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PubMed1982

Volatility in the geographical structure of short-run US interstate migration.

"Migration is often thought to be a long-run phenomenon. However, it is shown here by means of labor-force migration estimates derived from the Continuous Work History Sample over the period 1958-1975, that US interstate migration is quite volatile over the short run with respect both to its adjustment to macroeconomic fluctuations and to its geographic structure. A hierarchical clustering routine is utilized to analyse yearly estimates of interstate gross in-migration and out-migration so as to identify the temporal stability and characteristics of the geographical patterns of migration. States enter the national migration linkage tree at different levels for different years, depending upon the level of short-run economic activity." It is also shown that "when national economic conditions worsen, labor-supply adjustments are more localized and the degree of interstate interdependence is less than in times of economic boom."

Americas↗
PubMed1999

The economic well-being of elderly people and children in a changing society

As the United States meets its obligation to provide social security benefits for a growing population of elderly people and as the U.S. economy increasingly is exposed to global competition, social policy for the elderly population cannot--and should not--be developed or assessed in isolation: It should be assessed in the context of changing society. This article discusses the growing imbalance in the economic conditions of elderly people and children. It argues that this growing imbalance should be considered a threat for the social and economic development of the United States. It encourages the leaders of the elderly population to get involved in the drive to channel more resources to children.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[Present status of Buruli ulcer in Ghana, West Africa].

Recently, Buruli ulcer is emerging from the West and Central African countries. The disease come up with necrotizing and immno-suppressive type ulcer in the skin, subcutaneous tissue and bone, infected by Mycobacterium ulcerans, and shows indolent chronic course as mycobacterial infection, like tuberculosis and Hansen's disease. After the transmission to human, the lesion is usually single and begin as firm, painless, subcutaneous nodule and on any area of human body skin, though most frequently on lower limbs. In countries of West Africa, it is suspected that the disease should be spreading most widely in Ghana. During April and June 1999, Ghana Health Service pick up the new patients by nation-wide examination. The author visited Ghana twice at March and September 1999 and made on-the-spot inspections not only at a community and Ga district Health Service Center in Accra region but also at St. Martin's hospital in Agroyesum, Amanse west district, Ashanti region. At the time, the author did see the present state of Buruli ulcer, i.e. health and medical enlightenment. This report, includes the results due to undergoing nation-wide examination on Buruli ulcer at 2 District in Ghana (List 1 and 2), the present states of the patients and the enlightenment provided by the staffs of Ga district Health Service Center (Photografs 1-14). Staffs working for WHO and Ghana Health Service are tackling to Buruli ulcer problems, but conditions of the patients are very hard because these patients must live in tropical wetlands, poor health, poor medical and poor economic conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Factors affecting QOL of the home-bound elderly disabled.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors affecting the quality of life (QOL) of the elderly home-bound patients. Data were collected from 56 chronically disabled elderly persons (mean age of 76.7 years) who needed a long-term home-based care. They were assessed on QOL, range of activity, functional capacity, and capacity of family care functioning as well as socio-economic condition. The QOL was evaluated by using Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale (PGC Morale Scale). The activities of daily living (ADL) and handicaps were evaluated by the Barthel index and the ESCROW profile, respectively. The capacity of family care functioning was also recorded according to the "Family Care Scale" developed by Hamamura. As a result, there was a significant difference between PGC Morale Scale score and Barthel index score (P < 0.05), and we found a negative correlation between PGC Morale Scale score and ESCROW score (P < 0.05). It was also revealed that the factors affecting the QOL of the home-bound elderly disabled were determined by the motivation, functional capacity, and capacity of family care functioning (P < 0.05). These results suggest that in order to improve their QOL, ADL must be improved, therefore, rehabilitation should be continued to maintain their function after discharging from hospitals and that we should take these factors into consideration, such as living environments and social conditions of the family care. The results also indicate how the patient's independence in the daily life influences social and economic status, and consequently it affects the quality of life.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1992

Diarrhoeal diseases amongst children under five. A study in rural Alwar.

A house to house survey was done in three villages of district Alwar covering 875 children under five years age. Two week incidence of diarrhoea morbidity was 2.27 episodes/child/year taking into consideration the seasonal correction factor. The incidence decreased with increase of age. Incidence was found significantly more in children of illiterate mother (p < 0.05). Children of poor socio-economic conditions as determined by occupational status (labourers) suffered significantly more often from diarrhoea as compared to children of higher socio-economic status (agriculturist and others). Fifty per cent episodes of diarrhoea were treated with antibiotics, and only one child was given ORS. It is a matter of concern. About 3.7 per cent mothers washed their hands before preparing meals while, 1.6 per cent washed their hands after toilet. Only 2 per cent mothers had the knowledge of preparing the home made salt sugar solution. An intensive health education campaign is therefore, necessary for health professionals as well as mothers.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[Problem of evaluation of new economic mechanism in public health (data from the Kuibyshev district)].

The two-stage sociological survey of public opinion has become an integral and, as the whole course of work showed, important part of the introduction of new economic mechanism into public health with a view of its optimization. However, it should be stressed that such a survey of public opinion is only one part of our complex programme. It seems to us that the most prospective survey appears to be the study of psychological aspects of management under new economic conditions. We are convinced that the knowledge of "human factor" and proper decision-making process under transition to the new economic methods of management would enable our followers to avoid many difficulties we have met with.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1983

Financial status of the Social Security Program.

This study, originally a background paper for the National Commission on Social Security Reform and published as Appendix J in the Commission's Report, outlines the dimensions of the financing problem the Commission addressed. Prepared by Robert J. Myers, the Commission's Executive Director and a former Deputy Commissioner and Chief Actuary of the Social Security Administration, it discusses, in turn, the operational and funding procedures of the Social Security Trust Funds, the measures developed to determine the financial soundness of the program, and the financial status of each trust fund in the past, at present, and projected for the future. The author shows how program funding was gradually shifted from a modified-reserve to a pay-as-you-go basis and how the balance between income and outgo was disrupted by adverse economic conditions during 1979-81, when prices rose more rapidly than wages and unemployment was substantially higher than anticipated. Using several different economic assumptions, Myers estimates how extensive the deficits of the program could be over the short run (the remainder of the 1980's) and over the long term (the period 1982-2055).

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1990

The prevention of psychopathology in African Americans: an epidemiologic perspective.

Although improving the mental health status of African Americans is an important goal, it is not clear that this can be accomplished by increasing access to professional services. Many have argued that stressful social conditions are the major cause of mental disorder in blacks and thus, psychopathology can be prevented by eliminating racism, oppression and poor economic conditions. This review argues that while the notion of primary prevention with African Americans should be taken seriously, there is still a need for more and better epidemiologic research. Three bodies of knowledge relevant to black mental health are addressed: 1) the need for an epidemiologic knowledge base for prevention; 2) coping capacity and vulnerability to stress; 3) risk factor identification. Findings from a national survey of adult African Americans are presented as an example of risk factor identification for the purpose of specifying targets for preventive interventions. The paper concludes that before the prevention of psychopathology in black populations can be achieved, a number of measurement, theoretical and policy issues must be addressed. Specific directions for future research are outlined.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1999

Spinal cord lesions in Bangladesh: an epidemiological study 1994 - 1995.

OBJECTIVES: Spinal Cord Lesions are a major public health problem in Bangladesh. This epidemiological study was undertaken in order to identify the causes of spinal cord lesions and thus to allow prevention and control programs to be developed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 247 patients with spinal cord lesions admitted to The Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP), Savar, Dhaka from January 1994 to June 1995 were reviewed retrospectively. Comparisons were made with the reports of studies from other countries, both developing and developed. RESULTS: The most common cause of traumatic lesions was a fall from a height followed by falling when carrying a heavy weight on the head and road traffic accidents. Most of the patients were between 20 - 40 years old and the overall age group ranged from 10 - 70 years. The male:female ratio was 7.5 : 1.0. Among the traumatic spinal cord lesions, 60% were paraplegics and 40% tetraplegics. Among the non-traumatic spinal cord lesions cases 84% were paraplegics and 16% tetraplegics. The leading cause of death resulted from respiratory complications and these deaths occurred in the very early period of admission. CONCLUSION: From the results it can be deduced that the high incidence of spinal cord lesion as a result from falls from a height, and from falling when carrying a heavy weight on the head, can be explained by the mainly agricultural based economy of Bangladesh. The most common age group (10 - 40 years) of patients reflects the socio-economic conditions of Bangladesh. The male:female ratio (7.5 : 1.0) of patients with a spinal cord lesion is due to the socio-economic status and to the traditional culture of the society.

Accidental Falls↗
PubMed1992

A family process model of economic hardship and adjustment of early adolescent boys.

We propose a family process model that links economic stress in family life to prosocial and problematic adolescent adjustment. Employing a sample of 205 seventh-grade boys aged 12 to 14 years (M = 12.7) and living in intact families in the rural Midwest, the theoretical constructs in the model were measured using both trained observer and family member reports. In general, results were consistent with the proposed model. Objective economic conditions such as per capita income and unstable work were related to parents' emotional status and behaviors through their perceptions of increased economic pressures such as the inability to pay monthly bills. These pressures were associated with depression and demoralization for both parents, which was related to marital conflict and disruptions in skillful parenting. Disrupted parenting mediated the relations between the earlier steps in the stress process and adolescent adjustment. The emotions and behaviors of both mothers and fathers were almost equally affected by financial difficulties, and disruptions in each parent's child-rearing behaviors had adverse consequences for adolescent development.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1991

[Death risk profile of children under one year of age residing in a locality of São Paulo State, Brazil, 1987].

The infant mortality of children living in Botucatu, SP, Brazil, in 1987 is studied. In order to establish the risk profile for mortality, an additional risk factor (AR) was calculated on the basis some variables selected by means of a case control study. The results showed an AR for death of 15.58, 11.63, 8.50 and 4.04 respectively for the groups of preterm gestation, low birth, absence of household water supply and insufficient maternal educational level, respectively. It was shown that there is a significant difference in socio-economic status between the families of survivors and those of nonsurvivors. This fact suggests that the best strategy for overcoming the high infant mortality of the low income group is by improving their socio-economic condition so that they can enjoy similar capacity to consume goods and services, in quantity and quality, as the high socio-economic group.

Brazil↗
PubMed1990

The medicalization of anthropology: a critical perspective on the critical-clinical debate.

The recent intensity of debate between clinical and critical perspectives can be attributed, in part, to increasing job competition among medical anthropologists in an unfavorable economic climate. If, as analysts predict, a decline occurs in academic and health sector jobs over the next few decades, the increasing medicalization of the field of anthropology will have unintended negative consequences. Awareness of these economic conditions may allow for some degree of disciplinary and theoretical rapprochement.

Anthropology↗
PubMed1986

Some observations on a cholera outbreak at the Umvoti Mission Reserve, Natal.

Between November 1981 and January 1982 154 consecutive patients with cholera El Tor Inaba were hospitalized at Stanger Hospital, Natal. These cases were traced to 130 households in the Umvoti Mission Reserve, which were ranked according to socioeconomic condition, permanence of housing materials, ablution facilities and purity of water source. Significant associations were found between cholera incidence and both socio-economic conditions and water source; the latter two were also strongly associated. In a number of instances the outbreak did not follow the downstream flow of the rivers. Increased mobility and social gathering over the holiday season appears to have played a role in transmission. The atypical pattern of spread may also have resulted from non-water-borne, person-to-person transmission.

Cholera↗
PubMed1993

An analysis of nursing's agenda for health care reform.

A review of Nursing's Agenda for Health Care Reform indicates that nursing has indeed turned its attention to the sociopolitical economic conditions that influence health. It appears that nursing has been redirected beyond the immediacy of individual concerns toward the larger social, political, and economic concerns. Though this agenda is very global and generic, it recognizes the complexities that make up the health care environment.

American Nurses' Association↗
PubMed1990

Long term trends in parasuicide and unemployment in Edinburgh, 1968-87.

Aggregate- and individual-level trends in parasuicide and unemployment among men and women resident in Edinburgh during the years 1968-87 are reported. During the first half of the period unemployment and parasuicide rates increased in parallel (r = 0.91, P less than 0.001 among men; r = 0.82, P less than 0.01 among women). However, while unemployment continued to rise after 1977, parasuicide rates tended to fall (r = -0.83, P less than 0.001 among men; r = -0.38, NS among women). It could be shown that the reversed relationship between parasuicide and unemployment after 1976 was not due to changes over time in the validity of the local unemployment rate as a marker of economic conditions. Suggested explanations for the falling parasuicide rate in Edinburgh include the possibility of a "threshold" effect and the influence of other (non-economic) factors. The rate of parasuicide among the unemployed fell, especially after 1973, while the rate among the employed rose until 1976-7, thereafter tending to fall. The relative risk (rate among the unemployed/rate among the employed) declined until 1979, since when it has fluctuated at about 10. The highest rate of parasuicide was consistently found among the long-term unemployed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies in Konya, Turkey.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A (HAV) and E (HEV) viruses in the different areas of Konya. METHODS: Anti-HAV and anti-HEV antibodies were investigated in 210 healthy children randomly selected (100 from rural areas and 110 from urban areas of Konya). None gave a history of previous icterus nor other signs of hepatitis, had received blood transfusion and HAV vaccine, or had been on hemodialysis. RESULTS: Evidence of HAV infection occurred in children under the age of 6 years. The seroprevalence rate was 67.8% in rural areas and 25.8% in urban areas. This increased rapidly with age and became universal after 11 years of age in both areas. In contrast, HEV infections were not detected until children were 6-11 year olds, and the 5.2% seroprevalence rate in urban areas and 8.5% seroprevalence rate in rural areas in this age group did not significantly increase in older age group. The prevalence of anti-HAV as well as anti-HEV was significantly higher in children with poor socio-economic conditions in both areas. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that HAV infection in rural areas of Konya is widespread and that environmental and socio-economic factors play a major role in its transmission. In contrast, hepatitis E is not a public health problem in Konya.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A foundation for the risk-based treatment of gasoline-contaminated soils using modified Fenton's reactions.

The relative oxidation of representative aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons found in gasoline was evaluated to provide the foundation for risk-based treatment of petroleum-contaminated soils and groundwater using modified Fenton's reagent (catalyzed hydrogen peroxide). Aromatic components of gasoline are considered more hazardous than the aliphatic fractions due to their higher mobility in the subsurface and their higher acute and chronic toxicities. Benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes (BTX) were selected as aromatic compounds representative of unleaded gasoline, while nonane, decane, and dodecane (NDD) were used as model aliphatic compounds. The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) concentration, iron catalyst concentration, and pH on the degree of treatment of the model compounds were investigated using central composite rotatable experimental designs. Oxidation of the aromatic compounds required less iron and less H(2)O(2) than did oxidation of the aliphatic compounds, while proceeding more effectively at near-neutral pH. Greater than 95% of the BTX was treated at near-neutral pH using 2. 5% H(2)O(2) and 12.5 mM iron (III), while only 37% nonane, 7% decane, and 1% dodecane oxidation was achieved under the same conditions. The results show that the more toxic and mobile aromatic fraction was more effectively oxidized using less H(2)O(2) and more economical conditions, including near-neutral pH, compared to the aliphatic fraction. A process design based on treating only the aromatic fraction of petroleum may provide significantly lower costs when using modified Fenton's reagent for the treatment of contaminated soils and groundwater.

Gasoline↗