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PubMed1994

'The Tower of Babel' or 'after Babel in contemporary psychoanalysis'? Some historical and theoretical notes on the linguistic and cultural strategies implied by the foundation of the International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, and on its relevance today.

The author uses private correspondence and documents referring to the foundation of the 'International Journal of Psycho-Analysis' and the 'Glossary' for translating Freud's work, to try to delineate the political and cultural strategy of Jones in founding and developing the 'International Journal of Psycho-Analysis'. Both strategies were based on the wish to have administrative and cultural control of psychoanalysis in the English-speaking countries. In the end Jones and his colleagues succeeded in making the language they created the official language of the IPA; through control of Freud's translations, through the 'Glossary' and particularly through its diffusion in the 'Journal'. The author briefly illustrates the various cultural sources of this attempt and tries to show the similarities between the project of Jones and the first generation of pioneers of psychoanalysis in Great Britain and the myth of the tower of Babel--one of its most important foundation stones being the 'International Journal'. Finally, the author stresses that those issues are still extremely alive in psychoanalysis today. But, confronted with the near-Babel of languages of contemporary psychoanalysis, can we still imply the existence of this universal common language and use it? Can the 'International Journal' still maintain its hegemony? Do we really understand each other even when we use the same technical terminology in English? Or shall we accept that today we should live without a tower of Babel in psychoanalysis? The author concludes that there is some hope, provided that we do not pursue meanings to the forbidden limit of the absolute.

Europe↗
PubMed1995

On the foundation and structure of medical informatics.

The authors from China and the United States take medical informatics from theory to practice by improving its research, application, and dissemination and by expanding its educational potential. We built a theoretical model and discussed its definition, approach, foundation, principles, and structure. Medical informatics is the interdisciplinary study of information science applied to medicine and health care. Its developing approach is transplantation. The foundation of medical informatics has "building blocks" of knowledge. They are: information procedure models; information classification principles; information processing methodologies; and functional hierarchical principles of information systems. The structure of medical informatics includes the main knowledge branches and their logical relations. There are four big branches: computer tools and systems methods; engineering equipment and methods; medical fields information systems; and health care management systems. Based on the investigation of the professional status (its theory and application, and its forms and the contents) of medical informatics, it can be seen that this new discipline is becoming mature.

China↗
PubMed1996

MedicAlert Foundation turns 35, issues warning to MDs about lookalike bracelets.

As it celebrates the 35th anniversary of its founding, the Canadian MedicAlert Foundation wants to educate patients about the importance of using genuine MedicAlert bracelets, or idents, that give physicians access to medical information in emergency situations through a toll-free hot line. The foundation also wants physicians to ensure that patients' medical records contain accurate and up-to-date information.

Canada↗
PubMed1977

[Scientific foundation of gastric cancer control (author's transl)].

Although many facts on epidemiology of gastric cancer and on the preceding atrophic gastritis are known, sufficient scientific foundations for planning primary prevention are lacking. It is suggested that with rising standards of living and hygiene and with dissemination of optimal nutrition according to physiologic aspects, incidence of gastric cancer will further decrease. 2. It is possible to identify some high risk groups: elderly persons with familial aggregation of stomach cancer, blood group A, pernicious anemia, atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia, anacidity, and patients operated upon for benign epithelial neoplasms or gastric ulcer. Prophylactic supervision of this segment of the population seems mandatory but by this means, only a small percentage of all gastric cancer can be detected early. 3. Our knowledge is sufficient for the planning of intervention studies, e.g. long tome prophylactic application of ascorbic acid or vitamin A or intensive drug treatment of atrophic gastritis. Therefore we have started such a trial using carbenoxolon. 4. Screening methods for detection of early gastric cancer in asymptomatic persons have been evaluated in Japan. Their application in Europe cannot be generally recommended. The cost-benefit ratio is prohibiting. 5. Today, the main route to detect stomach cancer when curable is the thorough examination of persons with dyspeptic complaints. Radiological examination holds the first place and is supplemented by fibergastroscopy which enables aimed biopsy and cytologic examination of gastric juice. All other methods have only limited value in selected situations. 6. Without resignation we must realize that a solution of the problem cannot be expected in the near future. Further efforts are necessary in order to gain solid scientific foundations and to introduce research results into medical practice.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the chimpanzee breeding program at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research.

The history of the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) breeding colony of the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research was evaluated over a 24-year period to determine age at conception, breeder rearing history, maternal competence, and infant rearing history. The records of 107 breeders and 268 live births were reviewed. Of the breeders with known rearing histories, 40 were wild-born (12 male and 28 female), 16 were reared by their mothers for at least 1 month (8 male and 8 female), and 13 were removed from their mothers immediately after birth (2 males and 11 females). The age of successful mating for males ranged from 7 to 32 years and for females from 7 to 41 years, although the upper limit indicates the age of the population and not reproductive senescence. The mother's rearing history was related to her maternal competence, defined as caring for an infant for at least 1 month. Of the wild-born females, 82% (18/22) were competent mothers. For females that had been reared in captivity with their mothers for 1 to 12 months, 71% (5/7) were competent. For females that had been removed from their mothers immediately and reared in a nursery by humans, only 14% (1/7) were competent. The rearing strategies have changed during the period under consideration. The number of infants reared by their mothers increased in the 1980s, while the number of infants removed from their mothers immediately for experimental reasons decreased and dropped to zero in the 1990s. Information on the history of the breeding colony has been used to make management decisions and to determine the expectations of the Southwest Foundation chimpanzee breeding program.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Facial nerve monitoring among graduates of the Ear Research Foundation.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the patterns of facial nerve monitoring among graduates of an otology fellowship in which monitoring is emphasized throughout training. STUDY DESIGN: This study involved a questionnaire administered to graduates of the Ear Research Foundation, Sarasota, Florida, U.S.A. (otology/neurotology fellowship). SETTING: The study was performed in academic and private practices of surveyed physicians. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: These included patterns of facial nerve monitor use and surgical results after facial nerve injuries. RESULTS: Nearly 100% of the graduates of the Ear Research Foundation continue to use facial nerve monitoring routinely in otologic surgery. Five cases of facial nerve injury in surgery for long-term disease were reported for all 15 neurotologists surveyed. CONCLUSION: Routine facial nerve monitoring is not considered the standard of care in most communities; however risk of facial nerve injury appears to be greatly reduced when this adjunctive technique is employed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The development of regional foundation for compulsory health insurance].

Analyzes the activities of a territorial foundation for obligatory medical insurance over a year. Prospects for the development of such structures are proposed, the functions and characteristics of the activities and structure of such foundations as specialized financial and crediting institutions are validated.

Health Services↗
PubMed1997

A foundational model of time for heterogeneous clinical databases.

Differences among the database representations of clinical data are a major barrier to the integration of databases and to the sharing of decision-support applications across databases. Prior research on resolving data heterogeneity has not addressed specifically the types of mismatches found in various timestamping approaches for clinical data. Such temporal mismatches, which include time-unit differences among timestamps, must be overcome before many applications can use these data to reason about diagnosis, therapy, or prognosis. In this paper, we present an analysis of the types of temporal mismatches that exist in databases. To formalize these various approaches to timestamping, we provide a foundational model of time. This model gives us the semantics necessary to encode the temporal dimensions of clinical data in legacy databases and to transform such heterogeneous data into a uniform temporal representation suitable for decision support. We have implemented this foundational model as an extension to our Chronus system, which provides clinical decision-support applications the ability to match temporal patterns in clinical databases. We discuss the uniqueness of our approach in comparison with other research on representing and querying clinical data with varying timestamp representations.

Databases as Topic↗
PubMed1998

[Publication outcome of research funding by the Danish Heart Foundation 1988-1990].

The aim of the survey was to analyse the investment by the Danish Heart Foundation in the cardiovascular research field in the period 1988-1990 and the ensuing research results. One hundred and thirty-nine researchers were allocated a total DDK 24.1 million. Eighty percent of the researchers have concluded their research work and published 362 scientific papers in 131 journals. The total journal impact factor obtained among 270 scientific papers with known journal impact factor was 642. The median journal impact factor was 1.580. Thirty-five percent of the papers were published in journals with journal impact factor greater than three. The productivity, defined as total journal impact factor obtained divided by an estimate of the total amount (DKK 200 million) of economic support received by the researcher from all sources, was estimated to 3.2 Journal Impact Factor/DKK million. A panel of international experts reviewed the outcome of funding by the Danish Heart Foundation, and concluded that the number of publications and their impact factor was adequate in relation to the economic input.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2003

Voluntary accreditation of cellular therapies: Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT).

Voluntary accreditation of cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products intended for human transplantation is an important mechanism for improving quality in cellular therapy. The Foundation for the Accreditation of Cellular Therapy (FACT) has developed and implemented programs of voluntary inspection and accreditation for hematopoietic cellular therapy, and for cord blood banking. These programs are based on the standards of the clinical and laboratory professionals of the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation (ASBMT), the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT), and NETCORD. FACT has collaborated with European colleagues in the development of the Joint Accreditation Committee in Europe (jACIE). FACT has published standards documents, a guidance manual, accreditation checklists, and inspection documents; and has trained as inspectors over 300 professionals active in the field. All inspectors have a minimum of 5 years' experience in the area they inspect. Since the incorporation of FACT in 1996, 215 hematopoietic progenitor cell facilities have applied for FACT accreditation. Of these facilities, 113 are fully accredited; the others are in the process of document submission or inspection. Significant opportunities and challenges exist for FACT in the future, including keeping standards and guidance materials current and relevant, recruiting and retaining expert inspectors, and establishing collaborations to develop standards and accreditation systems for new cellular products. The continuing dialogue with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is also important to ensure that they are aware of the accomplishments of voluntary accreditation, and keep FACT membership alerted to FDA intentions for the future. Other potential avenues of communication and cooperation with FDA and other regulatory agencies are being investigated and evaluated.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2007

The historical backgrounds of the ministry of health foundation in Iran.

The early efforts for promotion of public health measures and prevention of fatal epidemic diseases in Iran date back to the second half of the 19th century. Based on historical records, the informal protosanitary councils had existed since the early 1850s, but a new formal health institution called "Sanitary Council", or "Majles-e Hefz al-Sehheh" was founded in 1881. Then, it was reestablished as a permanent council in 1904. The Sanitary Council was the only major public health authority under the auspices of "Ministry of the Interior" up to 1920. Then the Ministry of Health and Charity Affairs or "Vezarat-e Sehhyeh va Omuor-e Kheiryyeh" was founded in 1920, but it was dissolved in 1921. Between 1921 and 1941, there was no ministry of public health in Iran and during this period, the public health and medical affairs were mananged by the Public Health Administration known as Sehhyeh Koll-e Mamlekati that was established in 1926 and finally in 1941, the Ministry of Health ( Vezarat-e Behdari) was founded. Presented here, is the historical backgrounds of the foundation of the Ministry of Health in Iran, as well as the list of the Health Ministers between 1941 and 1979.

Foundations↗
PubMed2005

Members of the national psoriasis foundation: more extensive disease and better informed about treatment options.

OBJECTIVE: Patient advocacy groups such as the National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) serve as representatives of those affected by disease and provide information about the condition. Our objective was to assess the extent to which NPF members differ from nonmember patients with psoriasis in their knowledge and use of therapies. PARTICIPANTS: Using random-digit dialing, we identified and interviewed patients with psoriasis in the general US population. Randomly selected NPF members were also interviewed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate differences (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) in demographic and clinical characteristics and in awareness and use of therapies between members and others diagnosed as having psoriasis. RESULTS: Of 601 individuals with psoriasis identified from the general population survey, 185 provided a second interview and were defined as nonmembers. We interviewed 289 randomly selected members of the NPF. Although members were significantly older and wealthier and had more extensive disease, they reported the disease to be significantly less of a burden and were more satisfied with therapy than others affected. Compared with nonmembers, members were significantly more likely to have heard of and used most of the 10 therapies assessed. However, the proportion of respondents who were aware of a therapy and who also used it did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: Members of the NPF are better informed and more satisfied with available treatment options than nonmember affected patients.

Cost of Illness↗
PubMed1975

Mail-order medicine; An analysis of the Sears Roebuck Foundation's Community Medical Assistance Program.

Of the 625 rural communities that originally applied to the Sears Roebuck Foundation's Community Medical Assistance Program, 253 were accepted. One hundred sixty-three went on to build clinics, and 132 had physicians at the time of follow-up. From the standpoint of physician coverage of the community once a clinic had been built, the rate of physician availability was 78 percent, The communities' success in recruiting and retaining physicians was compared against 13 variables; none was significantly related to the recruitment, and only two--numbers of service clubs and distance to nearest physician--were related to retention.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed2006

Significant impact of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma on patients' quality of life: results of a 2005 National Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation Survey.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) can have a profound impact on a patient's health-related quality of life; however, little is known about its actual impact. The authors evaluated patients' perspectives on the impact of CTCL on physical functioning, lifestyle, emotional well being, and satisfaction with treatment. METHODS: A 4-page, self-administered questionnaire was mailed and made available online in March 2005 to the entire United States membership of the Mycosis Fungoides Foundation (n = 930 members). Outcome measures were patients' perspectives on the psychosocial impact of CTCL and the management of their disease. RESULTS: The response rate was 68%, and 93.6% of respondents were white. The majority of respondents had mycosis fungoides (89%). Respondents were bothered by skin redness (94%) and by the extent of symptoms that affected their choice of clothing (63%). For most patients, the disease had a functional impact, rendering them tired or affecting their sleep. Health distress was reported by almost all respondents, with 94% reporting that they worried about the seriousness of their disease and 80% worrying about dying from the disease. Sixty-two percent of respondents reported that their disease made them feel unattractive, 85% reported that their treatment made their disease seem more manageable, but 61% reported that they felt burdened financially by their disease. CONCLUSIONS: The high response rate and patients' responses to the survey provided compelling evidence that patients believed CTCL had a profound and severe impact on their functioning, emotional, and social well being. A striking health distress was prevalent in almost all respondents. Although the majority of patients reported that treatments made their disease more manageable, a significant proportion reported that they felt burdened financially by their disease.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1979

[Nestlé Foundation studies of nutritional problems in the 3d world].

An outline is given of the aims and activities of the Nestlé Foundation, notably the inquiries performed at the Study center at Adiopodoumé (Ivory Coast) about the nutrition situation, and the efforts made there to improve the protein intake by introducing new food-stuffs of high protein content.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The evaluation of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation's Community Health Promotion Grant Program: design.

The Kaiser Family Foundation's Community Health Promotion Grant Program (CHPGP) provides funding and technical assistance in support of community-based efforts to prevent major health problems. The first phase of the program was implemented in 11 communities in the western United States. This paper describes the evaluation design of the CHPGP in the West, the methods of data collection, and the baseline comparability of intervention and control communities. Major features of the evaluation design include: (1) the randomization of qualified communities making application into funded and unfunded comparison groups; (2) a second set of matched control communities for some intervention sites; (3) data gathering through repeated surveys of community residents (probability samples of adults and adolescents) and institutions (health-related organizations and randomly sampled grocery stores and restaurants); and (4) the use of secondary data to monitor health events. Selected baseline data show that intervention and control communities differ in racial/ethnic composition, but relevant health behaviors and ratings of community activation for health promotion appear comparable.

Adolescent↗