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PubMed1993

Factors associated with HIV seropositivity in European injecting drug users. The European Community Study Group on HIV in Injecting Drug Users.

OBJECTIVE: To study factors associated with HIV seropositivity among European injecting drug users (IDU). METHODS: Data on behavioural and other factors potentially associated with HIV status were collected retrospectively by personal interview with IDU (n = 2330) in a multicentre cross-sectional survey conducted in 12 European countries from 1989 to 1990. HIV status tested at the time of the survey was examined in relation to demographic data, history of imprisonment, travel to foreign countries, high-risk drug-using practices in the previous 6 months (re-using other IDU's injecting equipment without effective disinfection) and high-risk sexual behaviour in the last 6 months (multiple partners, unless none was IDU and condoms were always used). Analysis excluded IDU who claimed to be seropositive from previous testing. RESULTS: Imprisonment was significantly associated with current HIV status [odds ratio (OR), 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.2-2.87]. High-risk drug-use practices were significantly associated with current HIV status in respondents not previously tested (OR, 2.86; 95% CI, 1.09-7.35) but not in respondents claiming to be seronegative. No significant association was found for high-risk sexual behaviour. CONCLUSIONS: Our experience supports the validity of retrospective investigation of behaviour in a population that is notoriously difficult to study. However, any interpretation of the apparently different associations of HIV status with high-risk sexual behaviour and high-risk drug-use practices must consider that factors tending to attenuate the correlations may operate differently in these two areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in Europe: the EUROPARKINSON Collaborative Study. European Community Concerted Action on the Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess and compare the prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease in five European populations that were surveyed with similar methodology and diagnostic criteria. METHODS: Joint analysis of five community surveys--Gironde (France), eight centres in Italy, Rotterdam (The Netherlands), Girona (Spain), and Pamplona (Spain)--in which subjects were screened in person for parkinsonism. Overall, these surveys comprised 14,636 participants aged 65 years or older. RESULTS: The overall prevalence (per 100 population), age adjusted to the 1991 European standard population, was 2.3 for parkinsonism and 1.6 for Parkinson's disease. The overall prevalence of parkinsonism for the age groups 65 to 69, 70 to 74, 75 to 79, 80 to 84, and 85 to 89 years was respectively, 0.9, 1.5, 3.7, 5.0, and 5.1. The corresponding age specific figures for Parkinson's disease were 0.6, 1.0, 2.7, 3.6, and 3.5. After adjusting for age and sex, the prevalence figures did not differ significantly across studies, except for the French study in which prevalence was lower. Prevalence was similar in men and women. Overall, 24% of the subjects with Parkinson's disease were newly detected through the surveys. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of both parkinsonism and Parkinson's disease increased with age, without significant differences between men and women. There was no convincing evidence for differences in prevalence across European countries. A substantial proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease went undetected in the general population.

Age Distribution↗