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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2003

The effects of fiber enrichment of pasta and fat content on gastric emptying, GLP-1, glucose, and insulin responses to a meal.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the addition of viscous fiber at an amount recommended by the US FDA to allow a 'low saturated fat, cholesterol, soluble fiber and coronary heart disease', health claim label on a food package (1.7 g psyllium) and/or fat (30 g sunflower oil and 3 g sodium propionate) to a pasta meal would affect gastric emptying, postprandial glucose, insulin and GLP-1 concentrations. DESIGN: Ten subjects participated in a two-by-two single blind randomized crossover study. Four meals containing 50 g of available carbohydrate were consumed: pasta with or without psyllium enrichment served with a tomato sauce with (520 kcal per meal) and without (240 kcal per meal) fat. Blood samples were taken for 240 min following the meal and all subjects consumed a buffet meal at the end of the study. Gastric emptying was measured using the paracetamol absorption test. Blood was analysed for glucose, insulin, GLP-1. Visual analog scales were used to record feelings of hunger, pleasantness and nausea. RESULTS: The psyllium-enriched pasta had no significant effect on gastric emptying or the incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for GLP-1, insulin or glucose compared with the control pasta. The addition of polyunsaturated fat and sodium propionate significantly increased the IAUC for GLP-1 (P<0.001), delaying gastric emptying (P<0.002), and decreasing glucose (P<0.002). CONCLUSIONS: A dose of 1.7 g psyllium did not evoke measurable effects on gastric emptying, postprandial GLP-1, insulin or glucose metabolism. However the addition of 30 g of oil and 3 g of sodium propionate to the pasta did reduce gastric emptying, increase GLP-1 and reduce glucose and insulin concentrations. While this short-term study may have implications in terms of reducing the risk of diabetes and improving coronary risk factor profiles the long term effects of these nutrients need to be studied.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Effect of bottle colour and storage conditions on browning of orange wine.

We investigated the effect of bottle colour, storage temperature and storage time on the browning of orange wine. Kozan orange variety was used for the production of wine. The fermentation was performed spontaneously at 20 degrees C. The wine was bottled in three differently coloured bottles: clear white, green and brown. Then each was divided into two parts: one part was stored at 13-14 degrees C in the cellar and the other at 23-26 degrees C in the laboratory for 150 days. During the storage, browning index and ascorbic acid content of the wines were measured at day 0, 75 and 150. The results showed that the use of brown bottles and the short-time storage reduced the browning in orange wines, however, storage at two different temperatures did not significantly affect the browning index.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Microbiological and sensory quality of stored croissant-type bakery products depending on external (sorbic acid) and internal (dough, aw value) conditions.

The work presents some results from the evaluation of microbiological (total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, moulds and yeasts) and sensory (shape, odour, colour, taste, consistency, crust, soft inside, etc.) quality and of the aw value and pH during the 90-day storage (interval of 0, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days) under laboratory conditions at 20 +/- 2 degrees C in eight types of the bakery croissant-type product with the nougat cream differing by the type of dough (brioche, croissant), aw value of the cream, and by the presence or absence of sorbic acid in the spirit spray applied onto the surface of products. The above-indicated parameters were examined also in the nougat cream samples (on the zero and 90th day of storage). The chosen quality parameters permitted the level of the durability influence of croissants depending on external (sorbic acid) as well as internal (recipe, aw) conditions to be estimated.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1988

Sterilization safety and quality retention.

A method for calculating sterilization conditions yielding optimum quality retention for conduction and convection type heating of packaged food is demonstrated. The simple calculation of the optimum process parameters requires only a few minutes.

Cooking↗
PubMed2004

Environmentally degradable bio-based polymeric blends and composites.

Blends and composites based on environmentally degradable-ecocompatible synthetic and natural polymeric materials and fillers of natural origin have been prepared and processed under different conditions. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was used as the synthetic polymer of choice by virtue of its capability to be processed from water solution or suspension as well as from the melt by blow extrusion and injection molding. Starch and gelatin were taken as the polymeric materials from renewable resources. The fillers were all of natural origin, as waste from food and agro-industry consisted of sugar cane bagasse (SCB), wheat flour (WF), orange peels (OR), apple peels (AP), corn fibres (CF), saw dust (SD) and wheat straw (WS). All the natural or hybrid formulations were intended to be utilized for the production of: a) Environmentally degradable mulching films (hydro-biomulching) displaying, in some cases, self-fertilizing characteristics by in situ spraying of water solutions or suspensions; b) Laminates and containers to be used in agriculture and food packaging by compression and injection molding followed by baking. Some typical prototype items have been prepared and characterized in relation to their morphological and mechanical properties and tested with different methodology for their propensity to environmental degradation and biodegradation as ultimate stage of their service life. A relationship between chemical composition and mechanical properties and propensity to biodegradation has been discussed in a few representative cases.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1999

The conditions for tool use in primates: implications for the evolution of material culture.

In order to identify the conditions that favored the flourishing of primate tool use into hominid technology, we examine inter- and intraspecific variation in manufacture and use of tools in extant nonhuman primates, and develop a model to account for their distribution. We focus on tools used in acquiring food, usually by extraction. Any model for the evolution of the use of feeding tools must explain why tool use is found in only a small subset of primate species, why many of these species use tools much more readily in captivity, why routine reliance on feeding tools is found in only two species of ape, and why there is strong geographic variation within these two species. Because ecological factors alone cannot explain the distribution of tool use in the wild, we develop a model that focuses on social and cognitive factors affecting the invention and transmission of tool-using skills. The model posits that tool use in the wild depends on suitable ecological niches (especially extractive foraging) and the manipulative skills that go with them, a measure of intelligence that enables rapid acquisition of complex skills (through both invention and, more importantly, observational learning), and social tolerance in a gregarious setting (which facilitates both invention and transmission). The manipulative skills component explains the distribution across species of the use of feeding tools, intelligence explains why in the wild only apes are known to make and use feeding tools routinely, and social tolerance explains variation across populations of chimpanzees and orangutans. We conclude that strong mutual tolerance was a key factor in the explosive increase in technology among hominids, probably intricately tied to a lifestyle involving food sharing and tool-based processing or the acquisition of large, shareable food packages.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

High concentrations of bisphenol A induce cell growth and prolactin secretion in an estrogen-responsive pituitary tumor cell line.

PR1 cells are a prolactin (PRL)-secreting cell line derived from pituitary lactotroph tumors found in 17beta-estradiol (E(2))-treated female Fischer 344 rats. Recently, we reported that as little as 0. 01 pM E(2) could induce half-maximal cell proliferation, whereas the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 (ICI) inhibited proliferation. Interestingly, the cell proliferation response is 1000-fold more sensitive to E(2) than the PRL response (induction of prolactin protein synthesis), suggesting that there is a distinction between cell proliferation and the PRL response in PR1 cells. Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer of plastics and epoxy resins that is widely used in dentistry and the food packaging industry. Although it has low estrogenic activity in somatolactotrophs and breast cancer cell lines, its presence in the environment and its long biological half-life have raised concerns about potential effects in humans. We analyzed the effect of BPA and compared its activity with E(2) in the PR1 cell line. PR1 cells show half-maximal proliferation upon treatment with 10 nM BPA, which is 10,000- to 100,000-fold less active than E(2). BPA-induced PR1 cell proliferation is decreased by the pure antiestrogen ICI, suggesting that BPA-induced PR1 cell proliferation is mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER). The decreased affinity of BPA for the ER is illustrated by the fact that 1 nM of ICI inhibited 100 nM BPA-induced cell proliferation, whereas 100 nM ICI was required to block 1 nM E(2)-induced cell proliferation. The PRL response to BPA required 1000 nM BPA to match the PRL secretion induced by 0.01 nM E(2). A competitive binding assay showed that the K(i) of BPA for the ER in PR1 cells is approximately 30-60 nM, which is 1000- to 2000-fold lower than that of E(2). Our study suggests the PR1 cell line can be used as an in vitro assay system for analyzing the effects of weak estrogens on ER-mediated responses and the activities of various estrogenic compounds present in small amounts in the environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Polyhydroxybutyrate: plastic made and degraded by microorganisms.

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) offers many advantages over traditional petrochemically derived plastics. In addition to its complete biodegradability, PHB is formed from renewable resources. It possesses better physical properties than polypropylene for food packaging applications and is completely nontoxic. The poor low-impact strength of PHB is solved by incorporation of hydroxyvalerate monomers into the polymer to produce polyhydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), which is commercially marketed under the trade name Biopol. Like PHB, PHBV completely degrades into carbon dioxide and water under aerobic conditions. Microbial synthesis of PHB is the best method for industrial production because it ensures the proper stereochemistry for biodegradation. Microorganisms synthesize and store PHB under nutrient-limited conditions and degrade and metabolize it when the limitation is removed. Current production employs Alcaligenes eutrophus because it grows efficiently on glucose as a carbon source, accumulates PHB up to 80% of its dry weight, and is able to synthesize PHBV when propionic acid is added to the feedstock. PHBV is currently 16 times the price of polypropylene. However, the development of transgenic PHA-producing organisms is expected to greatly reduce its cost. Benefits of using transgenic systems include lack of a depolymerase system, ability to use faster-growing organisms, production of highly purified polymers, and ability to utilize inexpensive carbon sources. Because transgenic plants may someday result in the evolution of plastic crops that could lower the price of PHA to a competitive level, future research will surely focus on such recombinant DNA techniques.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2001

Electronic noses in food analysis.

Gas sensor array technology combined with multivariate data processing methods as artificial neural network has been demonstrated to have a promising potential for rapid non-destructive analysis of food quality. It may be applicable in quality control of raw material, food processing or products. This technique cannot completely replace reference methods like the use of sensory panels as the technique requires a frequent calibration against some valid reference method. As with all new techniques there remain some basic problems to be solved concerning sample handling and instrumental performance. The emerging research activity in the development of chemical sensors including hardware and software combined with applied research makes it realistic to expect applications with this technique implemented on-line in the food industry in near future. In particular, promising applications on meat seem to be within the field of spoilage, off-flavor, sensory analysis and fermentation processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The Council of Europe approach to toxicity testing and toxicological evaluation.

The differences in national requirements for testing the safety-in-use of certain chemicals such as pesticides, flavourings, plastics food packaging and cosmetic products and their ingredients, has prompted the Council of Europe, an international inter-governmental organisation, to approach these problems through the elaboration of general guidelines for toxicity testing and toxicological evaluation. These are intended as a model for national authorities and manufacturers on the information to be supplied and the procedure to be followed for the inclusion in positive lists of the substances in question and are open to revision or modification at any time.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Comparative metabolism and disposition of acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile in rats.

Aliphatic nitriles are a class of chemicals used in high volumes in the production of plastics and elastomers, in organic synthesis, and in production of a number of food packaging containers. Toxicity and metabolism of acrylonitrile (AN) are well characterized. On the other hand, minimal information is available on the toxicity or fate of structurally related, methacrylonitrile (MAN). In an attempt to predict the toxicity of MAN, the present studies were designed to compare the disposition of both nitriles in rats. After gavage administration of equimolar doses (0.87 mmol/kg) of 2-14C-MAN or 2-14C-AN to male F344 rats, both chemicals were well absorbed from the GI tract and distributed to all major tissues. However, major differences in the disposition of the two nitriles were observed. While approximately 39% of the administered MAN dose was eliminated as CO2 in 24 h after dosing, only 11% of an equimolar dose of AN was eliminated as such. In addition, 31% of the MAN dose was exhaled as organic volatiles in 24 h compared to less than 2% of an equivalent AN dose. MAN and acetone were identified by HPLC analysis of expired organic volatiles from MAN-treated rats. HPLC analysis showed that AN is the only organic volatile exhaled by AN-treated rats. Urinary excretion of MAN was 22% compared to 67% of an equivalent dose of AN. The major urinary metabolite from AN results from direct conjugation with GSH, whereas the major urinary metabolite from MAN results from conjugation of the epoxide with GSH.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acetone↗
PubMed2000

Toxicokinetics of bisphenol A in female DA/Han rats after a single i.v. and oral administration.

Bisphenol A [BPA; 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane] is a monomer used in the manufacture of resins with a wide range of applications, e.g. plastic coatings in the food packaging industry. BPA has been shown to have a weak oestrogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Despite its low oestrogenic potency there is concern that, as a consequence of slow clearance, BPA might reach biologically significant levels in humans and animals exposed to environmental levels. To address this concern, we assessed the kinetic behaviour of BPA in female DA/Han rats. Groups of female rats received 10 mg BPA/kg body weight intravenously or 10 or 100 mg BPA/kg body weight orally (by gavage). Blood samples were collected at different time-points and plasma was prepared. Free BPA in the samples was isolated by fluid-fluid extraction. BPA was measured by GC-MS which allowed the reliable determination of BPA concentrations as low as approximately 10 ng/ml plasma. Immediately after i.v. administration, the BPA plasma concentration was in the range of about 15 microg/ml and decreased rapidly within the first hour (to 700 ng/ml). The levels declined further (100 ng/ml at 2 h), and after 24 h the analytical detection limit was reached. BPA was detected in plasma as early as 10 min after gavage administration, indicating rapid initial uptake from the gastrointestinal tract. Absorption of BPA was variable. In animals receiving 10 mg/kg, maximal plasma levels were reached after 1.5 h (31 ng/ ml) and 6 h (40 ng/ml). In animals receiving 100 mg/kg, plasma levels reached maxima around 30 min (150 ng/ml) and 3 h (134 ng/ml) after administration. After 48 h BPA was at or below the detection limit in both dose groups. Fluctuations in the BPA plasma concentrations over time point to the possibility of enterohepatic recirculation and protracted absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Using the area under the concentration-time curves (AUCs), low bioavailabilities of 16.4% and 5.6% were calculated for the 10 and 100 mg/kg dose groups, respectively. The toxicokinetic properties of BPA in DA/Han rats are in agreement with the hypothesis of a rapid first-pass elimination by the liver and efficient metabolic clearance of low oral doses. Only excessive doses may lead to bioaccumulation if detoxification pathways are saturated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Influence of storage environment, surface coating, and individual shrink wrapping on quality assurance of guava (Psidium guajava) fruits.

Guava (Psidium guajava) fruits of cv. L-49 with individual shrink wrapping using 9 micro LLDPE film could be successfully stored up to 12 days at ambient and 18 days in evaporative cool chamber with negligible loss in vitamin C content. The untreated fruits lose 25-30% of ascorbic acid within 1 week after harvest. Delay in senescence and metabolic activities as supported by less changes in soluble solids, sugars, acidity, respiration, and ethylene evaluation rate was also observed in individual shrink wrapped fruits in cool chamber. The spoilage of fruits by Fusarium rots was significantly less in cool chamber in individually shrink wrapped fruits followed by Sta-fresh treatment. Sta-fresh was more effective in cool chamber than ambient. Individually stored wrapped fruits scored a better value of sensory score than Sta-fresh under both the storage condition.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed2005

Effects of dietary fats versus carbohydrates on coronary heart disease: a review of the evidence.

Recommendations arising from the traditional diet-coronary heart disease (CHD) paradigm, which focuses on effects of total and saturated fat on serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, may have failed to reduce CHD risk and inadvertently exacerbated dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and weight gain, particularly among individuals who are older, female, sedentary, or obese. A suitable dietary paradigm must consider types and qualities of fats and carbohydrates consumed, their effects on a range of intermediary risk factors, and characteristics that may modify individual susceptibility. Based on current evidence, replacement of total, unsaturated, and even possibly saturated fats with refined, high-glycemic index carbohydrates is unlikely to reduce CHD risk and may increase risk in persons predisposed to insulin resistance. In contrast, a diet that is 1) rich in whole grains and other minimally processed carbohydrates; 2) includes moderate amounts of fats (approximately 30%-40% of total energy), particularly unsaturated fats and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats from seafood and plant sources; 3) is lower in refined grains and carbohydrates; and 4) eliminates packaged foods, baked goods, and fast foods containing trans fatty acids, will likely reduce the risk of CHD.

Coronary Disease↗