoing war and state-sponsored terror and the development of one specific response, Creative Workshops for Children, an international, interdisciplinary program organized by mental health workers from Argentina, Guatemala and United States. The inadequacies of psychological theory based on a medical model that sees trauma as an intrapsychic phenomenon and conceptualizes its effects in situations of war as post-traumatic stress are described and a reconceptualization of trauma as psychosocial is proposed. The accompanying need to address the "normal abnormality" of war and state-sponsored terror through a community-based group process is presented. The model incorporates drawing, story telling, collage and dramatization in a group process that seeks to create a space and time in which the child can express him or herself, communicate experiences to others, and discharge energy and emotion connected to previous traumatic experiences. The work draws on existing cultural traditions (e.g. oral story telling and dramatization) and resources (e.g. nature, plants) of indigenous communities, offering additional resources to those seeking to collaborate in the development of mental health in their communities and suggesting alternative bases from which to understand the cultural and social psychological effects of war. Through participation in the creative workshop the child survivor enhances natural means for communication that will facilitate the expression of physical and mental tensions and the development of a capacity to construct an identity that is not exclusively subject to the dehumanizing and traumatizing reality of war. The strengths of this work and the limits of psychoassistance work within a context of war are enumerated and discussed.
Child↗
Intramodal perceptual grouping modulates multisensory integration: evidence from the crossmodal dynamic capture task.
We investigated the extent to which intramodal visual perceptual grouping influences the multisensory integration (or grouping) of auditory and visual motion information. Participants discriminated the direction of motion of two sequentially presented sounds (moving leftward or rightward), while simultaneously trying to ignore a task-irrelevant visual apparent motion stream. The principles of perceptual grouping were used to vary the direction and extent of apparent motion within the irrelevant modality (vision). The results demonstrate that the multisensory integration of motion information can be modulated by the perceptual grouping taking place unimodally within vision, suggesting that unimodal perceptual grouping processes precede multisensory integration. The present study therefore illustrates how intramodal and crossmodal perceptual grouping processes interact to determine how the information in complex multisensory environments is parsed.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Cotherapy behavior, group therapy process, and treatment outcome.
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Adult↗
Texture segregation and visual search: a comparison of the effects of random variations along irrelevant dimensions.
The effects of irrelevant variations in the color and depth of elements on participants' ability to detect and discriminate elements defined by a difference in orientation were compared. Consistent with previous research, it was found that there was no effect or small effects if the targets were single elements in visual search tasks and that there were large effects for targets defined by several elements defining an area in visual segmentation tasks. It is suggested that the reason for the discrepancy between the 2 paradigms lies in the need for grouping processes in segmentation experiments. This notion was examined in 3 additional experiments that manipulated grouping processes through task demands and stimulus design. The data provide tentative support for this notion.
Adult↗
Post-surgery group therapy for gastric bypass patients.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of both compulsive eating patterns (bingeing and "grazing") and psychosocial distress and/or psychiatric co-morbidity in patients seeking bariatric surgery has been documented. While surgery is often seen as the solution, research has shown that these problems can persist postoperatively and may adversely affect outcome. This paper will describe a postoperative psychotherapy group process designed specifically for gastric bypass patients. METHODS: A semi-structured cognitive-behavioral group therapy program adapted from a treatment program for compulsive eaters was designed for patients who had been identified (by questionnaire and clinical interview) as having compulsive eating problems before surgery. Therapy addresses eating patterns as well as the emotional adjustments following surgery. RESULTS: 16 12-week therapy groups have been conducted to date. The groups are small and designed to help patients understand the stages of postoperative adjustment and the tasks, both eating-related and psychological, associated with each stage. Feedback from participants has been very positive with patients reporting the need for a therapy group in addition to the traditional support group. CONCLUSION: Since both disturbed eating patterns and psychological difficulties are seen following surgery, it is imperative that treatment programs be developed to address these issues. The group process is a highly effective intervention but must be designed for the special needs of these patients. Measures of success need to take psycho-social factors into account as well as eating behaviors and weight loss. Outcome studies are needed to compare those receiving treatment vs those who do not.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗