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PubMed1999

Cardiovascular risk factors in Italy.

In the 1950s the Italian population was known for its low mean levels of major cardiovascular risk factors and serum cholesterol in particular. A definite increase of those mean levels was associated, in the next 2 decades, with increasing death rates from cardiovascular diseases and coronary heart disease. Between the late 1970s and early 1990s cardiovascular death rates declined by over 40%. Large population surveys showed, between 1978 and 1987, small decreases in the mean levels of blood pressure (in both sexes), of smoking habits (in men), and of body weight (in women), while serum cholesterol remained stable. These changes mathematically explained about two-thirds of the observed decline in cardiovascular mortality among middle-aged people. In the late 1980s and early 1990s scattered population studies suggested a decline in mean population levels of serum cholesterol, at least in some areas of the country. More coordinated or systematic preventive campaigns were organized by the public health authorities. On the other hand activities of many small private organizations dealing with heart health likely explain the spread of knowledge, attitude, and practice in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Food industry started to produce low-fat products and to label foods with nutrition facts. Changes in food consumption in the beneficial direction started to be recorded in the late 1980s. The spread of antihypertensive treatment was partly favored by the National Health Service offering anti-hypertensive drugs at relatively low cost. Government regulations have more and more restricted the public areas where smoking is allowed. An increasing interest for prevention on the part of physicians is a recent issue, mainly bound to the success of some major controlled trials of hypocholesterolemic drugs.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Is it food allergy? Differentiating the causes of adverse reactions to food.

Foods can produce adverse symptoms in various ways, and the patient's history can help determine whether allergy or some other mechanism is responsible. The history has limitations, however, as it is primarily subjective. Therefore, diagnostic confirmation is very important. Strict avoidance of the allergenic food is the primary course of treatment. Education is imperative to ensure that patients understand food labels and recognize the different names used to designate a specific food. Prompt treatment with epinephrine when an acute reaction occurs can make a life-or-death difference.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

Anti-gliadin and anti-endomysium antibodies in children with celiac disease consuming a gluten free diet.

A group of 26 children (13 boys and 13 girls; average age 12.2 years) with CD who had been on a gluten free diet for 5-15 years was examined in order to find out how effectively they could manage their diet. The diagnosis of CD was established on the basis of ESPGAN criteria (1969). 5-15 years ago. Antigliadin antibodies, IgG-, and IgA-AGA (by fluorescence enzyme immunoassay), Gliastick by ELISA technique, and Anti-endomysium antibodies (by indirect immunofluorescence on sections of monkey esophagus) were examined in the serum. Only 5 patients had no antigliadin or anti-endomysium antibodies. In 21 cases the IgG-AGA showed positive results; the IgA-AGA was positive in 6, the Gliastick in 19, and the anti-endomysium antibodies in 8 cases. The main cause of the mismanagement of the diet was inadequate food labeling; so it seems to be important to also establish a Food Intolerance Data Bank in Hungary. The 5 sero-negative children volunteered for a gluten challenge; 3 of them became positive in a few weeks or months. Two patients remained negative even after 1 year. Their gluten sensitivity may not prove to be permanent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Usage of food and beverage labels by supermarket shoppers in Brasilia, Brazil].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether adults who shop in supermarkets in one part of Brasilia, the capital city of Brazil, use the information contained in food and beverage labels, as well as to characterize this usage. METHODS: This study was done in five supermarkets in the Plano Piloto (Pilot Plan) central core area of Brasilia. The research was carried out in two stages: (1) a quantitative stage, based on a cross-sectional study, during which 250 individuals were randomly selected and surveyed in the supermarkets; and (2) a qualitative stage, in which 25 individuals who had participated in the first stage underwent more extensive individual interviews. RESULTS: Of the 250 persons surveyed, 187 of them (74.8%) reported that they usually read food and beverage labels. However, only 25.7% of the consumers who consulted the labels did so for all foods and beverages. Of the persons who read the labels, the majority (59.9%) only read the labels for specific foods, including milk, dairy products, canned foods, sausages, and diet products. The information that shoppers most often wanted to know from the labels was the number of calories and the fat and sodium content. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the need to utilize our findings in improving the existing educational strategies for promoting healthy eating. We suggest that consumers, food producers, and food distributors all be involved in developing strategies for nutrition education.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Effect of roasting history and buffer composition on peanut protein extraction efficiency.

Peanut is a major allergenic food. Undeclared peanut (allergens) from mis-formulation or contamination during food processing pose a potential risk for sensitized individuals and must be avoided. Reliable detection and quantification methods for food allergens are necessary in order to ensure compliance with food labelling and to improve consumer protection. The extraction of proteins from allergenic foods and complex food products is an important step in any allergen detection method. In this study, the protein extraction efficiency of various buffers prepared in-house and some extraction buffers included in some commercial allergen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test kits for peanut determination in food products were tested. In addition, the effect of roasting history on the extractability of peanut protein was investigated by the biuret and the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assays. Elevated roasting temperatures in food processing were found to have a major impact on protein extraction efficiency by reducing protein yields of oil and dry roasted peanuts by 50-75% and 75-80%, respectively, compared with the raw material. Extraction buffers operating in the higher pH range (pH 8-11) showed best yields.

Allergens↗
PubMed1986

The dietary intake of added and natural sugars in 405 English adolescents.

A number of reports have urged a reduction in sugars intake. Implementing this advice depends upon knowledge of sugars intake by target groups. This paper reports the added and natural sugars intake by one target group--young adolescents. The diet of 405 children was recorded using a 3-day diary with interview repeated five times between September 1979 and July 1981. Food tables (Paul & Southgate, 1978) were used and the values for the sugars content of the food items altered to provide both added sugars and natural sugars concentration. The mean daily intake of added and natural sugars respectively, for the 193 boys was 85 g (s.d. 22), 39 g (s.d. 12), and for the 212 girls was 78 g (s.d. 24), 35 g (s.d. 12). Added sugars contributed, on average, 69 per cent of total sugars and 15 per cent of energy intake. Confectionery, table sugar and soft drinks together contained 71 per cent of the added sugars intake, while milk, fruit and their products provided the majority of the natural sugars. It is considered that major reductions of sugars intake would be possible in these children by restricting the intake of a small number of groups of foods of low nutrient density. Food labelling of sugars content would enable consumers to make sensible choices of foods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

[Absorption of 14C-leucine and 15N-leucine in rats after feeding a fish meal diet in comparison with a gelatin diet].

Albino rats received after nine days of adaptation to a fish meal diet in comparison with a gelatin diet 14C-U-Leucine and 15N-L-leucine via a pellet made from the specific diet after food deprivation for 15 h. Thereafter, the experimental animals consumed the non-labelled experimental diet ad libitum. Five times after the pellet intake, 30 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after injection of the labelled food, four experimental rats were sacrificed. The contents of the digestive tract and tissue samples were examined for 14C and 15N. We detected to following percentages of 14C-intake or the intake of 15N-excess (15N') in the TCA-soluble fraction of the gastric contents: [Formula: see text] We found in the TCA-soluble fraction of digesta of small intestine the following percentage of intake: [Formula see text] Where these values regarded as non-absorbed leucine, the 14C values obtained up to four hour period of experiment would be too high. Presumably, they are in the case of both diets simulated by other 14C-metabolites which originate from the leucine catabolism and reach the intestinal lumen. Amino acids labelled with 15N should be preferred in studies on the absorption of amino acids because, in case of catabolism, the 15N-aminogroup is excreted mainly in the form of urea via urine.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2005

Introduction to and perspectives from the Symposium on Nutrient Disease Relationships: closing the scientific knowledge gap.

The U.S. Congress through the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 authorized the use of health claims on food labels. These claims describe the relationship between a substance and a disease or health-related condition. In addition, Congress directed the U.S. FDA to apply a significant scientific agreement standard in approving these claims. Since 1990, the FDA has approved several health claims, but has also denied claims that did not meet this standard. The purpose of The Nutrient Disease Relationships: Closing the Scientific Knowledge Gap symposium was to provide researchers with perspectives to keep in mind when designing studies that examine the relationship between a nutrient and a disease or health-related condition, to help close the scientific knowledge gap for nutrient-disease relationships of scientific, consumer, and public health interest.

Health Education↗
PubMed2006

Bringing the sense back into healthy eating advice.

Conflicting messages about diet in the media, including publicity for "fad" diets, tend to distort the public's understanding of healthy eating. Several myths also persist, such as "skipping meals is a good way to lose weight," "all fats are bad" or "carbohydrates should be limited when trying to lose weight" Food labels, including the "traffic light" system, may also be confusing for some people. Food preferences vary between individuals, but health professionals can help guide individuals and towards a varied, balanced diet. This will include foods the individual and family enjoy, but based on appropriate proportions of all the five food groups, cooked in healthy ways. Some simple healthy eating tips are given to pass on to clients.

Feeding Behavior↗
PubMed2000

Tracer studies of food absorption in the digestive tract of Nautilus pompilius (Cephalopoda, Tetrabranchiata).

In Nautilus pompilius, tracer experiments with 14C-labelled food show that the midgut gland, caecum and crop are involved in absorption of nutrients. According to liquid scintillation and light- and electron-microscopic autoradiography, the midgut gland exhibits the highest activity, followed by the caecum and crop. The density of silver precipitates is highest in the terminal alveoli of the midgut gland. Precipitates are also seen in the main cells of the caecal epithelium. Few precipitates are found in the lamina epithelialis mucosae of the crop, indicating that, in addition to food storage, digestive processes begin in this organ. These results have been confirmed by injection of the protein ferritin into the buccal cavity. The largest amount of ferritin is seen in the dense bodies of the main cells of the midgut gland, whereas those of the main cells of the caecum and crop contain less ferritin.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Evaluation of how satisfactory is carbohydrate counting in patients with diabetes].

INTRODUCTION: Carbohydrate counting is probably the most precise and flexible meal planning approach available, especially for those with type 1 diabetes (DM1). OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of satisfaction of that approach in patients treated by intensive insulin therapy. METHODS: 50 DM1 patients submitted to carbohydrate counting for 6 months answered a questionnaire related to the lifestyle. RESULTS: The answers were favorable in: >80% to requirements related to the choice of the number of meals, to eat out, schedules of meals and social and daily activities, glycemic monitorization and interest in reading food labels; 60% to 80% answered favorably to topics related to the choice of the food type, the amount of food, the consumption of food rich in sugar and the participation of last minute activities. CONCLUSIONS: According to the participants' opinion, carbohydrate counting is a very well accepted procedure, allowing a better lifestyle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Label claims for foods and supplements: a review of the regulations.

Consumers are confronted with a vast array of food and dietary supplement products claiming to improve health, manage conditions, and reduce disease risks. Most consumers are unaware of the legal requirements, regulatory processes, and scientific evaluation that underlie these label statements. Labeling for foods and dietary supplements is regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Regulations cover 3 main types of health-related statements: health claims, structure/function claims, and nutrient content claims. Health claims must be supported by "significant scientific agreement" among experts that the claimed benefit of a food or food component on a disease or health-related condition is true. When significant scientific agreement is lacking, qualifying statements may be required on the label to describe the strength of the evidence that supports the claim. Structure/function claims describe an effect of a product on body structure or function, and whereas these claims must be truthful and not misleading, they are not subject to premarket scientific review and approval. Nutrient content claims describe the level of a nutrient in a food or supplement and require FDA approval. By understanding the regulatory framework behind label statements and claims, health care professionals can better assist their patients and clients in making informed decisions.

Dietary Supplements↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Polymerase chain reaction techniques for food allergen detection.

Food allergies represent an important health problem in industrialized countries. Undeclared allergenic foods as contaminants in food products pose a major risk for sensitized persons. Reliable detection and quantification methods for food allergens are necessary to ensure compliance with food labeling and improve consumer protection. The methods currently used for the detection of potential allergens in foods are to target either the allergen itself or a marker that indicates the presence of the offending food. As markers for the presence of potentially allergenic foods or ingredients, specific proteins or DNA fragments are targeted. In routine food analysis, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the form of a real-time PCR or in combination with an ELISA have been used. The availability, the characteristics, and some future aspects of DNA-based methods in the rapid and sensitive detection of potentially allergenic food constituents or contaminations are discussed in this review.

Allergens↗
PubMed1982

Mineral contents of selected pre-prepared food sampled in a hospital food service line.

Twenty-four pre-prepared foods sampled as served at the VA hospital in Tacoma, Washington, were analyzed for contents of nine minerals (sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, and phosphorus). Samples were taken at three different times during the menu cycle. There were significant differences among the three monthly sampling times for nearly all minerals. Variation by month was partly attributed to varying proportions of food components in mixed food samples received in the food service line and to different manufacturers, food lots, and sources of raw materials. Two prepared foods labeled "low-sodium" contained 36 to 43 percent as much sodium as the comparable "regular" foods.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Covalent binding of food carcinogens MeIQx, MeIQ and IQ to DNA and protein in microsomal incubations and isolated rat hepatocytes.

The metabolic activation of 14C-labelled food carcinogens 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) and 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) to macromolecular bound species was studied in microsomal and hepatocellular incubations. Several data indicated that the covalent binding was dependent on P450 enzymes: It was dependent on NADPH, it was induced many times by the P450 IA1 and IA2 upregulators beta-naphthoflavone and polychlorinated biphenyls, and was inhibited by the P450 IA1 and IA2 inhibitor alpha-naphthoflavone. In both hepatocellular and microsomal incubations the three compounds bound with similar efficiency, with IQ being somewhat more potent compared to MeIQx and MeIQ. The binding appeared to follow saturation kinetics with Km values less than 20 microM. In incubations with hepatocytes the compounds bound to both cellular DNA and to bovine serum albumin in the medium. The fact that 13-26% of total adducts were formed with bovine serum albumin, indicates that reactive metabolites of the compounds may be transported and react at distant sites from their formation without any further activation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The need for special foods and sugar substitutes by individuals with diabetes mellitus.

The need for special dietary products marketed for use by individuals with diabetes mellitus and the safety and efficacy of certain nutritive sweetener substitutes for sucrose are reviewed. Special foods for individuals with diabetes mellitus are not necessary to achieve the dietary objectives recommended by leading United States and European authorities. They can be achieved conveniently and at minimum expense through enlightened choices of commonly available food items. At present, specific and unique characteristics of food products with special therapeutic properties for diets of diabetic individuals cannot be delineated or defined on rational nutritional grounds. Such terms as "diet", "dietetic", and "diabetic" on food labels have no uniform meaning for consumers, and diabetologists have observed that patients tend to consume such foods without regard to their energy content. Some consumers regard the reduced-calorie and low-calorie prepared food products as convenient in diets for weight reduction and diabetes although their use in dietary management of diabetes has no therapeutic basis other than weight reduction and maintenance. When fed as pure substances to fasted subjects, the nonglucose carbohydrate nutritive sweeteners, fructose, xylitol, and sorbitol, are absorbed relatively slowly and produce less postprandial hyperglycemia and insulin response than sucrose or glucose. Adequate studies of their long-term effectiveness when ingested as part of mixed meals have not been conducted. Although these sucrose substitutes are generally considered safe, the significance of recent information on possible carcinogenicity of oral xylitol in long-term feeding studies has not been fully evaluated. In view of the lack of certain essential information on the long-term effectiveness of various diets in preventing or mitigating the chronic debilitating complication of diabetes, suggestions for future research are included.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1995

Nutrition labeling: energy values of foods and fat substitutes.

The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires the listing of all food ingredients on the label. However, until this year, nutrition labeling for most foods was not required. The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, passed by the US Congress in November 1990, requires nutrition labeling (on the package or at the site of purchase) of virtually all foods packaged after May 8, 1994. (A law was passed by Congress and signed by the President of the United States on May 26, 1994, that delayed applicability of the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act until after August 8, 1994, for certain products whose labels were printed before May 8, 1994, and for which there was supporting documentation that after August 8, 1994, the product labels would be in compliance.) Prominent among the nutrition information required is labeling of the total energy content of food and the energy content derived from fat. In Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, five methods are specified for determining the energy content of foods. The US Food and Drug Administration expects also to include specific food factors (digestibility coefficients) in food additive and GRAS (generally recognized as safe) listings for calculating the energy values of novel foods and ingredients.

Consumer Product Safety↗