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PubMed1994

Ontogeny of the endocrine cells of the stomach of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.): an ultrastructural study.

The endocrine cells present in the developing stomach of sea bass larvae have been characterized ultrastructurally. Only one endocrine cell type (type I) was found in the presumptive stomach of 9- and 12-day-old larvae, one (type II) and five (types III, IV, V, VI and VII) in the aglandular stomach of 32-, and of 39- to 46-day-old larvae, respectively, and five (types III, VIII, IX, X and XI) in the differentiated stomach of 55- and 60-day-old larvae. A maturation process was established for some of these cells. Types I, II and III and types IV and X were thought to be different maturational stages of the same endocrine cell type.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

[Surgical treatment of endocrine-cell tumors of hepato-pancreatic-duodenal zone (comment of the editor)].

Endocrine-cell tumors of hepatopancreatoduodenal zone are rare diseases. Their rate doesn't exceed 1-4% of all tumors of this location. 79 patients with endocrine-cell tumors of hepatopancreatoduodenal zone were treated, 67 of them underwent surgical treatment (operability was 67.1%) Radical operations were performed in 45 patients (gastropancreatoduodenal resection--17, distal resection of the pancreas--16, tumor enucleation--5, hemihepatectomy--3, liver resection--4). Prognosis of endocrine-cell tumors of hepatopancreatoduodenal zone is relatively favorable. In radically operated patients the presence of metastases to lymph nodes doesn't influence long-term results which are better than ones of chemo- or radiotherapy. Correlation between long-term results of surgery and age of patients, tumor sizes and its histologic structure was not revealed. Radicality of surgery is the only factor influencing prognosis. It is necessary to expand indications for extended operations, and to perform multi-stage operations in some cases of recurrences.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Differentiation of the colon endocrine cells in mucosal epithelium of humans and some vertebrate animals].

By electron microscopy, the mucosal epithelium of a distal part of the intestine of humans and other vertebrates (Rana temporaria, Lacerta vivipara, Columba livia, rabbit, rat, pig, cow) was examined. On the basis of the variety of cellular structure and the level of specialization of the involved elements a common regularity of ways of differentiation of endocrine cells was revealed. The updating of endocrine cells basically occurs as a result of differentiation of cambial cells through intermediate pre-enteroendocrine forms. Reorganization of exocrine epithelial cells is accomplished through "mixed" exo-endocrine cells. At the lower vertebrate animals the "mixed" cells are met much more frequently than in mammals, including man. In humans the greatest quantity of these cells is observed in the intra-uterine period of development and in cases of pathology. Ways of cytogenesis in endocrine cells are differently manfested in the course of ontogenesis and under broken ability to live.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Increased populations of endocrine cells in Crohn's ileitis.

Hyperplasia of nerves has been described previously in Crohn's disease. To determine whether similar alteration of the enteric endocrine system occurs, endocrine cells of the ileal epithelium were quantified in typical cases of the disease. In the ileum from patients with Crohn's disease, there was an increase in the endocrine cell population, as visualised by immunostaining of chromogranin. Quantification of endocrine cell numbers showed significant increases in both macroscopically uninvolved (i.e. histologically normal) (35.0 +/- 3.8, cells per unit length of muscularis mucosae mean +/- SEM, P less than 0.05) and involved (44.5 +/- 5.5, P less than 0.01) Crohn's disease samples, compared with normal controls (23.7 +/- 3.4). Although individual types of endocrine cell showed slight increases in Crohn's samples, only the enterochromaffin cells in abnormal bowel showed a significantly greater population (normal controls 10.5 +/- 2.3; involved Crohn's 21.3 +/- 4.4, P less than 0.05).

Antigens↗
PubMed1987

Histological and immunohistochemical study on ontogeny of the endocrine cells in the quail gizzard.

The pre- and post-hatching development and differentiation of the endocrine cells in quail gizzard were examined histologically and immunohistochemically. A total of 158 heads (from 5th d of incubation to adult) were used in this study. The formation of gizzard tubular glands began from 11th d of incubation. 8 kinds of endocrine cells, argyrophil cells, and gastrin releasing polypeptide (GRP)-, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP)-, neurotensin-, and gastrin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the gizzard. These endocrine cells began to appear from 10th d of incubation. Argyrophil cells and GRP-immunoreactive cells in the gizzard were increased with age. Other kinds of immunoreactive cells were found rarely and irregularly, and some of them were found transitory in the embryonic stage.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ultrastructure of the rat duodenal endocrine cells after prolonged irradiation.

We propose classification of duodenal endocrine cells of intact rats based on ultrastructural signs of secretory granules and subdivided these cells into 10 basic types. The effect of long-term irradiation in a total dose of 2.5 Gy on ultrastructural organization of duodenal apudocytes was studied. Irradiation induced nonspecific changes of cell organelles in apudocytes. Differences in the ultrastructural disorganization were detected between different types of apudocyte populations and between different types of endocrine cells. Under conditions of adaptation to radiation apudocytes released the secretory product not only through molecular extrusion and exocytosis, but also via degranulation.

APUD Cells↗
PubMed2001

Electron microscopic immunohistochemical investigation of chromogranin A in endocrine cells in human oxyntic gastric mucosa.

Human oxyntic gastric mucosa harbours 6 types of endocrine cells: enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells, enterochromaffin (EC) cells, somatostatin (D) cells, and cells with an unknown secretory product (P cells, D1 cells and X (A-like) cells). In the present study, intracellular localization and granular content of chromogranin A (CGA) in these cells have been investigated by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry. The content of CGA in granules of the various types of endocrine cells was evaluated and compared with the content of serotonin and somatostatin in EC cells and D cells, respectively. ECL cells, EC cells, P cells, D1 cells and X cells contained CGA in their granules, whereas D cells did not. CGA granular content in ECL cells, P cells, D1 cells and X cells was 3.39 +/- 0.17, 3.41 +/- 0.21, 3.58 +/- 0.18, and 3.55 +/- 0.09, respectively. In ECL cells, CGA was also found in a nongranular form. The CGA content in EC cells (2.95 +/- 0.21) was not significantly different from the serotonin content (2.82 +/- 0.11; p > 0.05) which is in line with the basic significance of CGA as potential amine storage and release protein. The somatostatin content in D cells was 3.30 +/- 0.15. Our study has established high content of CGA in granules of all types of endocrine cells in human oxyntic gastric mucosa except in D cells.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Oral E2 prostaglandins affect endocrine cell populations in the gastric antrum of the rat.

The aim of the present study was to investigate antral endocrine cell populations and tissue and circulating hormone levels following a 4-week oral regimen with prostaglandin E2 (25, 250 and 5000 micrograms/kg-1 b.i.d.) or a stable methyl analogue (5 and 50 micrograms kg-1 b.i.d.). Epithelial hyperplasia of the gastric antrum was observed with the highest dose of prostaglandin E2 and both doses of the analogue, as evaluated by stereological methods and conventional cell count. The treatments significantly affected the endocrine cell population. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were increased in proportion to the increased epithelial cellularity and plasma levels of somatostatin were increased in parallel. The tissue content of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity differed according to the extraction procedure used, and was significantly higher than controls in specimens extracted in neutral water. In the neutral extracts an immunoreactive somatostatin of unidentified molecular structure dominated quantitatively over somatostatin 14 and 28, which were the major components in acetic acid extracts. The serotonin-immunoreactive cell population was also significantly increased by natural prostaglandin E2 and the analogue but the gastrin cell population was not significantly affected by treatments. Accordingly, no significant changes were observed in tissue or plasma gastrin levels. It is concluded that the epithelial hyperplasia of the antral epithelia produced by E2 prostaglandins is associated with selective changes of endocrine cell populations. The changes were proportional to the increases of epithelial cellularity and required quantitative determination of the total antral volume to be detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Light and electron microscopic characteristics of the various lung endocrine cell types.

Morphological and histochemical studies on APUD-cells in the lung epithelium are reviewed. Common features of these cells are their capacity to produce and store amine, their argyrophilia and their characteristic cytoplasmic secretory granules. Based on the fine structural morphology of the secretory granules three types of cells were observed in human foetal lung. In the human adult lung, endocrine cells were few in number and widely scattered. Contact between endocrine cells and nerves was never seen. One 'function' of endocrine cells in the human adult lung may be to act as precursor cells for carcinoid tumours and small cell anaplastic carcinomas (the APUDomas of the lung).

APUD Cells↗
PubMed1986

Endocrine cells and lysozyme immunoreactivity in the gallbladder.

A total of 89 gallbladders with various conditions were examined histologically and immunohistochemically to detect various kinds of metaplastic changes. The gallbladder mucosa of the fetus and normal gallbladder showed no metaplastic changes. In 32 cases of chronic cholecystitis, metaplastic changes, such as mucous gland metaplasia (23 cases), Paneth's cells (six cases), and goblet cells (four cases) were observed. All cases containing Paneth's cells or goblet cells showed simultaneous lysozyme immunoreactivity and also contained argyrophilic cells. Among 23 cases with mucous gland metaplasia, 15 cases showed lysozyme immunoreactivity, eight contained argyrophilic cells, and 16 showed lysozyme immunoreactivity and/or argyrophilic reaction. The other seven cases showed only mucous gland metaplasia without endocrine cells or lysozyme immunoreactivity. These results suggest that the presence of lysozyme and/or endocrine cells is a conventional marker of gastrointestinal metaplasia of the gallbladder mucosa. Using these markers, 14 (28.6%) of 49 cases of adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder contained endocrine cells; 18 (36.7%) showed lysozyme immunoreactivity; and 25 (51.0%) contained at least one marker of endocrine cells or lysozyme immunoreactivity. These results suggest that at least half of adenocarcinomas of the gallbladder might be derived from metaplastic changes.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1979

Disseminated endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract and their possible influence on gastrointestinal disease.

The role of the disseminated endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract is reviewed. Some of these cells are scarce or absent in pernicious anemia, ulcerative colitis and Sheehan's syndrome, but are increased in number in peptic ulceration, chronic gastritis and celiac disease. A subgroup of the diffuse endocrine cells with both endocrine and exocrine functions, the so-called amphicrine cells, suggests that these cells originate from the entoderm. A study of the diffuse endocrine cells in the chronic intestinal diseases of the developing countries is suggested.

Appendiceal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1989

Structure and function of endocrine cells in the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of human stomach.

The morphological and functional characteristics of the endocrine cells of the oxyntic (acid-secreting) mucosa of the human stomach, a target of the trophic effect of gastrin, are reviewed. In healthy subjects these cells account for 0.90 +/- 0.35% of the volume of the entire mucosa and for 1.21 +/- 0.44% of the volume of the epithelial mucosal component alone. The cells show no extension to the glandular lumen and show an intimate anatomic relationship with contiguous non-endocrine epithelial cells. This configuration indicates undefined local functions of the paracrine type not influenced by the gastric lumen content. Seven cell types were identified ultrastructurally, three of which (enterochromaffin-like (ECL), P and D) cumulatively account for more than 75% of the total endocrine cell mass. The secretory product(s) of the endocrine cells has not been demonstrated definitively with the exception of minor cell populations producing glucagon (only in the fetal life), somatostatin and 5-HT. Recently, production of histamine and glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit by oxyntic endocrine cells of man have been reported. However, histamine seems to occur in these cells normally, whereas the production of glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit appears to be virtually restricted to cells of patients with hypergastrinaemic conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Unusual endocervical polypoid tumor with endocrine cells: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis.

Light microscopic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of an unusual polypoid tumor of endocervix are reported. Numerous polypeptide hormone and amine-producing endocrine cells were disclosed. Main conventional characteristics were the architectural growth pattern, with infolding glands giving rise to small secondary glands, the hypermucinous benign-appearing epithelium of endocervical type, and, possibly, the stromal smooth muscle. Ultrastructural analysis showed a highly differentiated tumor. Glandular elements were surrounded by a basal lamina. Mucinous cells, several endocrine cell types, amphicrine cells, nonsecretory ciliated cells, ciliated mucinous cells, and possible reserve cells were observed. This tumor departs appreciably from normal mucosa and common varieties of endocervical polyp, particularly its distinctive endocrine profile. The present case does not correspond to a well-defined type of endocervical neoplasia. It shares morphologic analogies with mucinous tumor of ovary. The malignant potential of this lesion as well as its relationship with minimal deviation adenocarcinoma remain questionable.

Endocrine Glands↗
PubMed2002

Protein kinase A signaling: "cross-talk" with other pathways in endocrine cells.

Protein kinase A (PKA) signaling, in "classic" endocrine cell functioning, is known to mediate cAMP effects, generated through adenylate cyclase as a response to the activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This signaling system is highly versatile; its flexibility is supported by a number of adenylate cyclases, four PKA regulatory and three catalytic subunits, and several phosphodiesterases that close the negative feedback loop of cAMP generation, most molecules that are expressed in a tissue-specific manner. A central question, however, remains: how do the hundreds of GPCRs mediate their specific effects? Tissue specificity of the expression of the various components of the PKA system, albeit necessary, cannot be the only answer. It helps more to view PKA as a central hub that interacts with a variety of other signaling pathways in endocrine cells, not only mediating but also communicating cAMP effects to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), protein kinase C and B (PKC and PKB/Akt, respectively). The net result of these complex interactions, evidence for which is reviewed in this chapter, is what we know as "cAMP effects." It is, perhaps, because of this complexity that investigations of PKA signaling in vivo and in vitro often give contradictory results and are difficult to interpret.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Differentiation of fetal pig endocrine cells after allografting into the thymus gland.

BACKGROUND: The thymus of large animals, such as the pig, is thought to be an appropriate site for transplanting adult islets, which contain numerous beta cells, for the purpose of reversing diabetes. Whether fetal islet-like cell clusters (ICCs), which contain few beta cells, will develop at this site, so that adequate amounts of insulin can be produced, is unknown. METHODS: Between 15,000 and 40,000 ICCs were injected into the thymus gland of six juvenile immunosuppressed pigs, and the animals were killed up to 30 days later. The graft was then examined histologically and comparisons made with untransplanted ICCs and those grafted into the omentum of immunosuppressed pigs. RESULTS: At transplantation, the percentage of cells in the ICCs containing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, or pancreatic polypeptide was 9+/-1%, 13+/-2%, 9+/-1%, and 3+/-1% respectively. Within 9-30 days of transplantation into the thymus, the percentage of all endocrine cells increased, insulin to 41+/-3%, glucagon to 43+/-6%, somatostatin to 26+/-4%, and pancreatic polypeptide to 9+/-3%. There was co-localization of more than one hormone in some cells. Omental grafts contained a similar percentage of insulin and glucagon-containing cells, but significantly fewer somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide-containing cells. CONCLUSIONS: Endocrine cells from the fetal pig pancreas will differentiate when transplanted into the thymus gland of the pig, making this a suitable site for grafting ICCs to test their ability to normalize blood glucose levels of diabetic recipients.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Relations between circulating gastrin and endocrine cell proliferation in the atrophic gastric fundic mucosa.

It has been suggested that gastrin may be a causative factor in the proliferation of gastric fundic mucosal endocrine cells, as seen in the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and in atrophic gastritis with hypergastrinemia of antral origin. In the present study, morphometrically determined densities of endocrine cells in fundic mucosal biopsy specimens were related to basal levels of serum gastrin in 10 normal controls and 60 patients with achlorhydric fundic atrophic gastritis, of which 45 had pernicious anemia (5 with fundic mucosal carcinoid) and 15 had atrophic gastritis without pernicious anemia. The densities of fundic mucosal endocrine cells were positively related to the levels of serum gastrin (atrophic gastritis, rs = 0.65; atrophic gastritis and normal controls, rs = 0.72). The highest levels of serum gastrin were found in patients with carcinoid tumors (mean, 1659.3 pmol/l), followed by those in patients with focal hyperplasias (cluster formation) of endocrine cells (mean, 503.2 pmol/l) and those in patients without focal hyperplasias (mean, 304.4 pmol/l) (p = 0.03 and p = 0.04, respectively).

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Reassessment of enteric endocrine cell hyperplasia in celiac disease.

Celiac disease is characterized by reversible, gluten-induced, architectural abnormalities of the intestinal mucosa. Villus atrophy is compensated for by an increase in the number of proliferating cells and an increase in crypt cell production rate, resulting in increased crypt length and girth. Several authors, employing various methods of quantitation, have reported enteric endocrine cell hyperplasia in celiac disease. The present study has re-evaluated enteric endocrine cell status in this disorder by employing methods of quantitation which more accurately take account of alterations of crypt morphology than those previously used. Numbers of endocrine cells expressed as cells per unit of crypt length are not increased in the celiac biopsies when contrasted with those from controls. Indeed, numbers of cells immunoreactive for gastrin, GIP, motilin and somatostatin were reduced in the celiac mucosa. Endocrine cell hyperplasia in the celiac small bowel is not as marked as was previously thought, and may lag behind that of the enterocyte population.

Adult↗