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PubMed2006

Estimating plant-available nitrogen release from manures, composts, and specialty products.

Recent adoption of national rules for organic crop production have stimulated greater interest in meeting crop N needs using manures, composts, and other organic materials. This study was designed to provide data to support Extension recommendations for organic amendments. Specifically, our objectives were to (i) measure decomposition and N released from fresh and composted amendments and (ii) evaluate the performance of the model DECOMPOSITION, a relatively simple N mineralization/immobilization model, as a predictor of N availability. Amendment samples were aerobically incubated in moist soil in the laboratory at 22 degrees C for 70 d to determine decomposition and plant-available nitrogen (PAN) (n = 44), and they were applied preplant to a sweet corn crop to determine PAN via fertilizer N equivalency (n = 37). Well-composted materials (n = 14) had a single decomposition rate, averaging 0.003 d(-1). For uncomposted materials, decomposition was rapid (>0.01 d(-1)) for the first 10 to 30 d. The laboratory incubation and the full-season PAN determination in the field gave similar estimates of PAN across amendments. The linear regression equation for lab PAN vs. field PAN had a slope not different from one and a y-intercept not different than zero. Much of the PAN released from amendments was recovered in the first 30 d. Field and laboratory measurements of PAN were strongly related to PAN estimated by DECOMPOSITION (r(2) > 0.7). Modeled PAN values were typically higher than observed PAN, particularly for amendments exhibiting high initial NH(4)-N concentrations or rapid decomposition. Based on our findings, we recommend that guidance publications for manure and compost utilization include short-term (28-d) decomposition and PAN estimates that can be useful to both modelers and growers.

Carbon↗
PubMed1990

New method for extraction of streptomycete spores from soil and application to the study of lysogeny in sterile amended and nonsterile soil.

A new method for the isolation and enumeration of streptomycete spores from soil was developed. This method makes use of a cation-exchange resin to disperse soil particles. It allowed the detection of 10 spores in 100 g of sterile soil, while ca. 10 could be accurately enumerated in 100 g. This method was applied to studying the fate of a marked actinophage in soil. In sterile amended and nonsterile soil, relatively high numbers of actinophages were only found during the first few days of the experiment when the host streptomycete was in the mycelial form. Later, after sporulation, lysogens could be detected in sterile amended soil and could still be found 60 days after inoculation. Although no lysogens were found in nonsterile soil, the introduced phage could still be detected in the free state after 60 days, albeit at a low titer.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The relevance and prospects of advancing tobacco control in Indonesia.

Using published data about consumption, economic aspects, and legislation, this paper analyzes tobacco control in Indonesia, a major consumer and producer of tobacco products. Given its large population and smoking prevalence, Indonesia ranks fifth among countries with the highest tobacco consumption globally. Over 62% of Indonesian adult males smoke regularly, contributing to a growing burden of non-communicable diseases and enormous demands on the health care system. Tobacco control policies, however, have remained low on the political and public health agenda for many years. One reason was the contribution of tobacco to government revenues and employment, particularly in the industrial sector. But tobacco's importance in employment has fallen significantly since the 1970s from 38% of total manufacturing employment compared with 5.6% today. Widespread use of tobacco since the 1970s and the concomitant burden of non-communicable diseases have given rise to a more balanced view of the costs and benefits of tobacco production over the last decade. The first tobacco control regulation passed in 1999, succeeded by amendments in 2000 and 2003. Today, few restrictions exist on tobacco industry conduct, advertising, and promotion in Indonesia. We examine the relevance and prospects of advancing in Indonesia four cost-effective tobacco control strategies: price and tax measures, advertising bans, clean air legislation, and public education. We conclude with several suggestions for action for the public health community.

Advertising↗
PubMed2003

Monitoring of alkane-degrading bacteria in a sea-water microcosm during crude oil degradation by polymerase chain reaction based on alkane-catabolic genes.

Behaviour of microbial populations responsible for degrading n-alkanes, a major component of crude oil, was monitored during crude oil degradation in a sea-water microcosm by both traditional colony culturing and molecular techniques. A DNA extraction method applicable to crude oil-amended sea-water samples was developed to obtain DNA applicable to most probable number (MPN) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The population of alkane-degrading bacteria responsible for degradation of n-alkanes in a crude oil-amended microcosm altered, so that shorter alkanes were degraded first by alkane-degrading bacteria possessing alkane hydroxylase genes from group I (Kohno et al., 2002, Microb Environ 17: 114-121) and longer ones afterwards by those possessing alkane hydroxylase genes from group II. Thus, the degradation mechanism of the n-alkanes can be clarified during crude oil degradation. Application of the method of detecting different types of alkane-catabolic genes, as shown in the present study, enabled bacterial groups preferring alkanes of either shorter or longer chain lengths to be enumerated selectively.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1999

O'Connor v. Donaldson: retelling a classic and finding some revisionist history.

This article discusses the 1975 Supreme Court opinion O'Connor v. Donaldson. The article first examines the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the basis for the O'Connor ruling. It then looks carefully at the Court's conclusions, with particular attention to the Court's reasoning and analysis. The article goes on to look at how the Supreme Court has interpreted O'Connor on subsequent occasions and suggests that the Court has often misconstrued its own decision. The article concludes by offering thoughts and commentary on the O'Connor opinion and its progeny.

Civil Rights↗
PubMed2005

[Significance of medical data availability for the assessment of prognostic factors in cancer patients. Analysis based on a study of cervical cancer population].

The aim of this study was to estimate the availability of medical records (MR) in population study based on Cancer Registries (CR) data, and to investigate weather the availability of MR correlates with favourable prognostic factors in cervical cancer patients. The cohort consisted of 1386 patients diagnosed between 1993 and 1996 and registered at CR in three Polish cities: Kielce, Opole and Warsaw. Population of these areas covers about 10% of Polish population. The data became amended with information from MR on stage, histopathology and first treatment. The place of living and availability of MR were also considered as prognostic factors. Chi square test was used to compare the differentiation of distribution of prognostic factors between two groups: patients for whom MR were available and remaining group with information available from CR only. A multivariate regression analysis was applied for the evaluation of prognostic factors. MR, available for 75,4% patients, combined with CR data, formed the high quality database allowing analysis of prognostic factors. The availability of MR correlated with more favourable prognostic factors (p<0.0001): earlier stage of disease, younger age and category of microscopic diagnosis. Multivariate analysis confirmed the prognostic meaning of the stage of disease, place of living and availability of MR, however, the last factor was not significant. The analysis confirmed the necessity of including selected clinical prognostic factors into routinely collected data by population CR to allow monitoring of effectiveness of any cancer control project and evaluation of cancer health indicators as recommended by IARC/WHO in EUROCHIP Project.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1991

[Diagnosis and surgical treatment of myasthenia gravis in childhood].

Thirty-year experience in surgical treatment of myasthenia in children and adolescents (175 patients) is generalized. It provides evidence of delayed recognition of this disease in many patients and of prolonged, often ineffective nonoperative treatment. Operation for thymectomy should be one of the main methods for the management of myasthenia in children. Operative treatment is indicated in a disease of moderate severity or in a severe course of myasthenia, particularly in patients with the first type of immunomorphological changes. It is important to amend the myasthenic disorders before the operation by means of maximally possible doses of anticholinesterases with addition of corticosteroids, whenever necessary. Whatever the method of treatment chosen, the patients must be kept under skilled dynamic control. Excellent and good late-term results were produced in 84.6% of cases.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Better late than never. Stark I rules issued at last.

Keeping abreast of federal health-care laws and their accompanying rules is rarely easy. But compliance becomes especially difficult when one law is amended by a second law before rules clarifying the first law are even published. Such is the case with the Stark I and Stark II federal statutes.

Group Practice↗
PubMed1984

Organized dentistry and the pursuit of entry control.

Organized dentistry spent nearly a century laboring to obtain control over entry into the profession. The first attempt, the American Society of Dental Surgeons, failed because the issue of using amalgam so split the Society that collective action became impossible. The second attempt, state licensing during 1870-1900, gave preferential treatment (automatic licensing) to dental school graduates and appeared at first to be the solution to the entry problem, given the small number of schools in operation. However, dental school entrepreneurs recognized a profitable opportunity, and the supply of dental schools expanded rapidly. Thus, in the third and final attempt at obtaining entry control, organized dentistry attacked the for-profit schools. The dental practice acts were amended to require all candidates to pass a licensing examination, provided first that they were graduates of a school considered "reputable" by the state board of dental examiners. Moreover, rising costs generated by increased school standards took the profit out of for-profit operation, and by 1930 such schools ceased to exist. However, the competitive nature of the 1930s made altogether clear that entry control was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the maximization of dentist profits, and thus organized dentistry began its turn inward, focusing on the competitive behavior of existing dentists.

American Dental Association↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Surfactant-enhanced solubilization and anaerobic biodegradation of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) in contaminated soil.

The hydrophobic pesticide 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) is a persistent contaminant in soils and sediments, although it has long been known to be biodegradable under anaerobic conditions. Addition of a nonionic surfactant was evaluated as a means of enhancing the solubilization, potential bioavailability, and anaerobic biodegradability of DDT and its metabolites--1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (DDE)--in an aged contaminated soil. Approximately 12 mg surfactant/g soil was required before concentrations greater than the critical micelle concentration were observed in the liquid phase in soil microcosms. At greater doses, solubilization of each DDT, DDD, and DDE isomer increased linearly with the surfactant dose. Solubilization data were consistent with equilibrium models that account for simultaneous partitioning of hydrophobic compounds between the aqueous, soil, and pseudomicellar phases. Significantly greater rates and extents of DDT degradation were observed in anaerobic microcosms that were regularly fed a cellulose substrate or amended with surfactant (with or without cellulose) relative to controls. The surfactant substantially increased the rate of DDT degradation during the first 9 weeks, although there were no significant differences between cellulose-fed microcosms and surfactant-amended microcosms after 31 weeks. In addition, DDD accumulated at less than stoichiometric amounts in surfactant-amended microcosms, whereas DDD accumulated nearly stoichiometrically with DDT loss in all other microcosms. Concentrations of DDE were unchanged throughout the course of the microcosm experiment.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1986

Medicare and Medicaid; miscellaneous Medicare and Medicaid amendments--HCFA. Confirmation and amendment of interim final rules.

These rules confirm interim final rules published in October 1982, and make the following changes: Provide that a physician who serves without compensation as an officer or director of any home health agency (HHA) is not, for that reason alone, considered to have a significant financial or contractual relationship with the HHA and therefore is not prohibited from certifying the need for home health services and establishing and reviewing a plan of treatment for services to be furnished by that HHA. Remove the provision that a physician who is a partner in an HHA organized as a partnership is, for that reason alone, considered to have a significant ownership interest in the HHA. Under the revised rule, a partner is not prohibited from certifying the need for home health services and establishing and reviewing a plan of treatment for services to be furnished by that HHA, unless he or she has an ownership interest of 5 percent or more. Provide that, effective July 18, 1984, the "significant ownership interest in, or significant financial or contractual relationship with" prohibition does not apply to an HHA that is a sole community HHA, and set forth conditions and procedures for classification as a sole community HHA. Clarify that salaries employment (as well as a contract for services) is a business transaction subject to the $25,000 or 5 percent limitation. Reflect two amendments made by section 952 of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-499). Those amendments provide that a doctor of podiatric medicine (as well as a doctor of medicine or osteopathy) may, if specified conditions are met--Establish a plan of treatment for home health services; and Be considered a physician for fulfilling the requirement that home health services be furnished while the beneficiary is "under the care of a physician". A conforming change was required in section 409.52(b) of the Medicare rule. A conforming change was required in section 409.42(b)(2) of the Medicare rules. Restore provisions that pertain to the timing and signature of certification of need for home health services. Those provisions were contained in previous rules and were unintentionally omitted in the October 1982 revisions. Clarify that--A plan of treatment for speech pathology services may be established only by a physician or by the speech pathologist who will furnish the services to the particular individual; A physician must review a plan established by a speech pathologist; and It is not the intent to require that the plan be established or reviewed by a particular physician. The first and third changes are required to implement recent statutory amendments which provide exemptions from

Home Care Services↗
PubMed2003

Influence of organic and inorganic soil amendments on plant growth in crude oil-contaminated soil.

Phytoremediation can be a viable alternative to traditional, more costly remediation techniques. Three greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate plant growth with different soil amendments in crude oil-contaminated soil. Growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., cultivar: Riley), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L., cultivar: Common), crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis, cultivar: Large), fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., cultivar: Kentucky 31), and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., cultivar: Marshall) was determined in crude oil-contaminated soil amended with either inorganic fertilizer, hardwood sawdust, papermill sludge, broiler litter or unamended (control). In the first study, the addition of broiler litter reduced seed germination for ryegrass, fescue, and alfalfa. In the second study, bermudagrass grown in broiler litter-amended soil produced the most shoot biomass, bermudagrass produced the most root biomass, and crabgrass and bermudagrass produced the most root length. In the third study, soil amended with broiler litter resulted in the greatest reduction in gravimetric total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) levels across the six plant treatments following the 14-wk study. Ryegrass produced more root biomass than any other species when grown in inorganic fertilizer- or hardwood sawdust + inorganic fertilizer-amended soil. The studies demonstrated that soil amendments and plant species selection were important considerations for phytoremediation of crude oil-contaminated soil.

Cynodon↗
PubMed2005

Thr-Val-Thr dansyl hydrazide: the first fluorescent tripeptide preferentially binding with at pairs in DNA.

In 1991-1993 we amended a DNA-protein recognition model advanced in 1975. Here we test our assumptions with a specially designed tripeptide L-Thr-L-Val-L-Thr-NH-NH-Dns (Dns is 5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid residue). It is shown to dimerize in solution (as evidenced by the nonlinear concentration dependence of its fluorescence) and to bind with DNA mainly in beta-dimeric form (S-shaped adsorption isotherm obtained by equilibrium dialysis). The tripeptide is bound in the DNA minor groove (whence it can be displaced with distamycin A), and such complexes become able to associate into 'biduplex' structures (nonlinear dependence of the linear dichroism of bound peptide on DNA concentration). The peptide dimers clearly prefer the AT pairs [half-saturating peptide concentrations are (0.6-0.7) x 10(-4) M for poly(dA).poly(dT) but exceed (2.5-2.8) x10(-4) M for poly(dG).poly(dC)]. These results agree nicely with our earlier suggestions. Since Dns-tagged trivaline has been shown to prefer the GC pairs, we think it now becomes possible to design oligopeptides that would specifically bind to any predefined nucleotide sequence.

DNA↗
PubMed2006

Phytostabilization of a metal contaminated sandy soil. I: Influence of compost and/or inorganic metal immobilizing soil amendments on phytotoxicity and plant availability of metals.

In a lysimeter set-up, compost addition to an industrial contaminated soil slightly reduced phytotoxicity to bean seedlings. The "Phytotoxicity Index" (on a scale from 1 to 4) decreased from 3.5 to 2.8. The same treatment also reduced metal accumulation in grasses: mean Zn, Cd and Pb concentrations decreased respectively from 623 to 135, from 6.2 to 1.3 and from 10.7 to <6 mg kg-1 dry weight. When combined with inorganic metal immobilizing amendments, compost had a beneficial effect on plant responses additional to the inorganic amendments alone. Best results were obtained when using compost (C)+cyclonic ashes (CA)+steel shots (SS). The "Phytotoxicity Index" decreased to 1.7, highest diversity of spontaneously colonizing plants occurred, and metal accumulation in grasses reduced to values for uncontaminated soils. Based on the first year evaluation, C+CA+SS showed to be an efficient treatment for amendment assisted phytostabilization of the contaminated Overpelt soil.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed1998

Low-temperature bioremediation of a waste water contaminated with anionic surfactants and fuel oil.

We conducted a laboratory study at 10 degrees C on the biological decontamination of the waste water from a garage and car-wash that was contaminated with anionic surfactants (57 mg 1(-1)) and fuel oil (184 mg hydrocarbons 1(-1)). The indigenous microorganisms degraded both contaminants efficiently after biostimulation by an inorganic nutrient supply. After 7 days at 10 degrees C, the residual contaminations were 11 mg anionic surfactants 1(-1) and 26 mg hydrocarbons 1(-1). After 35 days, only the anionic surfactants had been further reduced to 3 mg 1(-1). Bioaugmentation of the unfertilized waste water with a cold-adapted inoculum, able to degrade both hydrocarbons (diesel oil) and anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulphate), resulted in a significant increase of the hydrocarbon biodegradation during the first 3 days of decontamination, whereas biodegradation of anionic surfactants was inhibited during the first 21 days following inoculation. Bioaugmentation of the nutrient-amended waste water was without any effect.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2001

Assessment of indigenous reductive dechlorinating potential at a TCE-contaminated site using microcosms, polymerase chain reaction analysis, and site data.

A combination of microcosm studies, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and site data was used to assess the indigenous reductive dechlorinating potential in a trichloroethene (TCE)-contaminated aquifer at Cape Canaveral Air Station, Florida. Sediment and groundwater were obtained from two distinct locations approximately 10 m apart. Microcosm studies were performed to assess dechlorinating activity under a variety of nutrient and electron donor amendment conditions. Most live microcosms constructed using material from the first location, near well 9 (W09), were negative for dechlorination. All live microcosms constructed using material from the second location (W06) exhibited dechlorination of TCE to vinyl chloride (VC) and ethene (ETH). DNA encoding 16S ribosomal RNA (rDNA) with a sequence nearly identical with that from Dehalococcoides ethenogenes strain 195 was detected in the active microcosms and in the sediment from W06 with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers targeted to unique regions of Dehalococcoides 16S rDNA. Dehalococcoides was not detected in the autoclaved microcosms from W06, nor in sediment and most microcosms from W09. The results of the microcosm studies and PCR analysis were supported by field data, which indicated significant accumulation of cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cisDCE) and VC at W06, but not at W09. The different microcosm results obtained for the two locations and the spatial variation of positive PCR results indicates heterogeneous distribution of dechlorinating activity and a specific dechlorinating organism, Dehalococcoides, at the site. As both Dehalococcoides and dechlorination activity were similarly, heterogeneously distributed, this suggests that molecular-probing (which could and should be extended in the future to include virtually all known dechlorinators and/or dehalogenases) can provide a relatively quick and facile method for investigating spatial distributions of dechlorinators on-site.

Bacteria↗
PubMed2004

Photography of cleft audit patients.

The IMI National Guidelines have been prepared as baseline guides on specific aspects of medical illustration practice, and provide auditable standards for the future. They can be implemented in full, or may be amended according to individual requirements. The following, which is the first in the series to be published in this journal, is an abridged version of guidelines prepared by Marie Jones. The full version of this and the other guidelines can be read or downloaded at www.imi.org.uk.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Effect of manure on glyphosate and trifluralin mineralization in soil.

Manure additions to soil may alter soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics, and thereby change pesticide fate processes in soil. This is the first study to examine the impact of liquid hog manure amendments on glyphosate and trifluralin mineralization in soil. Experiments were conducted in soil microcosms in the laboratory for a total of 332 (glyphosate) and 430 (trifluralin) days. The rate and amount of mineralization of both glyphosate and trifluralin were significantly influenced by the additions of fresh manure to soil in the laboratory and by the history of manure applications in the field. However, the maximum difference in herbicide mineralization between soils that were free of manure application and those amended with manure in the field or in the laboratory was only 6.1% and 7.3% of that initially applied, for trifluralin and glyphosate, respectively. Therefore, we conclude that liquid hog manure application to soil will have no significant effect on the mineralization of glyphosate and trifluralin under field conditions.

Animals↗