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PubMed1981

Fumigated mail.

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Europe↗
PubMed1980

[On the problems with respect to the formation of N-nitroso compound precursors when using alkylating agents in the fumigation of foodstuffs. II. N-methylation of various amino acids by the action of methyl bromide (author's transl)].

The aim of this investigation was to determine whether the insecticide, methyl bromide, used in the treatment of foodstuffs reacts with the amino group of various amino acids in the sense of an N-methylation, thus generating substrates which can be converted to nitroso compounds, i.e. those which are the precursors of cancerogenic compounds. Cooled liquid methyl bromide was added to the aqueous solutions of five amino acids at different pH values. Samples for thin layer chromatographic separation of the derivatives formed were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 hours. The method of proving used was at ninhydrine reaction. The results show that methyl bromide reacts with the amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine and glutamic acid to degrees depending upon the pH value and the length of the reaction. The corresponding N-methyl derivatives are formed, namely sarcosine, N-methyl alanine, N-methyl valine, N-methyl leucine, and N-methyl glutamic acid.

Alanine↗
PubMed1997

[The effect of various disinfectants in fumigation on the inactivation of HBsAg].

In this study HBsAg was inactived with formalin, formalin plus PP power, peroxyacetic acid and the Chinese medicine (volatile oil). The results showed formalin could inactive HBsAg entirely by natural evaporation for two hours. Peroxyacetic acid (16%) 450 ml for 30 minutes, and 150 ml or 300 ml for 60 minutes could inactive HBsAg also. But the inactivation efficacies of formalin plus PP powder and the Chinese medicine (volatile oil) were poor.

Disinfectants↗
PubMed2005

Factors affecting the efficacy of non-fumigant nematicides for controlling root-knot nematodes.

Second-stage juveniles (J2) and egg masses of root-knot nematodes as well as root debris heavily infected by the latter were exposed for different periods of time to six different doses of the nematicides cadusafos and fenamiphos. The efficacy of the nematicides increased significantly with increasing exposure time. Both nematicides were more effective against J2, although they could not provide acceptable control of J2 inside egg masses or heavily galled root debris. The effect of different application strategies on the efficacy and persistence of certain nematicides was also assessed in a field study. Cadusafos, fenamiphos, fosthiazate and oxamyl were applied in field micro-plots either as a single full dose at the time of crop establishment or as multiple reduced-rate applications at 14-day intervals throughout the cropping period, and their efficacy and persistence were determined using bioassays and analytical studies. Fosthiazate was the most efficient nematicide studied, and this was mainly attributed to its long soil persistence. Oxamyl also provided adequate nematode control for the first 48-56 days after its application, regardless of the application method used and its relatively rapid field dissipation. Fenamiphos and cadusafos failed to provide adequate nematode control, although cadusafos was the most persistent of the nematicides tested. The failure of fenamiphos to provide adequate nematode control was mainly attributed to its rapid degradation by soil micro-organisms, which were stimulated after its repeated low-rate application at 14-day intervals. In contrast cadusafos failure was attributed to the inability of the nematicide to reduce nematode populations even at relatively high concentrations in soil.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of two growing seasons of experimental ozone fumigation on photosynthetic characteristics of white oak seedlings.

White oak (Quercus alba L.) seedlings were exposed to charcoal-filtered air or to above-ambient ozone concentrations for 19-20 weeks during each of two growing seasons in continuously stirred tank reactors in greenhouses. Ozone treatments were 0.15 ppm (300 microg m(-3)) for 8 h day(-1), 3 days week(-1) in 1988, and continuous 15% above ambient in 1989. The seedlings were grown in forest soil watered twice weekly with simulated rain of pH 5.2. Responses of net photosynthesis to photosynthetically active radiation and intercellular CO(2) concentration were measured three times each year. There were no significant differences in light-saturated net photosynthesis or stomatal conductance, dark respiration, quantum or carboxylation efficiencies, and light or CO(2) compensation points on any date between control and ozone-exposed seedlings.

Journal Article↗