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PubMed1985

The effect of lithium carbonate administration on growth in the domestic fowl.

Lithium carbonate is routinely used for the treatment of aggressive behavior disorders in adolescents. The current study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of lithium carbonate administration on growth in a domestic fowl model. The results showed that lithium treatment at a therapeutic level (0.2-2.0 mEq/L) did not significantly alter plasma pH levels, food intake, fecal output or body weight gain. Bivariate and multivariate analysis of tibial dimensions revealed that lithium treatment primarily caused increased growth of proximal epiphyseal height. Allometric analyses indicated that lithium administration increased the growth differential between proximal and distal epiphyses. Two possible mechanisms by which lithium carbonate administration may cause accelerated osseous growth are given.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Epidemiological studies of coccidiosis in the domesticated fowl (Gallus gallus): I. The fate of ingested oocysts of Eimeria tenella during the prepatent period in susceptible chicks.

A small proportion of sporulated and unsporulated coccidial oocysts (Eimeria tenella) inoculated per os into domesticated fowl were recovered intact within about one day, well within the usual 5-day ¿prepatent period.¿ Recovery rates of sporulated oocysts were ca. 2-9% from chicks inoculated at all ages tested from 2 to 28 days. From chicks within the same age range, the recovery rates for unsporulated oocysts were ca. 15-21%. The higher recovery rates of unsporulated oocysts indicated that they were more resistant to disruption in the gizzard than sporulated oocysts. Up to 83% of unsporulated oocysts that survived passage through the host's gut were able subsequently to sporulate. The first oocysts recovered, either sporulated or unsporulated, appeared at virtually the same time in all the chicks tested, despite the oldest birds having guts twice as long as the youngest. Moreover, the lengths of oocyst recovery periods in the oldest birds were 10-25% of those in the youngest.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Circadian features of carbohydrate metabolism in domestic fowls exposed to weekly 120 degree-shifts of synchronizer schedule.

Effects of weekly 8 hr advance- or delay-shifts on the circadian rhythm of plasma glucose, liver glycogen and muscle glycogen in male domestic fowls, beginning at about 3 days of age, were examined. Circadian rhythm in the aforesaid indices of carbohydrate metabolism in control birds was also studied. Blood and tissue samples were collected from birds in all the three groups at 4 hr intervals over a single 24 hr time scale both at 6th and 12th week of age. Plasma glucose and glycogen content in the tissues were determined by employing standard techniques. Cosinor rhythmometry was used for analyzing time series data. In general, a statistically significant circadian rhythm was documented for all the three indices in control and advance-schedule birds, irrespective of age. In contrast, in delay-schedule birds, statistically significant circadian rhythm could not be detected, excluding in muscle glycogen at 12th week of age. The poor growth rate in the delay-schedule birds could be imputed to the disappearance of circadian rhythm in the indices of carbohydrate metabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Effects of selective opiate antagonists on morphine-induced hyperalgesia in domestic fowl.

Although morphine typically produces analgesia in a variety of species, recent research has identified a biological model in which morphine produces a naloxone-reversible, paradoxical hyperalgesic response to a noxious thermal stimulus in young domestic fowl. The present study examined opioid receptor-mediation of this atypical opiate effect. Patterns of morphine hyperalgesia (1.25 to 5.0 mg/kg IM) were examined on a standard hot-plate test following administration (10 micrograms/5 microliters ICV) of the mu antagonist beta-funaltrexamine, the delta antagonist naltrindole, or the kappa antagonist nor-binaltorphimine in 15-day-old White Leghorn cockerels. Respiration measures were also recorded because they are indicative of opiate effects. Morphine produced a dose-dependent decrease in mean jump latencies (i.e., hyperalgesic effect). Mu receptor antagonism attenuated this morphine-induced hyperalgesic effect. Kappa receptor antagonism attenuated morphine-induced hyperalgesia only at the highest morphine dose (i.e., 5.0 mg/kg) and delta receptor antagonism failed to attenuate morphine-induced hyperalgesia. These results suggest that morphine-induced hyperalgesia, like morphine-induced analgesia, is mediated primarily by mu receptor activation.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1968

The determination of oestradiol and oestrone in the plasma of the domestic fowl by method involving the use of labelled derivatives.

1. A method involving the use of triple-labelled derivatives has been developed for the determination of total oestrone and oestradiol in the plasma of the domestic fowl. The double-labelling technique devised by Svendsen (1960) for the determination of free oestrogens in human plasma was modified to enable the total oestrogen recovery to be determined for each sample. 2. [6,7-(3)H(2)]Oestradiol-17beta is added to the plasma samples (1-10ml.), which are hydrolysed with acid and the phenolic steroids then extracted and partially purified. The extract is esterified with iodobenzene-p[(35)S]-sulphonyl chloride of high specific activity. After addition of standard oestrogen [(131)I]iodobenzene-p-sulphonates the esters are finally purified by paper chromatography. 3. The oestrogens are determined by comparing the (3)H/(35)S and (131)I/(35)S ratios in the purified esters with similar ratios of appropriate standards. 4. With this procedure the recoveries of oestrone and oestradiol after hydrolysis were 70-85% and 72-84% respectively, and after hydrolysis and preliminary purification 38-53% and 39-51% respectively. With this procedure up to 500ng. of oestradiol can be determined. The sensitivity of the technique for oestrone is 3.0ng. and for oestradiol 2.1ng. 5. The ranges of oestradiol and oestrone concentrations found in six plasma samples were 8.3-21.4ng./ml. and 15.2-31.6ng./ml. respectively.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Plasma glucagon and energy substrate responses of domestic fowl to treadmill exercise.

Exercise-induced alterations in the concentrations of plasma glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI), plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and blood glucose and lactate were measured in separate groups of male and female domestic fowl. There were only small changes in blood glucose and lactate concentrations but plasma FFA and GLI rose by up to 450 and 200% respectively. There was evidence that the GLI response was stronger at higher exercise intensities. It is suggested that the mobilization of FFA for use as energy substrates by the working muscles may be stimulated by the enhanced secretion of glucagon.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

pGlutamylglutamylprolineamide modulation of growth hormone secretion in domestic fowl: antagonism of thyrotrophin-releasing hormone action?

Pyroglutamyglutamylprolineamide (pGlu-Glu-ProNH2) is a tripeptide with structural and immunological similarities to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH; pGlu-His-ProNH2). Since TRH stimulates GH secretion in domestic fowl, the possibility that pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 may also provoke GH release was investigated. Unlike TRH, pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 alone had no effect on GH release from incubated chicken pituitary glands and did not down-regulate pituitary TRH receptors. However, pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 suppressed TRH-induced GH release from pituitary glands incubated in vitro and competitively displaced [3H]methyl3-histidine2-TRH from pituitary membranes. Systemic injections of pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 had no significant effect on basal GH concentrations in conscious birds, but promptly lowered circulating GH levels in sodium-pentobarbitone anaesthetized fowl. Submaximal GH responses of conscious and anaesthetized birds to systemic TRH challenge were, however, potentiated by prior or concomitant administration of pGlu-Glu-ProNH2. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 has biological activity, with inhibitory and stimulatory actions within the avian hypothalamo-pituitary axis. These results indicate that pGlu-Glu-ProNH2 may act as a TRH receptor antagonist within this axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Acute systemic anaphylaxis in adult domestic fowl--possible role of vasoactive lipids and peptides.

Bovine albumin (BA: 2 mg/kg-1, i.v.) produced a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure accompanied by central venous hypertension and bradycardia in pentobarbital-anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing, bovine albumin-sensitized adult domestic fowl. Trasylol (a potent inhibitor of kallikreins) suppressed acute systemic anaphylaxis. Polyphloretin phosphate (an effective antagonist of PGF2alpha) also inhibited the cardiovascular responses to antigen and PGF2alpha. Sodium meclofenamate and phenylbutazone showed varying degree of blockade of cardiovascular responses to exogenously administered chemical mediators (bradykinik, PGF2alpha, SRS-A and to a lesser extent of histamine, 5-HT and acetylcholine) and antigen. Indomethacin (virtually devoid of receptor blocking activities toward exogenously injected chemical mediators) inhibited anaphylaxis. The results of this investigation strongly suggested an important role of vasoactive lipids and polypeptides in avian anaphylaxis.

Anaphylaxis↗
PubMed1991

Steroidogenic cell subpopulations obtained from the theca of preovulatory follicles in the ovary of the domestic fowl.

The purpose of the present study is to provide further evidence in support of the theory which suggests that two cells are involved in the secretion of estrogens and androgens in the theca of the preovulatory ovarian follicles in the domestic fowl. The third (F3), the fourth (F4), and the fifth (F5), in order of decreasing size follicles, were obtained from white Leghorn hens. Theca cells were dispersed by trypsin treatment, and isolated cells were centrifuged in a continuous Percoll gradient (0-100%). Testosterone and 17 beta-estradiol secretion from cell samples in each density gradient fraction were radioimmunologically assayed. The highest secretion of 17 beta-estradiol was registered in cells isolated in density fractions ranging from 1.059 to 1.070 g/ml, while the maximal testosterone production was found in fractions from 1.037 to 1.048 g/ml. The different results were obtained from the three types of follicles studied (F3-F5). Morphological study of the F4 follicle showed typical steroidogenic cells with abundant lipid droplets in the cytoplasm in the theca interna, whereas clusters of poorly differentiated epithelial cells were visualized between fibroblast layers of the theca externa. The secretion of aromatizable androgens by the typical steroidogenic cells of the theca interna and estrogen production in the epithelial cells of the theca externa are postulated.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Catecholamines in the sympathetic nervous system of the domestic fowl.

In order to resolve some existing uncertainties regarding the identity of the sympathetic catecholamine neurotransmitter in birds, we have measured endogenous noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (AD) and dopamine (DA) in various peripheral tissues and in the paravertebral sympathetic chain of the domestic fowl. In all visceral tissues examined - atrium, spleen, mesenteric artery, gizzard, intestine, rectal caecum and kidney--NA concentrations were much higher than those of AD or DA. The ratios of NA:AD:DA were approximately 100:10:1 for all tissues except spleen, in which DA represented about 10% of the total catecholamines. In the paravertebral chain, the ratio of NA:DA was about 4:1, with no consistent segmental differences. Ganglionic AD was generally less than 1% of the total catecholamine, but isolated ganglia sometimes contained quite large amounts of AD. This AD was probably in chromaffin cells. The results obtained indicate that, contrary to some previous reports, NA constitutes the predominant sympathetic neurotransmitter in the fowl, and neurons in which AD is a transmitter are rare or absent. Although the relatively large amounts of DA present in the ganglia could be due to presence of dopaminergic neurons, no evidence for peripheral projections of such neurons was obtained.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ingestive responses to mu and delta opioid receptor agonists in the domestic fowl.

1. Four experiments were conducted using the highly specific mu and delta opioid receptor agonists morphiceptin (B-casomorphin 1-4, amide) or [Met5]-enkephalin, respectively, to evaluate the effect of mu and delta opioid receptor agonists on ingestive behaviour in the domestic fowl. 2. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms of morphiceptin significantly stimulated drinking, while having no effect on feeding. Intramuscular injection of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mg morphiceptin/kg body weight induced a significant increase in feeding, whereas drinking was not altered. 3. ICV administration of 0.625, 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms [Met5]-enkephalin, as well as intramuscular injection of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0 mg [Met5]-enkephalin significantly stimulated feeding while having no effect on drinking. 4. These results suggest that, in the central nervous system, mu opioid receptor agonists stimulate drinking and delta receptor agonists stimulate feeding. At sites outside the blood-brain barrier, both mu and delta opioid receptor agonists stimulate feeding.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Role of tyrosine kinase- and MAP kinase-dependent intracellular mechanisms in control of ovarian functions in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) and in mediating effects of IGF-II.

The aim of our study was to examine the involvement of IGF-II, tyrosine kinases (TK)- and MAP kinases (MAPK)-dependent intracellular mechanisms in the control of ovarian functions in the domestic fowl, as well as the role of these kinases in mediating the IGF-II effect on this process. For this purpose, we studied the influence of IGF-II (0,1,10 or 100 ng/ml), inhibitors of TK (AG1024, 1 microg/ml), MAPK (PD98059, 5 microg/ml), and their combinations, on proliferation (expression of proliferation-related substances PCNA), apoptosis (apoptosis-associated protein bax), TK (phosphotyrosine), MAPK (ERK1,2), cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 (p34/cdc2) and transcription factor CREB-1, as well as on the release of progesterone (P), testosterone (T), estradiol (E) and arginine-vasotocin (AVT) in cultured fragments of ovarian follicles. The presence of substances within ovarian cells was evaluated by SDS PAGE-Western immunoblotting, and release of the substances was measured by using RIA/EIA of ovarian fragments-conditioned medium. It was found, that the addition of IGF-II to the culture medium (1-100 ng/ml) substantially increased expression of PCNA, MAPK and CREB, and decreased the level of p34/cdc2 and bax, but not TK. Furthermore, exogenous IGF-II inhibited P (at a concentration of 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium), and stimulated T (1,10,100 ng/ml), E (10,100 ng/ml) and AVT (1 ng/ml) release by cultured ovarian cells. Inhibitor of TK, when given alone, increased MAPK and E, inhibited p34/cdc2 and AVT, and did not affect accumulation of TK, P or T. Furthermore, TK blocker prevented effects of IGF-II on T, E and AVT, but not on TK, MAPK, p34/cdc2 and P. MAPK blocker augmented PCNA, MAPK, T and AVT expression, but not P or E, and suppressed expression of p34/cdc2 and bax. Furthermore, MAPK inhibitor, given together with IGF-II, prevented or even reversed the action of IGF-II on PCNA, P, T and AVT, but not on MAPK, p34/cdc2, CREB, bax or E. These observations suggest the involvement of IGF-II, TK and MAPK in the control of proliferation, apoptosis, steroid and peptide hormones by avian ovarian cells, as well as of the involvement of these kinases in mediation of some IGF-II effects on ovarian cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Discrimination between individual humans by domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus).

1. We demonstrate that Barred-Rock and Isa-Brown hens can discriminate between the presence of 2 different humans and use this information as a cue for whether or not to make an operant response. 2. This demonstration in domestic fowl, the first of its kind in any avian subject, is consistent with a growing body of evidence that many species, including agricultural animals, are surprisingly adept at differentiating between humans. 3. Such a discriminative ability carries considerable implications for issues related to husbandry, production and welfare.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1977

[Urea formation in kidneys of the domestic fowl in early postincubation ontogenesis].

The nitrogen secretion is not limited in any animal species to one final nitrogenous metabolite only. In the organism of uricotelic birds, besides other products, urea is produced. It was revealed that it developed also in the kidney of the domestic fowl. In the experiments with 130 cockerels of the White Leghorn breed--a commercial Primant hybrid at the age from 0 to 62 days--we determined the urea concentration in the supernatant of kidney homogenate and in the heparinized blood plasma by diacetylmonoxim according to Homolka (1971). In the kidney we observed a moderate insignificant increase of urea concentration from 0 to 62 days of post-incubation life (zero-day: 34.77 +/- 9.20 mg per 100 g; the 62nd day: 36.46 +/- 14.66 mg per 100 g). In the heparinized blood plasma the urea concentration was increased significantly from the initial values of 16.66 +/- 3.17 mg per 100 ml (zero-day) to 54.03 +/- 3.19 mg per 100 ml (the 62nd day).

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

Coronaviruses from pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) are genetically closely related to coronaviruses of domestic fowl (infectious bronchitis virus) and turkeys.

Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) were used to examine RNA extracted from mouth/nasal swabs from pheasants exhibiting signs of respiratory disease. The oligonucleotides used were based on sequences of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the coronavirus of domestic fowl. A RT-PCR for the highly conserved region II of the 3' untranslated region of the IBV genome detected a coronavirus in swabs from 18/21 estates. Sequence identity with the corresponding region of IBVs and coronaviruses from turkeys was > 95%. A RT-PCR for part of the S1 region of the spike protein gene was positive with 13/21 of the samples. Sequence analysis of the RT-PCR products derived from nine of the pheasant viruses revealed that some of the viruses differed from each other by approximately 24%, similar to the degree of difference exhibited by different serotypes of IBV. Further analysis of the genome of one of the viruses revealed that it contained genes 3 and 5 that are typical of IBV but absent in both the transmissible gastroenteritis virus and murine hepatitis virus groups of mammalian coronaviruses. The nucleotide sequences of genes 3 and 5 of the pheasant virus had a similar degree of identity (approximately 90%) with those of coronaviruses from turkeys and chickens, as is observed when different serotypes of IBV are compared. This work: (a) confirms that coronaviruses are present in pheasants (indeed, commonly present in pheasants with respiratory disease); (b) demonstrates that their genomes are IBV-like in their organization; and (c) shows that there is sequence heterogeneity within the group of pheasant coronaviruses, especially within the spike protein gene. Furthermore, the gene sequences of the pheasant viruses differed from those of IBV to similar extents as the sequence of one serotype of IBV differs from another. On the genetic evidence to date, there is a remarkably high degree of genetic similarity between the coronaviruses of chickens, turkeys and pheasants.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Changes in intrapulmonary chemoreceptor discharge in response to the adjustment of respiratory pattern during hyperventilation in domestic fowl.

It has been suggested that avian vagal intrapulmonary CO2-sensitive receptors (i.p.c.) may be capable of monitoring the rate and extent of CO2 wash-out from the lung during spontaneous breathing. The purpose of this study was to record i.p.c. discharge activity in spontaneously breathing domestic fowl when minute volume (VI) was elevated from resting levels. This was accomplished by administration of almitrine (2 mg X kg-1 I.V.), a respiratory stimulant drug that has been shown to have a specific long-lasting stimulatory action on carotid body chemoreceptors. Unanaesthetized decerebrate fowl were tracheotomized and single-unit activity was recorded from sixteen vagal i.p.c. When ventilation was elevated 2.2-fold by almitrine (initially by increases in tidal volume (VT)) i.p.c. discharge was increased in both inspiration and expiration, and the delay period before the onset of i.p.c. discharge in inspiration was markedly shortened. Within 5-10 min after the administration of almitrine, the breathing pattern changed to one of rapid, shallow breathing, although the 2.2-fold elevation of the rate of gas flow through the parabronchi (V) and mean inspiratory flow rate (VT/TI) were maintained. The i.p.c. continued to fire phasically, with peaks of discharge in both inspiration and expiration, though there were fewer spikes per breath and mean inspiratory peak discharge rate returned to control (eupnoeic) levels. It is concluded that i.p.c. discharge is increased when VI is elevated in the spontaneously breathing fowl and that the pattern of discharge is dependent on the pattern of breathing. I.p.c. show high dynamic sensitivity to changes in the PCO2 of their microenvironment and it is possible to explain the changes in discharge pattern observed in terms of the PCO2 changes in the lungs and air sacs. These results support proposals that the pattern of breathing is to some extent dependent upon the intensity and timing of i.p.c. activity.

Almitrine↗
PubMed2005

Effect of isoflavone from Flemingia vestita (Fabaceae) on the Ca2+ homeostasis in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl.

The alcoholic crude root-peel extract of Flemingia vestita and its major isoflavone, genistein, have been shown to have a vermifugal/vermicidal effect by causing a flaccid paralysis accompanied by alterations in the structural architecture of the tegumental interface and metabolic activity in Raillietina echinobothrida, the cestode of domestic fowl. In the present study, the crude root-peel extract and pure genistein were tested in vitro with respect to Ca2+ homeostasis and the occurrence of some metal ions was detected in the parasite. Live cestodes were incubated in pre-defined concentrations of the crude root-peel extract, genistein and praziquantel (as reference drug), till the paralysis time with simultaneous maintenance of respective controls. In the parasite tissue, a significant amount of Ca2+ (approximately 400 microg/g dry tissue wt) was found to be present besides magnesium, iron, zinc, lead and chromium, whilst manganese, cadmium and nickel were below the level of detection. The Ca2+ concentration was decreased significantly by 39%-49%, in the parasite tissue exposed to the test materials in comparison to the respective controls. There was also an increase in Ca2+ efflux by 91%-160% into the culture medium under similar treatments. The changes in Ca2+ homeostasis may be related to the rapid muscular contraction and consequent paralysis in the parasite due to the anthelmintic stress caused by the phytochemicals of F. vestita.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Histological changes in the testis of the domestic fowl after partial adenohypophysectomy.

The effects of partial adenohypophysectomy on comb size, testicular weight, and histology 20 or 30 days after the operation are described and discussed in relating these observed changes with the volume of remaining adenohypophyseal tissue. From the present observation, it is concluded that 1) the response of the domestic fowl to partial deficiency of adenohypophyseal tissue may be more sensitive than that of some mammals, 2) the decrease in testicular weight and tubular diameter precedes the histological change in testis and comb regression, and 3) to maintain fully active testicular function, more than 75% of the adenohypophysis is needed. About 40% of the adenohypophyseal tissue including a remnant of cephalic lobe can stimulate spermatogenesis, but the spermatozoa produced were partially abnormal. The critical amount of adenohypophyseal tissue for normal spermiogenesis may exist between 55 and 75%. All histological change is initially observed in the center of testis and then extended toward the periphery. It is suggested that the cephalic lobe contains at least a trace of ICSH in addition to FSH.

Animals↗