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PubMed1995

Developmental toxicity study of clarified slurry oil (CSO) in the rat.

Pregnant CD rats were exposed dermally to 0.05, 1, 10, 50, and 250 mg/kg/day of Clarified Slurry Oil (CSO) on Days 0-19 of gestation to determine its potential developmental toxicity. Untreated and vehicle controls were included in the study. Day 20 of gestation Caesarean-derived fetuses were examined for gross, external, and visceral or skeletal alterations. Dosages of 1 mg/kg/day and higher significantly decreased maternal body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, gravid uterine weight, and live litter size and significantly increased resorption rate. These dosages also significantly reduced fetal weights and retarded development of the brain, kidney, thoracic and caudal vertebrae, metacarpals, and hindpaw phalanges in dosage groups with live fetuses (high dosage group dams resorbed all conceptuses). The 50- and 250-mg/kg/day dosage group dams had only placentas and/or dark red viscous fluid in the uterus or vagina and significant body weight loss (associated with resorption). The highest dosage also caused emaciation, slight dehydration, and swollen dark anogenital areas. These results indicate that CSO produces adverse developmental effects at maternally toxic dosages. The maternal and developmental NOAELs (no observed adverse effect levels) were 0.05 mg/kg/day. In a second study, groups of 10 mated female rats were exposed to "pulse" exposures and dosages of 1, 50, or 250 mg/kg/day of CSO applied dermally for 2- or 3-day intervals that spanned the gestation period. All dosages reduced maternal feed consumption and body weight gain during the treatment period. Dosages of 50 and 250 mg/kg/day also produced early resorptions when administered on Days 6 through 8 and 9 through 11 of gestation. However, no increase in fetal alterations occurred, indicating that the effects on embryo-fetal development were due to early death and not to the death of malformed conceptuses.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1992

Abdominal organ cluster transplantation in pigs and FK506.

Using a swine abdominal organ cluster transplantation model, we investigated the postoperative function and immunological reactions of a cluster graft and evaluated the immunosuppressive activity of FK506. The animals were divided into two groups. Group I (n = 6) served as controls, while in group II (n = 6) a daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg FK506 was given intramuscularly. Postoperative pancreatitis was the most important factor influencing the early outcome in both groups. In group I, the cause of late death was cachexia due to diabetes mellitus induced by pancreatic rejection. In group II, emaciation despite a well-functioning graft was the principal cause of late death. Histologically, in group I the grade of rejection in the pancreas was more severe than in the liver, and no sign of rejection was observed in group II. In conclusion, the pancreas suffered more severe rejection than the liver, and FK506 could significantly prevent cluster allograft rejection in this model.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Optic disc morphology in "age-related atrophic glaucoma".

BACKGROUND: This study was performed in order to evaluate whether, in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), patients with a different degree of fundus tessellation vary in optic disc morphology and level of intraocular pressure. METHODS: Color stereo optic disc photographs of 562 patients with POAG and a myopic refractive error of less than -8 diopters were morphometrically examined. According to the degree of fundus tessellation, the total group was divided into a tessellated subgroup (n = 256) and a nontessellated subgroup (n = 306), both matched for neuroretinal rim area and refractive error. RESULTS: In the tessellated subgroup, as compared to the nontessellated subgroup, the mean maximal intraocular pressure values were significantly lower, the parapapillary atrophy was significantly larger, the optic cup was significantly more shallow, frequency of disc hemorrhages was lower, the mean visual field defect was significantly more marked, and patient age was significantly higher. Within the whole study group, the degree of fundus tessellation increased significantly (P < 0.005) with decreasing mean maximal intraocular pressure, decreasing optic cup depth, and increasing degree of parapapillary atrophy. In the subgroups with the highest degree of fundus tessellation, parapapillary atrophy was the greatest and the mean maximal intraocular pressure was the lowest compared to other subgroups. CONCLUSION: At the low-pressure end of POAG, marked fundus tessellation is associated with large parapapillary atrophy, shallow disc cupping, mostly concentric emaciation of the neuroretinal rim, and high patient age. The results suggest a distinct subtype of POAG in older patients with relatively low intraocular pressure leading to a mainly diffuse atrophy of the optic nerve.

Female↗
PubMed1996

Optic disc morphology in juvenile primary open-angle glaucoma.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether, in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), patients younger than 40 years differ in optic disc morphology from patients older than 40 years. METHODS: Out of a total group of 419 patients with POAG, we formed and compared two subgroups, one consisting of 37 patients with an age of less than 40 years, the other composed of 382 patients with an age equal to or more than 40 years. Both subgroups were matched for neuroretinal rim area. We examined the optic disc morphometrically using stereo disc photographs. RESULTS: The younger subgroup, as compared to the older subgroup, showed deeper and steeper optic disc cupping, concentric emaciation of the neuroretinal rim, a significantly smaller area of parapapillary atrophy, and significantly higher maximal and minimal intraocular pressure measurements (P < 0.001). The size and shape of the optic disc and the diameter of the retinal vessels at the optic disc border did not vary significantly. CONCLUSIONS: In POAG, patients younger than 40 years differ in optic disc morphology from patients older than 40 years. The younger patients with POAG have high minimal and maximal intraocular pressure readings and an optic disc morphology with deep and steep cupping, concentric loss of neuroretinal rim, and an almost unremarkable parapapillary atrophy. POAG in patients under 40 represents chronic high-pressure open-angle glaucoma with mainly diffuse optic nerve damage.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Evaluation of a conjugate of purified antibodies against human AFP-dextran-daunorubicin to human AFP-producing yolk sac tumor cell lines.

The anticancer drug, DNR, was conjugated to an affinity-purified horse antibody to human AFP (aAFP) via a dextran bridge. The conjugate (immunoglobulin: DNR molar ratio, 1:50) was twice as potent as free DNR in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay against an AFP-producing human yolk sac tumor. The in vivo effect of aAFP, DNR, and the conjugate was tested against the human yolk sac tumor growing in nude mice. The conjugate, at a concentration of DNR containing the equivalent amount of 20 micrograms or 70 micrograms/mouse significantly retarded tumor growth whereas free aAFP showed only a slight inhibition of tumor growth compared to the PBS-treated control. Mice which received 20 micrograms/mouse of free DNR showed a moderate retardation of tumor growth whereas those which received 70 micrograms/mouse of DNR or a mixture of DNR and aAFP showed emaciation and early death due to acute toxicity of the drug. These results suggest that the anti-body-drug conjugate accumulated preferentially on the AFP-producing tumor cells and that cytotoxicity occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Modified method for prophylaxis against unishunt system complications with presentation of total intraventricular migration of unisystem ventriculoperitoneal shunt.

This report is a case of shunted hydrocephalus in which the Unishunt system was placed without the clips (lock and slip). Upward migration of the whole system into the lateral ventricle was discovered 1 month after surgery. The shunt was reinserted, placing the proximal "lock-clip" under the cranial flap and the distal "slip-clip" subcutaneously at the abdominal area. The skin over the slip-clip ulcerated, so it was repositioned and fixed deep in the abdominal muscle, extraperitoneally. Different factors caused the migration: negative sucking intraventricular pressure; pushing, positive intra-abdominal pressure; the course of the subcutaneous tract of the tube not being straight; incorrect fixation of the ends of the system; faulty handling of the baby. Choosing the type of shunt, its pressure opening, antisiphon device, uni- or multi-component, and following a straight line between the ventricular and abdominal inlets are all important factors that guard against migration and assure fixation. The modified fixation method using clips is recommended as a routine technique, especially in emaciated babies, to guard against skin ulceration.

Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts↗
PubMed1993

Dose study of the immunosuppression of FK 506 in canine lung allo-transplantation.

The immunosuppressive effect of FK506 (FK) in comparison to cyclosporine A (CsA) on lung graft rejection was demonstrated using 24 mongrel dogs with left lung allotransplantation. The cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated using donor skin fibroblasts. In eight dogs not given immunosuppression, the grafted lungs lost aeration 5-10 days postoperatively, and histologic findings revealed grade II rejection and cytotoxic activity elevated to between 10.7 and 60.5%, being an average of 31.2% at an effector/target (E/T) ratio of 50. Of 12 dogs treated with FK, none demonstrated a cytotoxic activity of 10% or more at an E/T ratio of 50. Moreover, histologic examinations of the specimens obtained by open chest biopsy revealed no signs of rejection during the first 10 postoperative days of FK administration, except in one dog showing grade I rejection from the FK 0.05 mg/kg group. A dose study of the duration until the onset of graft rejection and the elevation of cytotoxic activity after the termination of FK administration revealed approximately 1-2 weeks in the FK 0.05 mg/kg group, 3-4 weeks in the 0.1 mg/kg group, and later in the 0.4 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg groups. However, severe body weight loss was seen in the 0.4 mg/kg and 2.0 mg/kg groups postoperatively, without recovery even after the termination of FK. In fact, two dogs died of pneumonia possibly derived from general emaciation. These results suggest the optimal concentration of FK in canine lung allo-transplantation to be 0.1 mg/kg intramuscularly.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Pneumocystis infection in macaque monkeys: Macaca fuscata fuscata and Macaca fascicularis.

Retrospective examination of lungs from 128 monkey necropsies was attempted for Pneumocystis infection using special strains, including toluidine blue-O and Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate. Four Japanese monkeys (7.7%), Macaca fuscata fuscata, and one crab-eating monkey (7.7%), Macaca fascicularis, were found to have Pneumocystis infection. The organism was found in young and infant animals. At the time of death, one infant and two young monkeys were debilitated and/or emaciated. Pneumocystis infection was considered an important lesion which could have caused reduced respiratory function in two of the Japanese monkeys, but constituted only an incidental finding in the others.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Golgi study on brain of macular mutant mouse as a model of Menkes kinky hair disease.

This study was undertaken to elucidate, using the Golgi method, the neuropathological change in the brain of the macular mutant mouse, whose hemizygote (Ml/y) is considered to be a model of Menkes kinky hair disease (MKHD). The hemizygote mice gradually lost weight after 10 days of age and died with emaciation and seizure around day 15. The normal littermate (+/y) was well developed. In the cerebrum, the arborization of pyramidal neurons in the layer V of the Ml/y was the same as that in the +/y on day 10. However, development of arborization in the Ml/y was delayed in comparison with that in the +/y on days 12 and 14. Purkinje cells with several somal sprouts were observed in the cerebellum in both the Ml/y and +/y on day 7. The somal sprouts in the +/y had regressed gradually by day 12, while they were still in the anterior and middle lobes of the Ml/y on day 14. Additionally, the trunks of Ml/y stem dendrites became thicker and a cactus formation was recognized on the branching portion of the dendrites on day 14. Arborization of these abnormal Purkinje cells was distinctly poor compared with that in the +/y. These results suggest that the growth of the neurons is delayed in the Ml/y and simultaneously their cytoskeletal developments are disturbed, especially in the Purkinje cells. There is a close similarity in many respects to the neuropathological change in MKHD.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparison of spongiform lesions in experimental scrapie and rabies in skunks.

Striped skunks were inoculated intracerebrally with the scrapie agent (suspension of brain from a naturally infected Suffolk sheep) or intramuscularly with street rabies virus (suspension of salivary glands from naturally infected skunks). Those given the scrapie agent developed clinical signs of weakness, posterior ataxia, and emaciation after incubated periods of 8 to 23 months. Those inoculated with rabies virus developed clinical signs of rabies (aggressive behavior, hyperexcitability, ataxia and paralysis) after incubation periods of 20 to 62 days. The gross lesions in the brains of the skunks given the scrapie agent consisted of marked atrophy of the thalamus and moderate atrophy of the cerebrum. No gross lesions occurred in the rabid skunks. Histologically, the type of spongiform lesion in rabies was the same as that in scrapie. However, spongiform change of rabies infected brains was less extensive (only rarely affected the basal ganglia, hippocampus or hypothalamus) than that of brains infected with the scrapie agent and was characterized by fewer numbers of small vacuoles (as a proportion of total number of vacuoles) than occurred in scrapie spongiform change.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Clinico-pathological study on macular mutant mouse.

The macular mutant mouse was clinically and pathologically examined. The hemizygotes began to show white fur color and curly whiskers around postnatal day 3, then seizures and ataxia around day 8, while the normal littermates did not. The hemizygotes also increased weight gradually from birth to day 9, but then showed weight loss and died around day 15 with severe emaciation. These clinical features resembled those in Menkes kinky hair disease. There were no pathological changes in the cerebral cortex in the hemizygotes on day 7. On day 10, two to three clear vacuoles began to appear in a few neurons in the cerebrum. These neurons with vacuoles increased gradually in number and degenerative neurons were also observed by day 14. Ultrastructurally, they corresponded to giant abnormal mitochondria with an electron-lucent matrix and short peripherally located cristae. Other abnormal mitochondria, which were characterized by an electron-dense matrix with tubular or vesicular cristae, were also observed in the cerebral cortical neurons.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Experimental infections in chickens with Chilomastix gallinarum, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum, and Tritrichomonas eberthi.

Flagellates from the caeca of a diseased hen and a diseased goose were transmitted to 35 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens. The flagellates of chicken origin were identified as Chilomastix gallinarum, Tritrichomonas eberthi, and Tetratrichomonas gallinarum. T. eberthi was not detected in the material of goose origin. Morphologic studies did not reveal any differences between Chilomastix and Tetratrichomonas specimens from chicken or goose origin. The species from the goose were identified as C. gallinarum and T. gallinarum (Syn. T. anseris Hegner, 1929). Both trichomonad species produced pseudocysts that developed in the faeces of chickens within 3 h after excretion. Only 17% of the trichomonads excreted had reached the pseudocyst stage. All three flagellate species are infective to chickens when inoculated per rectum or per os or when consumed with chlorinated tap water. The prepatency period was always less than 24 h. SPF chickens between 2 and 30 days of age were equally susceptible. The infections persisted at a high level of intensity throughout the observation periods, i.e. up to 7 months. Of 35 inoculated SPF chickens, 2 developed disease (emaciation, ruffled feathers, diarrhoea, dilatation of the caeca). The three flagellate species were cultivated in Diamond's medium for 110 days. Cryopreserved and cultivated flagellates retained their infectivity to chickens.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Catheter-induced ascites--an unusual complication of parenteral feeding.

A nearly fatal complication of parenteral feeding is reported. An emaciated infant with severe Shigella dysentery was treated with intravenous feeding through a catheter in the inferior vena cava. After three days severe ascites developed acutely. Venocavography revealed effusion into the peritoneal cavity due to the catheter having penetrated the wall of the inferior vena cava.

Ascites↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of nicotine and amphetamine on body-weight regulation].

Twice daily c.c. injections of nicotine or amphetamine, for 6 weeks, produced a stabilization of the body weight at a level below that of the controls. This is attained by a transient hypophagia in normal animals and by a brief hyperphagia in animals emaciated prior to the treatment period. These effects confirm the hypothesis of Powley and Keesey (2) that the set-point for body weight is regulated, and not food intake.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1977

Clinical, haematological and pathological studies in donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei.

Donkeys experimentally infected with Trypanosoma brucei showed dullness, weakness, fever, inappetence, conjunctivitis, tachycardia and polydyspnoea soon after detectable parasitaemia. The parasitaemia was generally low with transient high peaks except in the terminal stage when there was sustained high parasitaemia. A moderate anaemia was present as from the second week of infection but it was not progressive. There was a marked leucopoenia within 24 h of patent parasitaemia. Death occurred 2 to 2 1/2 months after infection and at necropsy there was severe emaciation as well as mild serous effusion. Histologically, there was a nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis, cranial neuritis, extensive haemosiderosis, hyperplasia of follicles in lymph nodes and spleen and giant cell reaction in lymph nodes. Trypanosomes were present in the cerebrospinal fluid, the eye and serous effusions. These observations are similar to those previously reported in other animals infected with T. brucei.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Clinical observations on bovine parasitic otitis in Tanzania.

Between January 1982 and December 1989 more than 5,000 clinical cases of bovine parasitic otitis were examined. Clinical signs were mild in early cases and were characterised by dullness, anorexia and occasional head shaking, but were severe in long standing cases where the major presenting clinical signs were dark brown aural discharges which soiled the hair below and in front of the ear, emaciation, central nervous signs, recumbency and death.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Mimosine degradation in calves fed a sole diet of Leucaena leucocephala in India.

Five Karan Swiss crossbred (Sahiwal x Brown Swiss) calves were abruptly switched over from a diet of concentrate and maize fodder to ad libitum air dried Leucaena leucocephala leaves plus twigs. After 17 days on the L. leucocephala diet, 3 of the calves were supplemented with copper sulphate (10 mg/kg DM L. leucocephala) for 12 days. Thereafter all the calves were taken off the L. leucocephala diet and returned to the pre-experimental concentrate and maize fodder diet. While on the L. leucocephala diet, the average DM intake/d of L. leucocephala declined to 497 g within 3 weeks and all calves lost weight. This weight loss was reversed in the 3 calves that received copper sulphate, and all calves gained weight when they resumed the concentrate and maize fodder diet. The toxic effects of L. leucocephala feeding for 24 days were characterised by poor growth, emaciation, alopecia, loss of hair from the tail switch, ear and eye lesions, ulceration of the mouth region, drooling viscid saliva and vomiting of thick green saliva in one of the calves. Mean levels of 3,4 dihydroxypyridone (DHP) (mg/100 ml) were 30.35 +/- 13.52 and 55.57 +/- 13.77 on days 2 and 4 respectively in rumen liquor and up to 136.01 +/- 80.18 in urine. The mean ratios of mimosine: DHP of 3.14, 0.12 and 0.04 in feed, faeces and urine respectively revealed extensive degradation of mimosine to DHP in the calves fed the L. leucocephala diet and it was concluded the calves were unable to tolerate a diet consisting solely of L. leucocephala.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1984

Internal parasitism in milk goats in Kenya.

Observations were made on individual cases and on herds showing the effects of internal parasitism on the health and productivity of Toggenberg and Saanan goats. The clinical reactions varied markedly being influenced by the degree of infestation and duration of illness. Typical cases showed emaciation, anaemia, oedema, weakness and sometimes diarrhoea and death. Faecal analyses were dominated by strongyle egg counts which rose progressively throughout the study period. Overstocking led to some animals being at greater risk.

Animals↗