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PubMed1997

Risk and the food safety chain: animal health, public health and the environment.

Food safety related to the consumption of animal-derived protein encompasses a wide variety of production and processing procedures which begins with the farm and inputs to the animals on the farm (e.g. feed and water) and includes the environment in which animals are reared. Hazards may be physical, artificial or naturally-occurring chemicals, organisms which cannot reproduce outside a specified life-cycle (e.g., parasites such as tapeworm in pigs) or viruses. Other microbes reproduce in the gastrointestinal tract of food animals as well as on the surface of food and in the environment. Methods of risk assessment for physical and chemical hazards have been used for many years. However, with microbial pathogens which can survive and grow on meat, in soil, water or other media, risk assessment methods are at the early stages of development. Due to the broad habitat range, the role of microbial pathogens in the food safety of meat, poultry, fruit and vegetables is important. The use of antibiotics in livestock species may accelerate the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microbial pathogens, potentially complicating treatment for both animals and humans. The authors discuss the food chain, risk analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points in relation to foodborne pathogens, and introduce general strategies for improving pathogen control on the farm.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A semiquantitative approach for evaluating safety assurance levels for Salmonella spp. throughout a food production chain.

Various safety assurance measures are implemented in Switzerland throughout the food production chain to prevent foods of animal origin from being contaminated with Salmonella. The data that are generated from the implementation of these measures are dispersed and heterogeneous. This hinders a general overview and makes a comprehensive national evaluation of the safety assurance level difficult. A semiquantitative method that considers the quality and relevance of the various safety assurance measures for Salmonella spp. was developed. The method uses the data generated from the implementation of safety assurance measures on a national basis (gathered by interviewing stakeholders in the production step). By assembling and analyzing the data systematically, the safety assurance level for Salmonella spp. can be evaluated at every step of the food production chain. This method allows the detection of strengths and weaknesses of the safety system. The systematic evaluation procedures permit comparisons between production steps and product categories. The method was used for evaluating the safety assurance levels throughout the production chain of eggs and egg products in Switzerland. Results of the analysis showed that the overall safety assurance levels for Salmonella spp. at all production steps for eggs and egg products were good. The relatively straightforward implementation of the method made it particularly appropriate in the context of a preliminary evaluation. The method does not have the same high level of detail that is provided by microbial quantitative risk assessments, but it allows an analyst to provide meaningful results when the large amount of data required for a quantitative approach are not present while including the entire "farm to fork" continuum. It may be used as a basis for more in-depth assessments of food safety levels within various production sectors. The method could be adapted for evaluating the safety assurance for other zoonotic foodborne pathogens of interest, such as Campylobacter spp.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

An environmental assessment of food supply chains: a case study on dessert apples.

The contemporary food system provides consumers with convenience, extensive choice, and the year-round availability of fresh produce. In this paper these achievements are recognized within the context of the associated environmental impacts. While many analyses have considered the energy and material efficiency of various options for food production and packaging, very few studies have investigated the environmental impacts of the transport components of food supply chains. This is surprising, given that the global sourcing of food produce, centralized distribution systems, and shopping by car have become prevalent in recent decades and have contributed to an increase in the distance between producer and consumer or "food miles." In a case study the transport energy consumption is calculated for all possible ways in which dessert apples can be supplied to the UK consumer. The aim is to assess the environmental performance of the predominant fresh produce supply chains and to investigate claims that localized systems are more environmentally efficient. The main criteria used to compare the environmental efficiency in alternative food supply chains are the transport-related fossil-fuel energy consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions. Analysis of the empirical data shows that transportation is now responsible for a considerable fraction of the total energy consumption in the life cycle of fresh apples, and in most cases exceeds the energy consumed in commercial apple cultivation. By developing local production and marketing systems for fresh products, transport demand can be reduced and many of the environmental impacts associated with existing supply chains can be avoided. The results of the study are then discussed in relation to the wider issues of transport policy, international trade, food security, and product-related environmental information for consumers.

Commerce↗
PubMed1986

[Evaluation of different-stage levels of ciguatera toxicity of the marine food fish chain found around Saint Barthélemy Island in French Antilles].

A total of 259 specimens of 32 potentially ciguatoxic fish species from St-Barthelemy, Leeward Islands in the Caribbean sea were checked for ciguatoxin. It was found that flesh and viscera from 229 specimens belonging to 27 species (essentially bottom-dwelling species) were ciguatoxic. No correlation between toxicity and species size or diet was demonstrated since five of the six highly ciguatoxic species Seriola dumerili, Caranx latus, Caranx bartholomaei, Caranx ruber and Scomberomorus cavalla are large roving predators feeding mainly on fishes while the last species (Alphestes afer) is a benthic resident of very small size (less than 300 g) which feeds mainly on invertebrates. Small (less than 1 kg) benthic carnivorous fishes (invertebrate feeders), such as Bodianus rufus, Priacanthus arenatus, Mulloidichtys martinicus, Malacanthus plumieri and Halichoeres radiatus, are significantly ciguatoxic and play an important role in the transmission of ciguatoxin in the food chain. Other ciguatoxic species included large carnivorous fishes and the small surgeon Acanthurus bahianus. Furthermore, additional results suggest that most of edible benthic species from Saint-Barthelemy harbour ciguatoxin as well, though at an extremely low level. The ciguatera food chain in the Caribbean sea is therefore comparable with that described in the Pacific Ocean, except concerning small invertebrate feeders since their role in this chain is demonstrated for the first time.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Identifying predator-prey processes from time-series.

The functional response is a key element in predator-prey models as well as in food chains and food webs. Classical models consider it as a function of prey abundance only. However, many mechanisms can lead to predator dependence, and there is increasing evidence for the importance of this dependence. Identification of the mathematical form of the functional response from real data is therefore a challenging task. In this paper we apply model-fitting to test if typical ecological predator-prey time series data, which contain both observation error and process error, can give some information about the form of the functional response. Working with artificial data (for which the functional response is known) we will show that with moderate noise levels, identification of the model that generated the data is possible. However, the noise levels prevailing in real ecological time-series can give rise to wrong identifications. We will also discuss the quality of parameter estimation by fitting differential equations to such time-series.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Factors impacting the acceptance of traceability in the food supply chain in the United States of America.

Global demands for increased food safety and quality assurance programmes, increased global competition, changing government rules and regulations, political and trade barriers, bioterrorism, and identity preservation requirements in global markets are affecting the world's food supply chain. To satisfy changing market demands, all suppliers in the food supply chain must adaptto these global issues. Total asset visibility must be maintained in production, in process, in storage, and in transit.

Animal Identification Systems↗
PubMed2003

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements in edible body tissues of lambs grazing after a single application of sewage sludge.

The application of sewage sludge to grassland can lead to the accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) at the soil surface that may be ingested, together with soil and herbage, by grazing ruminants. To investigate the extent to which the method of application of sludge to grassland might influence the accumulation of PTEs in body tissues of grazing sheep, two experiments were undertaken using grassland overlying two contrasting types of soil. At both sites, plots were either untreated or given liquid digested sludge in a single application in either autumn or spring by surface spreading or by injection. Weaned lambs were grazed on the experimental sites for 149 days (Experiment 1) or 160 days (Experiment 2). Muscle, kidney and liver tissues were assayed for concentrations of PTEs at each slaughter date. Applications of sludge were reflected in elevated concentrations of Pb and Cu in soil in Experiment 1 only (P < 0.05). Total loadings of PTEs for the treated grasslands did not exceed UK statutory limits to annual additions to soil. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of PTEs in herbage between untreated and treated sites, with the exception of the concentration of Cu in herbage after surface application in the spring (Experiment 2). At the end of Experiment 1 the concentration of Cd tended to be higher in kidney tissues of lambs grazed on the pastures amended with sludge in the autumn compared to lambs grazed on untreated pastures. No other treatment effects were evident. Concentrations of PTEs in edible tissues of lambs grazed on grassland given a single dose of sludge were generally low and unlikely to pose a significant risk to the food chain. However, reduced food intake was observed in lambs grazed on grassland which had received sludge recently, indicating that the 21-day UK statutory no-grazing period should be reviewed in relation to grassland given sewage sludge in the spring.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Dealing with variability in food production chains: a tool to enhance the sensitivity of epidemiological studies on phytochemicals.

BACKGROUND: Many epidemiological studies have tried to associate the intake of certain food products with a reduced risk for certain diseases. Results of these studies are often ambiguous, conflicting, or show very large deviations of trends. Nevertheless, a clear and often reproduced inverse association is observed between total vegetable and fruit consumption and cancer risk. Examples of components that have been indicated to have a potential protective effect in food and vegetables include antioxidants, allium compounds and glucosinolates. AIM: The food production chain can give a considerable variation in the level of bioactive components in the products that are consumed. In this paper the effects of this variability in levels of phytochemicals in food products on the sensitivity of epidemiological studies are assessed. METHODS: Information on the effect of variation in different steps of the food production chain of Brassica vegetables on their glucosinolate content is used to estimate the distributions in the levels in the final product that is consumed. Monte Carlo simulations of an epidemiological cohort study with 30,000 people have been used to assess the likelihood of finding significant associations between food product intake and reduced cancer risk. RESULTS: By using the Monte Carlo simulation approach, it was shown that if information on the way of preparation of the products by the consumer was quantified, the statistical power of the study could at least be doubled. The statistical power could be increased by at least a factor of five if all variation of the food production chain could be accounted for. CONCLUSIONS: Variability in the level of protective components arising from the complete food production chain can be a major disturbing factor in the identification of associations between food intake and reduced risk for cancer. Monte Carlo simulation of the effect of the food production chain on epidemiological cohort studies has identified possible improvements in the set up of such studies. The actual effectiveness of food compounds already identified as cancer-protective by current imprecise methods is likely to be much greater than estimated at present.

Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
PubMed2005

The incorporation of iodine in thyroid hormone may stem from its role as a prehistoric signal of ecologic opportunity: an evolutionary perspective and implications for modern diseases.

To optimize fitness under conditions of varying Darwinian opportunity, organisms demonstrate tremendous plasticity in their life-history strategies based on their perception of available resources. Higher-energy environments generally promote more aggressive life-history strategies, such as faster growth, larger adult size, greater genetic variation, shorter lifespan, larger brood sizes, and offspring ratio skewed towards the larger-sized gender. While numerous mechanisms regulate life-history plasticity including genetic imprinting, methylation, and growth factors, evidence suggests that thyroid hormone plays a central role. Given the pivotal adaptive role of thyroid hormone, the teleology of its dependence on dietary iodine for production remains unexplained. We hypothesize that iodine may have emerged as a substrate for production of thyroid hormone in prehistoric ecosystems because the former represented a reliable proxy for ecologic potential that enabled the latter to modulate growth, reproduction, metabolic rate, and lifespan. Such a scenario may have existed in early marine ecosystems where ocean-surface vegetation, which concentrates iodine for its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, formed the basis of the food chain. Teleologic parallels can be drawn to the food-chain accumulation of antimicrobials that also exhibit antioxidant properties and promote adult size, brood size, and offspring quality by modulating central hormonal axes. As each higher species in the food chain tunes its life-history strategy based on iodine intake, the coupling of this functional role of iodine with its value as a resource signal to the next member of the food-chain may promote runaway evolution. Whereas predators in prehistoric ecosystems successfully tuned their life-history strategy using iodine as a major input, the strategy may prove maladaptive in modern humans for whom the pattern of iodine intake is decoupled from resource availability. Iodine acquired through sodium iodide supplementation may independently contribute to some biologic dysfunctions currently attributed to sodium.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Integrated modelling of eutrophication and organic contaminant fate & effects in aquatic ecosystems. A review.

Eutrophication and contamination with micropollutants have been major problems in water quality management. Both problems have been subjected to extensive research and modelling but traditionally are treated separately. Traditional simulation models for aquatic systems can be categorised as eutrophication models, contaminant fate models, food web models and food chain bioaccumulation models. Because they are single issue models, many interactions and feedbacks between the food web, nutrient and toxicant cycles are missed. Linking these models is essential to evaluate the fate and risks of contaminants in systems with changing nutrient loading, to assess the natural attenuation of contaminants or to understand the selfpurifying capacity of ecosystems. Combination of the single issue models requires inclusion of 'interaction processes' to account for the coupling between the (sub-) model types, such as organic carbon cycling. toxicity, transport and accumulation of organic contaminants in the food chain, and bottom up versus top down control of primary production and nutrient cycling. This review first provides a brief overview of traditional approaches in modelling eutrophication, contaminant fate, food web dynamics and food chain bioaccumulation. Second, five existing integrated eutrophication, fate and/or effects models are reviewed. Third, the gaps and limitations in modelling the four types of interaction processes are discussed. It is concluded that these models are invaluable tools to focus attention to feedback mechanisms that are often overlooked, to identify dominating processes in ecosystems, to formulate counterintuitive hypotheses on ecosystem functioning, or to assess short term risks of acutely toxic stressors. However, the potential of integrated models for long term simulations of contaminant exposure. food chain bioaccumulation and effects to higher trophic levels remains limited, mainly because of principal limitations in food web modelling. In contrast, the potential of integrated models for long term simulations of contaminant fate is better because the environmental distribution of contaminants is mainly determined by the major abiotic compartments and by biotic compartments at the base of the food chain.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Habitat loss, trophic collapse, and the decline of ecosystem services.

The provisioning of sustaining goods and services that we obtain from natural ecosystems is a strong economic justification for the conservation of biological diversity. Understanding the relationship between these goods and services and changes in the size, arrangement, and quality of natural habitats is a fundamental challenge of natural resource management. In this paper, we describe a new approach to assessing the implications of habitat loss for loss of ecosystem services by examining how the provision of different ecosystem services is dominated by species from different trophic levels. We then develop a mathematical model that illustrates how declines in habitat quality and quantity lead to sequential losses of trophic diversity. The model suggests that declines in the provisioning of services will initially be slow but will then accelerate as species from higher trophic levels are lost at faster rates. Comparison of these patterns with empirical examples of ecosystem collapse (and assembly) suggest similar patterns occur in natural systems impacted by anthropogenic change. In general, ecosystem goods and services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain. The decrease in terrestrial food chain length predicted by the model parallels that observed in the oceans following overexploitation. The large area requirements of higher trophic levels make them as susceptible to extinction as they are in marine systems where they are systematically exploited. Whereas the traditional species-area curve suggests that 50% of species are driven extinct by an order-of-magnitude decline in habitat abundance, this magnitude of loss may represent the loss of an entire trophic level and all the ecosystem services performed by the species on this trophic level.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Modelling the dynamics of fish contamination by Chernobyl radiocaesium: an analytical solution based on potassium mass balance.

After the sudden fallout from the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, activities and bioaccumulation factors of radiocaesium ((137)Cs, (134)Cs) fluctuated strongly over several years before reaching quasi-equilibrium, with patterns significantly differing among organisms. To model these dynamic relaxation processes based on ecological mechanisms we developed mass balance equations for (137)Cs in an aquatic food chain on the following basis: (a). potassium acts as a biogeochemical analogue ("carrier") of caesium; (b). the concentration of potassium in fish and other animals is effectively constant; (c). the main source of potassium in freshwater fish is the dietary uptake. The model is applicable to linear food chains of any number of trophic levels, while solutions evaluated here include the following food chain compartments: water, invertebrates (fish food), non-piscivorous fish, and piscivorous fish. The activity concentration in the water, which is considered as the secondary source of (137)Cs, is described by multi-component first-order decay function, although two components (fast and slow) are often sufficient to provide agreement with empirical data. In every compartment the turnover rate of caesium is considered as a constant over time. The analytical solution of the model equations describes the (137)Cs activity concentration in every compartment as a series of exponential functions, of which some are derived from the source pattern, and the others determined by the (137)Cs turnover rate in each food chain compartment. The model was tested with post-Chernobyl data from several long-term studies in lakes and provided a reasonable description of important radioecological aspects.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Decoding the spatiotemporal patterns of food spoilage microbial communities: Integrating multi-omics and artificial intelligence to enable precision preservation.

In the global food supply chain, food wastage caused by spoilage has resulted in significant economic losses, food shortages, and environmental pressure. This process is fundamentally driven by the spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial communities. However, traditional research methods struggle to elucidate the complex mechanisms of spatial heterogeneity, interspecies interactions, and functional succession. This limits the development of effective preservation strategies. This review systematically reviews the cutting-edge progress of integrating multi-omics technologies and artificial intelligence (AI) to study food spoilage microbial communities, breaking through this bottleneck. We propose an intelligent theoretical framework that could potentially analyze microbial metabolic activities and predict dynamic shelf life if implemented. The conceptual framework integrates multidimensional data, including spatial metabolomics, temporal metatranscriptomics, single-cell transcriptomics, and longitudinal metagenomics. It can also be combined with AI models, such as graph neural networks. The article elaborates on the principles and applications of spatio-temporal monitoring technologies, such as nano secondary ion mass spectrometry, hyperspectral imaging, and the Internet of Things sensing. Through illustrative cases of typical perishable foods, it also explores how such a multi-omics - AI system might be applied to spoilage warning and precise intervention. Additionally, the article addresses the current challenges in data coverage, model generalization, and federated learning implementation. Then the research further explores emerging areas such as engineered probiotics, edge AI, and microfluidic sensing. These areas are targeted at transforming food preservation from an empirical control approach to a data-driven, precise regulatory framework. This transformation provides theoretical support and technical approaches for developing a smart, sustainable food preservation system.

Multiomics↗
PubMed2003

Survey of arsenic and other heavy metals in food composites and drinking water and estimation of dietary intake by the villagers from an arsenic-affected area of West Bengal, India.

An investigation of arsenic, copper, nickel, manganese, zinc and selenium concentration in foodstuffs and drinking water, collected from 34 families and estimation of the average daily dietary intake were carried out in the arsenic-affected areas of the Jalangi and Domkal blocks, Murshidabad district, West Bengal where arsenic-contaminated groundwater (mean: 0.11 mg/l, n=34) is the main source for drinking. The shallow large diameter tubewells, installed for agricultural irrigation contain an appreciable amount of arsenic (mean: 0.094 mg/l, n=10). So some arsenic can be expected in the food chain and food cultivated in this area. Most of the individual food composites contain a considerable amount of arsenic. The mean arsenic levels in food categories are vegetables (20.9 and 21.2 microg/kg), cereals and bakery goods (130 and 179 microg/kg) and spices (133 and 202 microg/kg) for the Jalangi and Domkal blocks, respectively. For all other heavy metals, the observed mean concentration values are mostly in good agreement with the reported values around the world (except higher zinc in cereals). The provisional tolerable daily intake value of inorganic arsenic microg/kg body wt./day) is: for adult males (11.8 and 9.4); adult females (13.9 and 11); and children (15.3 and 12) in the Jalangi and Domkal blocks, respectively (according to FAO/WHO report, the value is 2.1 microg/kg body wt./day). According to WHO, intake of 1.0 mg of inorganic arsenic per day may give rise to skin lesions within a few years. The average daily dietary intake of copper, nickel and manganese is high, whereas for zinc, the value is low (for adult males: 8.34 and 10.2 mg/day; adult females: 8.26 and 10.3 mg/day; and children: 4.59 and 5.66 mg/day) in the Jalangi and Domkal blocks, respectively, compared to the recommended dietary allowance of zinc for adult males, adult females and children (15, 12 and 10 mg/day, respectively). The average daily dietary intake of selenium microg/kg body wt./day) is on the lower side for the children (1.07 and 1.22), comparable for the adult males (0.81 and 0.95) and slightly on the higher side for the adult females (1.08 and 1.26), compared to the recommended value (1.7 and 0.9 microg/kg body wt./day for infants and adults, respectively).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

HACCP implementation in food businesses: the need for a flexible approach.

There is a considerable literature on microbiological hazards which cause food-borne diseases and illnesses, and factors which influence their occurrence and growth in foods. Similarly, stages in the food chain where foods may be mishandled, and practices which often lead to outbreaks of food-borne diseases are well documented. Although these hazards and practices can be controlled in order to prevent or minimise risks to health, food-borne diseases have continued to present a serious challenge to public health. Because the traditional approaches of inspection and end-product testing have proved inadequate in tackling the problem of food-borne diseases, there is an urgent need to apply more rational and effective strategies. One such strategy is the Hazard Analysis, Critical Control Points (HACCP) system which is currently in international discussion. This paper examines the epidemiological basis for the application of HACCP to food safety control and describes its advantages. It is concluded that to realise the objectives of HACCP, a flexible and simple approach is needed in its practical application across food businesses. Any argument that the system cannot be applied without fully developed and well structured food systems will ultimately reduce its potential usefulness in food safety control.

Consumer Product Safety↗
PubMed2001

Indirect exposure assessment at the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

In the early 1980s, exposures and subsequent health impact assessments from contaminants emitted into the air from stationary sources focused on the inhalation pathway. This 'direct' pathway of exposure was thought to be the most critical pathway, as it is for many contaminants. However, by the latter 1980s, the focus at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) shifted to contaminants that would persist in the environment and could bioaccumulate up the food chain. Consumption of impacted food products, and other 'indirect' pathways of exposure, such as soil-related exposures, were shown to result in exposures that exceeded inhalation exposures by two to up to four orders of magnitude. A historical background of indirect exposure assessment at EPA is provided in this paper, followed by an overview of modeling methodologies commonly used in indirect exposure assessments. These methodologies are demonstrated on a contaminant of primary focus for indirect exposure impact, dioxins. Two examples are provided. In the first, an air-to-beef model validation exercise is described. In the second, an indirect exposure assessment on a municipal solid waste incinerator in Ohio conducted by the EPA is summarized. This incinerator emitted very large amounts of dioxin, more than any single source known to EPA. Models were used to predict the movement of dioxins from the stack to a nearby hypothetical farm, where individuals in the farm family were exposed to dioxins from consumption of home-produced beef and milk. The predicted lifetime cancer risk of 2.8 x 10(-4) based on these food pathways was used by EPA's Region 5 to initiate regulatory activity on this incinerator.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2005

Biotechnology: the healthy choice?

Production agriculture is rapidly adopting plant hybrids derived in part from methods of genetic modification (GM), or biotechnology. Consumers in the US are largely unaware of the prevalence of GM in the food chain, and food processors and regulators are uncertain as to how to communicate the benefits of GM to end users. Simultaneously, the nation is demanding healthier foods, one variety of which promises health benefits beyond basic nutrition, the class of which is often referred to as functional foods. This study reports the results of a state-wide survey of food shoppers' attitudes toward GM-foods, and their interest in GM-engineered functional foods over standard counterparts. As compared to females, males preferred a hypothetical GM-hamburger over the traditional counterpart, and older consumers expressed greater interest in heart-healthy benefits. Some support was also found for non-functional benefits such as enhanced shelf-life and improvements to flavor. No differences in preference were found between age groups or based on gender for a hypothetical pasta good. Overall, the two GM-based functional foods were favorably received.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1998

A general framework illustrating an approach to quantitative microbial food safety risk assessment.

Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP), risk assessment, predictive microbiology, and dose-response modeling have been recognized as important tools for the assessment and management of health risks posed by food-borne pathogens. Unfortunately, the biology of both the food chain and food poisoning is complex and dynamic. Therefore, mathematical modeling of microbial risk from food production through to consumption and illness is difficult. Nevertheless, previous authors have made impressive progress in modeling specific pathogen-food-consumer combinations. In this study a framework for a Monte Carlo model of a generic food system was developed. It links together food ingredients, batch processing, cross contamination, microbial growth, cooking, recontamination, consumption, human exposure to pathogens, the dose-response relationship, and the biologic and economic impact components of such risks. This framework is presented to illustrate one potential approach to quantitative risk assessment for microbial food safety. It requires refinement with appropriate distributions and mathematical relationships before it can be applied to a specific pathogen-food-consumer situation.

Food Handling↗