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PubMed1984

Bacterial infection of the common bile duct in chronic fascioliasis in the rat.

Bile taken from rats infected with the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica contained spiral bacteria whereas bile from uninfected rats was free from spiral bacteria. The bacterium and its relationship to the bile duct epithelium and the liver fluke was studied with a combination of light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Its morphological characteristics suggest that the bacterium belongs to the genus Spirillum. In contrast to many other co-infections of bacteria and helminths, the present one seems to be a fairly passive relationship so that neither the helminth nor the rat suffers from the presence of bacteria. The presence of the bacteria is thought to be due to changes in the biliary environment, produced as a result of the fluke infection; these changes subsequently allow a multiplication of bacteria normally present in the uninfected animal.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and pentobarbital in the course of subclinical fascioliasis in sheep.

Pharmacokinetics of two common veterinary drugs, ampicillin and pentobarbital, were determined in sheep before and four, eight, 12, 17 and 21 weeks after infestation of animals by an oral administration of 150 metacercariae of Fasciola hepatica. The parasite infestation was ascertained by clinical observation of the animals. The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin were not significantly affected by the liver parasitism but the disposition of pentobarbital changed. A significant increase in elimination half-life (around 180 per cent), volume of distribution (130 per cent) and mean residence time (154 to 170 per cent) was observed in sheep infected by the parasite for four to 12 weeks. In these animals, duration of narcosis caused by pentobarbital was prolonged 1.8-fold. The results suggested that both reduced elimination of pentobarbital and impaired distribution of the drug would be responsible for the prolonged duration of narcosis in infected animals.

Ampicillin↗
PubMed1984

The use of haemoglobin, packed-cell volume and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase as indicators of the development of fascioliasis in sheep.

Haemoglobin, packed-cell volume and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity were studied in 8 groups of 3 Corriedale weaner wethers artificially infected with a range of fluke burdens. Data from haemoglobin and packed-cell volume measurements were analysed using regression procedures. All parasitised groups exhibited a decrease in haemoglobin and packed-cell volume compared with the control group. The rate of this decrease was approximately linear, and dependent on the size of the fluke burden. Prediction equations for the rates of decrease of haemoglobin and packed-cell volume in fluke-infected sheep are presented. Death occurred when haemoglobin fell below 5 g 100 ml-1, and packed-cell volume to 15%. Anaemia became profound in sheep infected with more than 346 flukes and these sheep died 56-63 days after infection. Serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity exhibited several peaks, before and after Week 12 post-infection, when flukes should have been present in the bile ducts. Reason for the activity later than Week 12 was not clear, although stress or immune responses may contribute. Haemoglobin and packed-cell volume may be useful in predicting the size of fluke burdens when the duration of the infection is known, and may indicate that time of death of infected sheep. Sorbitol dehydrogenase is an unreliable indicator of the size or the duration of fluke burdens.

Anemia↗
PubMed1986

Resistance to fascioliasis--a review.

Attempts to actively stimulate or passively transfer resistance to Fasciola hepatica or F. gigantica in various laboratory and farm animals including mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, goats and cattle have been reviewed. These attempts comprised sensitization by primary homologous or heterologous normal or irradiated infections per os, sensitization by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal implantation with the various fluke stages, sensitization by somatic extracts or metabolic products of mature or immature flukes and passive transfer of resistance by immune serum or sensitized lymphocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Epizootiology of fascioliasis in Montana.

During 1989-1990, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) meat inspection records were used to determine the distribution and incidence of liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica and Fascioloides magna) in Montana cattle. Of the cows and bulls slaughtered in USDA-inspected packing plants during a 12 month time period, 17.24% had livers that were condemned because of liver flukes. This was a 12% increase over USDA liver condemnations reported for 1973. Infected animals have been reported from 26 counties in Montana, mostly located in the south-central and western half of the state. Forty-nine percent of the 2.4 million cattle in Montana are raised in these counties. Lymnaeid snail species that may serve as intermediate hosts for Fasciola hepatica were found in most of the counties where liver flukes were reported. The principal vectors believed to be responsible for the transmission of Fasciola hepatica in Montana are species of the genus Fossaria. Stagnicola montanensis and Lymnaea stagnalis, which may serve as intermediate hosts for this parasite have also been collected. A known intermediate host for Fascioloides magna, Stagnicola caperata, was also found in several locations.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1992

Early immunodiagnosis of bovine fascioliasis using the specific antigen f2 in a passive hemagglutination test.

An improved hemagglutination (HA) test using the purified specific f2 antigen of Fasciola hepatica has been evaluated with regard to its potential use for early diagnosis of infection. On experimental infection of beef calves 6-8 months of age, f2-specific antibodies were detected 2-4 weeks after inoculation and persisted at high levels during the 28 week experimental period. On natural infection of dairy calves, 6-9 months of age, allowed to graze in infected fields from April to June, 48% of the animals were positive in July although coproscopic analyses were negative. In November all the calves were HA positive but only 24% of them excreted F. hepatica eggs. Beef calves 1-3 months of age allowed to graze with their dams in infected fields continued to suckle their dams and were weakly infected according to HA results. This weak infection was not detected by coproscopical analysis. Colostral f2-specific antibodies persisted for approximately 6 months in the serum of dairy calves allowed to suckle their dams immediately after birth.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Decrease in hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase activity in rats and cattle with fascioliasis: impaired in vitro glucuronidation of oxyclozanide.

The effects of liver fluke infection (Fasciola hepatica) on hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase activity have been studied in microsomes from experimentally infected rats and naturally infected cattle to see if they explain the toxic episodes observed in parasite-infected animals subjected to intensive chemotherapy with the flukicidal drug oxyclozanide. Dramatic decreases in the activity of this enzyme system with the typical substrate p-nitrophenol were observed in both animal species, even when little or no degenerative lesions could be seen in the liver parenchyma. In vitro there was a similar loss of glucuronic acid conjugation of oxyclozanide by hepatic microsomes from infected cattle. In vivo this would result in slower elimination of the drug and in drug accumulation.

Animals↗