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PubMedDate not supplied

Chemical test for mammalian feces in ground black pepper: collaborative study.

A collaborative study for determining mammalian feces in ground black pepper was conducted, using a modified version of the AOAC Official Method 986.28 for mammalian feces in grain products. With the proposed method, the presence of alkaline phosphatase, an enzyme found in mammalian feces, was determined by using phenolphthalein diphosphate as the enzyme substrate in a test agar medium containing 1% agar in a borate buffer, pH 9.5. Ground black pepper was stirred in water to extract interfering color. The mixture was filtered and the residue was scattered on plates of liquid test agar. The alkaline phosphatase cleaved phosphate radicals from phenolphthalein diphosphate, generating free phenolphthalein, which appeared as pink to red-purple around the fecal particles in the previously colorless medium. For the 10- and 20-particle spike level, collaborators recovered averages of 12.3 and 24.1 particles, respectively. The experimental background was zero. Collaborators reported that the method was clear and easy to perform.

Agar↗
PubMed1993

Use of a DNA probe to detect the intracellular organism of proliferative enteritis in swine feces.

A method of extracting bacterial DNA from swine feces was developed and used in a molecular assay for the presence of ileal symbiont (IS) intracellularis, formerly known as the Campylobacter-like organism associated with swine with proliferative enteritis. Hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled, IS intracellularis-specific probe detected the presence of IS intracellularis at a concentration of 10(7) organisms/g of feces. This method was sufficient to detect IS intracellularis in the feces of swine with experimentally induced and naturally acquired infection. Results of the hybridization were in agreement with those from histologic postmortem examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Polydeoxycholate in human and hamster feces: a major product of cholate metabolism.

Fecal bile acid excretion is one of the two major routes by which cholesterol is eliminated from the body, fecal cholesterol being the other. During their enterohepatic circulation, bile acids are secreted into the duodenum, pass down the jejunum and into the ileum where more than 95% is reabsorbed by the gut. Bile acids that escape reabsorption in the small intestine are metabolized by microorganisms in the large intestine. The major routes of metabolism are reported to be deconjugation, dehydroxylation, especially at the 7 alpha-hydroxy position, and dehydrogenation of the hydroxyl moieties. There are also some reports that saponifiable metabolites containing mostly deoxycholic acid form a major component of the bile acids found in human feces. We have identified a novel metabolite of cholic acid, 3 alpha-hydroxy polydeoxycholate, in both human and hamster feces that is the major constituent of these saponifiable metabolites. Furthermore, we have shown in hamsters that the animals that excreted more bile acid were excreting the additional bile acid as polydeoxycholate. As expected, there was a negative correlation between bile acid excretion in the feces and plasma cholesterol concentrations in these animals. We speculate that polydeoxycholate is formed in the lower gut of both humans and hamsters and that, by its formation, bile acid will be sequestered in an insoluble form, thus inhibiting its reabsorption by the gut. This process may help to reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations and coronary heart disease in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

[Detection of the parasite Giardia intestinalis during feces examination with immunoenzymatic and microscopic methods].

Detection rate of G. intestionalis in feces with direct microscopy has been compared with the immuno-enzymatic technique detecting protein GSA 65 with Alexon Inc., ProSpec T/Giardia reagents kit. The results obtained with both methods have further been compared with those obtained by microscopic examination of the duodenal content. Detectability of Giardia intestinalis with EIA technique with the use of ready-made kit has been assessed. Feces have been collected from 371 patients. Protein GSA 65 has been present in 170 samples, 45.8%, examined with the use of ProSpec-T/Giardia kit. Giardia intestinalis cysts have been detected microscopically in the feces of 37 patients, i.e., in 22.3%. Microscopic examinations carried out by three independent examinators have shown marked diversity in the rate of positive results, being 0.1% (examinator A), 28.6% (B), and 45.2% (C). Comparison of G. intestinale detectability of all 3 techniques used have shown absence of protein GSA 65 in 2 out of 9 examined patients. However, trophozoites have been present in the duodenal content. Test performed with kits made by Alexon Inc. and DIALAB have given 45.8% and 60.7% of the positive results, respectively.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

[A computerized tomography sign of small bowel occlusion: the feces-like content].

PURPOSE: To assess the frequency, significance, and diagnostic role of a recently described CT sign of small bowel obstruction, the faces-like content of the enteric lumen (the small bowel feces sign). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 82 cases of small bowel obstruction, studied with CT in the last 5 years, were retrospectively reviewed to identify possible feces-like luminal content of the dilated loops above the obstruction. RESULTS: The feces sign was identified in 6 cases of small bowel obstruction (7.3%), always within ileal loops. In 5 of 6 cases there was a simple and progressive obstruction while in one there was a hyperacute onset with intestinal strangulation. CONCLUSION: In our experience this sign is relatively uncommon. It is due to the intraluminal pooling of enteric material and is generally present in subacute obstruction. The sign seems to be rather specific and may represent a useful accessory diagnostic element.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Prospective study of pathogenic agents isolated from feces of patients with HIV infections].

OBJECTIVE: Determine the frequency of enteropathogenic agents isolated in diarrheic feces of patients with HIV infection and to compare findings with a control group (HIV + without diarrhea) in order to identify risk factors. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All HIV seropositive inpatients and outpatients seropositive for HIV, with or without diarrhea, seen between 1 November 1994 and 30 April 1995 were included. Samples of feces were obtained for culture, virology examination, parasite examination and search for Clostridium difficile. The same samples were obtained in case of diarrhea during the course of hospitalization. RESULTS: There were 113 samples. Analyses demonstrated a pathogenic agent in 73.6% of the samples in patients with diarrhea and in 31.6% of those without diarrhea. Clostridium difficile and parasites were the most frequently identified agents. An infectious agent was identified in one-fourth of the patients without clinical signs of diarrhea, and in one-fourth of those with diarrhea no pathogen could be demonstrated. No factor of risk for finding a particular microorganism in feces of patients with diarrhea could be identified. DISCUSSION: The exact pathogenic roles of Pseudomonas aeuriginosa, yeast, and adenovirus remain to be determined. It is hypothesized that the HIV has a direct effect on the host digestive tract.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1976

Radioactivity in urine and feces of mink (Mustela vison) treated with [14C] aflatoxin B1.

Excretion of radioactivity by mink (Mustela vison) during 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of two different amounts of aflatoxin B1 was studied. Male mink that received a single dose of 25 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 89.5% of administered radioactivity (56.8% via feces, 32.7% via urine); whereas female mink excreted an average of 85% (63.6% via feces, 21.4% via urine) of administered radioactivity during the 7-day period. Male and female mink given 150 mug aflatoxin B1/kg body weight excreted an average of 76.9-80.1% of administered radioactivity during the 7 days that followed treatment with toxin. These mink excreted somewhat more of the administered radioactivity in their urine than did the mink that received the lower dose of aflatoxin (37.2 vs. 32.7% for males and 32.7 vs. 21.4% for females). Regardless of sex and dosage of toxin, most of the radioactivity ultimately excreted either through feces or urine appeared in the first 24 h after toxin was administered to mink.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1990

Metabolites of estradiol in serum, bile, intestine and feces of the domestic cat (Felis catus ).

We wished to develop an efficient, noninvasive method for monitoring ovarian function in domestic and nondomestic Felidae. We hypothesized that the method could be based on measurement of one of the major excreted estrogen metabolites. To identify and characterize the major excreted metabolites, a bolus of (14)C-estradiol was administered into the femoral vein of adult female cats. We measured the amounts of total radioactivity per unit time contained in unconjugated and conjugated estradiol metabolites, in conjugated metabolites that were hydrolyzable, and in those not hydrolyzable by beta Glucuronidase / aryl sulfatase (the enzyme). Radionuclide levels were determined in voided feces and urine, in jugular vein plasma, bile, contents of the duodenum, and in the small intestine. Metabolites of (14)C-estradiol were voided preferentially in feces and in equal amounts either as unconjugated estradiol or as conjugates not hydrolyzable by the enzyme. In plasma, conjugated estrogens comprised an increasing proportion of the total radioactivity during the first 40 min after administration. Plasma pools of samples from 0.5 to 30 min and 40 to 360 min contained a monoconjugate and a diconjugate, respectively; both were hydrolyzable by the enzyme. Bile and intestinal samples were collected at 360 min after administration. In the bile, 99% of the total radioactivity was in conjugated compounds, only 20% of which were not hydrolysable by the enzyme. The proportion of unconjugated metabolites increased to 18% in the duodenum and to 45% in the small intestine. The major conjugates contained in voided feces not hydrolyzable by the enzyme were estradiol sulfate (m/z = 351.6836), distributed as the 3-sulfate (20%) and 17-sulfate (80%); of the latter, 70% were 17alpha- and 30% 17beta-estradiol sulfates. These data document the fate of estradiol in the circulation of the cat, they demonstrate that a large portion of the voided estradiol metabolites are not hydrolyzable by the enzyme, and account for those conjugates previously termed nonhydrolyzable.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1978

Degradation of tyrosine in anaerobically stored piggery wastes and in pig feces.

Radioactively labeled compounds that might be intermediates in the anaerobic degradation of tyrosine were added to pig feces and to stored piggery wastes. Changes in the compounds were followed by using thin-layer and gas chromatography. In feces, p-cresol and 3-phenylpropionic acid were the end products of tyrosine metabolism; in anaerobically stored mixed wastes, phenol, p-cresol, and minor quantities of phenylpropionic acid were formed. Schemes were proposed for the degradation of tyrosine in pig feces and in mixed wastes.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle feces using a polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan) detection assay after secondary enrichment.

Currently, methods for recovering and identifying Escherichia coli O157:H7 from cattle feces are inconsistent and hindered by their inability to specifically and rapidly detect small numbers of organisms from this complex and highly variable matrix. A standard approach for isolating and characterizing E. coli O157:H7 from cattle feces was compared with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based 5' nuclease assay specific for E. coli O157:H7 that included a secondary enrichment step. The PCR-based method proved a better indicator of the presence of the organism than the culture procedure. Retests indicated that the inclusion of a secondary enrichment step and the subsequent analysis by the 5' nuclease assay were reproducible and specific. Escherichia coli O157:H7 could be detected in fecal samples that were otherwise negative after a primary enrichment step, immunomagnetic separation, and plating onto sorbitol MacConkey agar plates containing cefixime and tellurite (CT-SMAC). In samples that were initially identified as culture positive but PCR negative, retesting of the culture isolates on CT-SMAC indicated that the sorbitol fermentation interpretations could frequently not be repeated in retests, whereas retesting using the 5' nuclease assay on the original samples demonstrated a high level of agreement with the initial PCR conclusions. These results indicate the necessity of confirmatory evaluation of isolates culturally recovered by standard cultural methods that involve the interpretation of CT-SMAC. The high level of disagreement between initial culture results and retests, and the high level of agreement between initial PCR results and retests, indicates the advantages of a gene-based detection system for identifying E. coli O157:H7 in cattle feces. Screening large numbers of fecal samples for E. coli O157:H7 would appear to be feasible by integrating the use of enrichment media in serial rounds of incubation with a PCR-based fluorogenic detection procedure in high throughput detection systems that had automated liquid-handling capabilities.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Post-embrionic development of Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus,1758) (Diptera: Muscidae)feed in feces of treated bovines with different avermectins].

Stomoxys calcitrans is one of the most important ectoparasites of the livestock in Brazil. This dipteran transmits many pathogenic agents to domestic animals, and in Latin America the stable fly is a common vector of Dermatobia hominis eggs. The insecticidal effect of feces from treated bovines with different avermectins was tested against larvae and pupae of S. calcitrans and was studied at the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Groups of bovines were, treated with eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin and doramectin, and one group was left untreated. Approximatly 100 g of feces was colleted frorn the recturri of each animal at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-treatment. The animal feces were mixtured with basic diet 1:1 and inoculated with first instar larvae of S. calcitrans. The results of this trial showed that percentage of viability of S calcitrans, from larvae to adult, was reduced by 85,00; 84,00; 91,00 and 92,00 per cent for eprinornectin, abamectin, ivermectin, and doramectin, respectively after 14 days post-treatment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blood in the feces as an aid to the diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis].

The presence of macro or microscopic blood in the stools of 300 premature babies was studied prospectively in relation with the future risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The microscopic blood was investigated using the bililabstix reactive stripe. Four group were made up: group A babies, with no blood in their stools. Group B babies with microscopic blood in feces. Group C babies with macroscopic or gross blood and group D babies with initially microscopic and later gross blood in their feces. The frequency of NEC for these groups were as follows: group A 0.0%, group B 0.47%, group C 63.3% and group D 89.6%. We conclude that it is possible to predict absence of manifestations of NEC when a premature baby does not show gross blood in the stools during the first 21 days of life. When the babies show gross blood in the feces, the frequency of NEC is 63.3% and the higher frequency (89.6%), belongs to the babies with initially microscopic and later gross blood.

Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous↗
PubMed1981

Nitrite-induced volatile mutagens from normal human feces.

Volatile mutagens (putative carcinogens) were produced from normal human and animal feces upon incubation with sodium nitrite in saline at 37 C for 48 hours. The mutagens were detected by using Ames' Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA1535 without microsomes, on plates inverted over samples in sealed containers. Mutagenicity was maximal at 0.2 to 0.6 M NaNO2 and at pH 6.2 to 6.8. Reversions per plate varied from approximately 30 to 450 (1.5 to 25 x background) within the normal human population. Sodium ascorbate and alpha-Tocopherol (at one-half [NaNO2]) each reduced the mutagenicity by approximately 30%. Two standard N-nitroso-compounds were mutagenic in the system. We propose that the mutagenicity in our system is probably caused by the formation of volatile N-nitroso-compounds and that addition of nitrite to human feces in vitro enhances a process that occurs in vivo.

Ascorbic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Single-copy nuclear DNA sequences obtained from noninvasively collected primate feces.

Noninvasively collected primate feces have been shown to provide a useful source of mitochondrial DNA for sequencing and nuclear microsatellite DNA for size analysis. In this study, single-copy nuclear DNA sequences were obtained from noninvasively collected fecal samples of two species of wild tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis and S. mystax, in the context of a project on the functional utility of color vision. Noninvasive genotyping of the X-linked opsin gene is important for future studies of selection and adaptation at this locus in a number of primate species. The wide range of techniques that can now be applied successfully to DNA extracted from feces introduces a broad spectrum of potential genetic studies that can be undertaken on primates, without the need for intrusive or invasive methods.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Plant DNA sequences from feces: potential means for assessing diets of wild primates.

Analyses of plant DNA in feces provides a promising, yet largely unexplored, means of documenting the diets of elusive primates. Here we demonstrate the promise and pitfalls of this approach using DNA extracted from fecal samples of wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). From these DNA extracts we amplified, cloned, and sequenced small segments of chloroplast DNA (part of the rbcL gene) and plant nuclear DNA (ITS-2). The obtained sequences were compared to sequences generated from known plant samples and to those in GenBank to identify plant taxa in the feces. With further optimization, this method could provide a basic evaluation of minimum primate dietary diversity even when knowledge of local flora is limited. This approach may find application in studies characterizing the diets of poorly-known, unhabituated primate species or assaying consumer-resource relationships in an ecosystem.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Elimination of rutaecarpine and its metabolites in rat feces and urine measured by liquid chromatography.

Rutaecarpine is an alkaloid isolated from the medicinal herb Evodia rutaecarpa. This study was to evaluate the elimination pathway of rutaecarpine in rat feces and urine. Rutaecarpine and its metabolites (3-, 10-, 11- and 12-hydroxyrutaecarpine) in urine were measured after incubation with beta-glucuronidase. After the rutaecarpine was administered (25 and 100 mg/kg) orally to rats, the urine and fecal samples were collected using a metabolic cage for five consecutive days. For determining rutaecarpine, the mobile phase consisted of acetontrile-10 mM NaH(2)PO(4) (60:40, v/v, pH 4.2 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) with a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The calibration curve was linear in concentrations of 0.05-50 microg/mL in fecal and urine sample. The results indicated that more than 42% of the rutaecarpine was excreted by feces after oral administration (25 and 100 mg/kg), but only a small amount of rutaecarpine was detected in urine at a higher dose of rutaecarpine (100 mg/kg). After incubation with beta-glucuronidase, the hydroxyrutaecarpine in urine was eluted using methanol-acetonitrile-0.04% formic acid (6:30:64, v/v) with a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. We conclude that the metabolic pathway of rutaecarpine went through phase I hydroxylation and phase II conjugation, and the major metabolite is 10-hydroxyrutaecarpine eliminated from urine of the rat.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed1978

Thermal treatment and infectivity of hepatitis A virus in human feces.

The susceptibility of white-lipped marmoset monkeys (Saguinus sp) to human hepatitis A virus (HAV) provides a system for evaluation of thermal inactivation of HAV in feces and contaminated shellfish. Intramuscular or oral administration of HAV derived from feces of four patients with acute hepatitis A induced hepatitis in 28--100% of the inoculated marmosets. A 10% (w/v) fecal pool (GBG-BM) prepared from two patients (GBG and GBM) induced hepatitis in marmosets (2/4 with 1 ml; 2/2 with 3 ml) when given orally as a 1 : 3 dilution. A HAV-baby food raw oyster mixture fed to fasted marmosets induced hepatitis in 1/4 and seroconversion in 2/4 animals. Two groups of oysters were injected with HAV (concentrated 3 : 1 by centrifugation of the GBG-BM pool); one group was treated at 140 degrees F for 19 minutes and the other served as an untreated control. In animals fed the untreated inoculum, 4/6 developed hepatitis and 6/6 seroconverted, whereas of those fed the heat-treated inoculum 1/7 developed hepatitis and 2/7 seroconverted. These data suggest that pasteurization methods could be developed that would eliminate shellfish-associated hepatitis A and retain the palatability of the shellfish.

Animals↗