Dentin phosphoprotein: an extracellular calcium-binding protein.
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Amino Acids↗
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Results for “Dentin Solubility”
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Root surface reactions to TiF4 and SnF2 solutions in vitro. An ultrastructural study.
Previous studies have indicated that TiF4 and SnF2 differ in their demineralizing effect when applied topically to root surfaces at the same acidity. The aim of this study was to examine in more detail the outermost layer of root surface specimens by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after short-term exposure to these acidic fluoride solutions. Root surface specimens were exposed for 1 min and 4 min to equimolar (1.1 M F) solutions of a) TiF4, native pH 1.0; b) SnF2, acidified to pH 1.0; and c) SnF2, native pH 2.5. The specimens were then rinsed in saline and processed for TEM. Exposure to TiF4 resulted in a partly demineralized zone 8-10 microns deep after 1 min and 5-27 microns deep after 4 min of application. A 0.1-micron-thick, electron-dense coating was present in all TiF4-treated specimens. Acidified SnF2 resulted in a completely demineralized zone, 4-7 microns deep, when applied for 1 min and 4 min, whereas SnF2 at native pH produced a 0.5- to 1.0-micron-wide partially demineralized zone. Unevenly distributed crystalline deposits were a frequent finding on SnF2-treated surfaces. The results indicate that solutions of TiF4 and SnF2 at native pH will cause only slight demineralization when applied topically to root surfaces.
Crystallography↗
[Chemical preparation in endodontic therapy. 1. The effect of EDTA on powdered dentin and dentinal walls].
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Dentin↗
Comparison of patient-perceived postcementation sensitivity with glass-ionomer and zinc phosphate cements.
Numerous investigators have reported patients' postcementation sensitivity with glass-ionomer luting agents. This information has been predominantly anecdotal and unsupported by data. This paper reports on the actual perceptions of patients who had restorations cemented with both glass-ionomer and zinc phosphate luting agents. Forty-five patients were randomly selected and received two cast restorations, one cemented with glass-ionomer cement and the other with zinc phosphate cement, also by random assignment. After 1 week, patients returned to complete a self-administered evaluation of perceived sensitivity. Neither luting agent resulted in greater sensitivity when used according to its manufacturer's instructions.
Crowns↗
Buonocore Memorial Lecture. Glass-ionomer cements: past, present and future.
It was Michael Buonocore who focused the attention of the profession on adhesion in the oral cavity. He expanded the concept of adhesion of resins to enamel and investigated adhesion to dentin. The problem has been solved through the glass-ionomer cements rather than with resins, but sadly, he did not live to see them achieve maturity. The glass-ionomer cements were introduced to the profession in 1976, and they provide adhesion to both enamel and dentin through an ion exchange with the additional benefit of a continuing fluoride release throughout the life of the restoration. Solubility is low, abrasion resistance is high, and biocompatability is excellent. As a water-based material, they have an excellent chance of survival in the hostile environment of the oral cavity. Acceptance of the early versions was slow because of perceived problems with water exchange, a poor color range, and a lack of translucency. Considerable research has been carried out over the last 20 years by members of the profession and the manufacturers; at this point, the glass-ionomer cements make a very valuable contribution to everyday practice. They are now available as both an autocure and a dual-cure cement, and the color range and translucency are excellent. Problems of clinical placement have been overcome, and it is now a simple matter to take advantage of the adhesion and the fluoride release and place a restoration that is esthetic, resistant to microleakage, long lasting, and a deterent to recurrent caries. Their only limitation lies in the fact that they lack the fracture strength to rebuild marginal ridges and incisal corners. In spite of this limitation, they have opened the way for the introduction of a new range of microcavity designs that allow for conservation of remaining tooth structure to an extent never before available. In the near future physical properties will be improved still further, and the use of these cements will expand considerably.
Dental Bonding↗
A methacrylate-based cement used as a root canal sealer.
In this study, a methacrylate-based orthopaedic bone cement was modified for use as a root canal sealer by changing the monomer from n-butyl methacrylate to tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate. The sealing and bonding capabilities, solubility and handling properties of the resin were evaluated. Seventy-three extracted mature human teeth with single canals were used. The teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups each of 30 teeth; three control teeth were set aside for the leakage tests. Ten teeth were reserved for the scanning electron microscope studies. All the experimental teeth were root filled with gutta-percha and the resin sealer. The particle size of the polymer was limited in Group 1 to 75 microns or less and in Group 2 to 45 microns or less. The controls were filled with gutta-percha only. Silver nitrate solution was used as the leakage indicator. In Group 1 the mean linear penetration of the indicator was 1.10 mm +/- 1.04; four roots showed no leakage. In Group 2 the mean linear penetration of the indicator was 0.57 mm +/- 0.65; 12 roots showed no leakage. The test bodies showed no weight change after 1 and 3 months' storage in saline at 37 degrees C. The scanning electron microscope examination revealed a bond both between the resin and the dentine and between the resin and the gutta-percha. The working time of the new resin composition was normally about 50 min, and handling was found to be easy.
Bone Cements↗
Scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy analysis of the dentin adhesive interface using a labeled 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate analogue.
In an attempt to compare the morphology of the dentin adhesive interface and the wetting and penetration of the adhesive in relation to the dentin surface, we studied four dentin adhesive systems using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). 2-Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), a monomer common to many commercial dentin adhesive systems, was altered to produce a thiolated analogue (HETMA). Sulfur, traceable by EDS and STEM, was substituted for the oxygen atom in the backbone of the HEMA molecule. The resulting analogue, with solubility parameters and other wetting and physical properties very similar to those of HEMA, was applied to four sets of tooth specimens, each pre-treated with a different primer or etchant. Three separate pre-treatments--nitric acid, maleic acid, and citric acid/ferric chloride--created a demineralized zone approximately 1 to 3 microns thick at the dentin surface. The HETMA was found to permeate freely into this zone when either of the latter two pre-treatments was used. However, the band of dentin that was demineralized by the nitric acid pre-treatment appeared impermeable to the HETMA. The fourth pre-treatment, an alcohol-based solution including the phosphorus acid ester PENTA and HEMA, modified the smear layer of the tooth slightly and did not appear to demineralize the dentin. HETMA applied to the specimens pre-treated with PENTA and HEMA was clearly in intimate contact with the dentin or modified smear layer; however, it did not penetrate or diffuse into these areas. It did flow into the dentinal tubules, as was also evident with each of the other systems. It was concluded that the acid pre-treatment of the dentin greatly influenced the wetting behavior of the dentin adhesive and thus could substantially affect the resultant bond strength of the dentin adhesive systems.
Acid Etching, Dental↗
Importance of water sorption and solubility studies for couple bonding agent--resin-based filling material.
This study investigated the water sorption and solubility of two light-cured resin composites (Filtek P60 and Solitaire 2), one compomer (Compoglass F), one ormocer (Admira) and the associated bonding agents (Scotchbond 1 [Scotchbond 1 = Scotchbond Single Bond in USA], Gluma One Bond, Excite and Admira Bond, respectively) and of a RMGIC (Fuji II LC). Five disks of each product type were subjected to water sorption and solubility tests based on ISO 4049 requirements. The data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and non-parametric multiple-comparison tests using ranked sums at 95% confidence interval. Fuji II LC showed the highest water sorption (167.5 microg/mm(-3)). Fuji II LC and Compoglass F had higher solubility values (8.3 and 10.0 microg/mm(-3), respectively) than the other materials. Bonding agents have very high water sorption and solubility values (between 77.4 and 355.4 microg/mm(-3) and between 75.9 and 144.9 microg/mm(-3), respectively) compared to the restorative materials. Gluma One Bond and Admira Bond showed lower sorption and solubility than Excite and Scotchbond 1.
Absorption↗
Osteoclast differentiation factor acts as a multifunctional regulator in murine osteoclast differentiation and function.
Osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), a novel member of the TNF ligand family, is expressed as a membrane-associated protein by osteoblasts/stromal cells. The soluble form of ODF (sODF) induces the differentiation of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts in the presence of M-CSF. Here, the effects of sODF on the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of murine osteoclasts were examined in comparison with those of M-CSF and IL-1. Osteoclast-like cells (OCLs) formed in cocultures of murine osteoblasts and bone marrow cells expressed mRNA of RANK (receptor activator of NF-kappaB), a receptor of ODF. The survival of OCLs was enhanced by the addition of each of sODF, M-CSF, and IL-1. sODF, as well as IL-1, activated NF-kappaB and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) in OCLs. Like M-CSF and IL-1, sODF stimulated the survival and multinucleation of prefusion osteoclasts (pOCs) isolated from the coculture. When pOCs were cultured on dentine slices, resorption pits were formed on the slices in the presence of either sODF or IL-1 but not in that of M-CSF. A soluble form of RANK as well as osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor, a decoy receptor of ODF, blocked OCL formation and prevented the survival, multinucleation, and pit-forming activity of pOCs induced by sODF. These results suggest that ODF regulates not only osteoclast differentiation but also osteoclast function in mice through the receptor RANK.
Acid Phosphatase↗
Effects of sodium hypochlorite solution on root dentine composition.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution,<or=5% w/v available chlorine (abbreviated subsequently to %), is widely used as an irrigant in root canal treatment of teeth, so its effects on dentine are of clinical importance. The effects of approximately 0.5%, 3% and 5% NaOCl solution on the composition of root dentine were studied at ambient temperature. For dentine powder treated for 30 min, depletion of the organic phase was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Apatite lattice parameters showed no significant change, but NaCl was also detected by X-ray powder diffraction. The low solubility of apatite mineral in the NaOCl solutions was demonstrated by the constant weight of bulk enamel specimens immersed for seven days. The stability of the mineral phase was confirmed by scanning microradiography (SMR), an X-ray attenuation method employing photon counting. Repeated SMR measurements of the local mineral content of bulk samples of root dentine and a synthetic hydroxyapatite aggregate during exposure to pumped NaOCl solutions for 100 h showed no mineral loss. As predicted from apatite chemistry, reaction of NaOCl with the mineral phase can be excluded as a primary factor in changes in mechanical properties of treated dentine. Effects of retention of NaCl on endodontic sealants requires further investigation.
Journal Article↗
Co-distribution of annexin VI and actin in secretory ameloblasts and odontoblasts of rat incisor.
Annexin VI and actin were detected by immunoblot analysis in the enamel- and dentin-related portions of dental tissues. Annexin VI was found mainly in the particulate fraction whereas actin was detected in both the soluble and particulate fractions. By immunoelectron microscopy, annexin VI antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold were seen to label the mitochondria, the cytosol and the nucleus of secretory ameloblasts and odontoblasts of rat incisor. In the processes of these cells, the plasmalemmal undercoat was labeled. Anti-actin antibodies labeled the desmosome-like junctions, the cytosol, and the mitochondria of the cell bodies. Extensive labeling was seen at the periphery of the Tomes' processes and odontoblast processes. These results suggest that annexin VI may play a role in Ca2(+)-regulation in the cell bodies, especially as a calcium receptor protein in the mitochondria. Moreover, annexin VI and actin seem to be co-distributed in secretory processes. Thus, these proteins might be both involved in exocytotic and endocytotic events.
Actins↗
Dentin matrix collagen: evidence for a covalently linked phosphoprotein attachment.
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Animals↗
Mature collagen crosslinks.
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Anhydrides↗
Newer knowledge of non-collagenous protein in dentin and cortical bone matrix.
The current state of knowledge of the composition of the NCM components of bone and dentin has been summarized at the end of the appropriate sections. It is significant that increasing interest in the chemistry of hard tissue matrices has coincided with the development and refinement of a wide range of separation techniques, resulting in the isolation of an unexpectedly large number of components. The most sophisticated techniques, such as iso-electric focusing and isotachophoresis, give rise to discrete fractions often of very similar composition, particularly in terms of amino acid content. Such components might best be considered in groups, especially should such groups be identified in terms of common immunochemical properties. Dickson has used such an approach in a recent study of the proteins of sheep cortical bone. The Liverpool group has approached the problem on a broad front and thus directed attention to the number and diversity of NCM components, but it will be seen that those studies directed to the isolation of a specific component have invariably revealed the presence of several other fractions, set aside while attention was directed to the component under investigation. It is clear that the major proportion of bone and dentin NCM consists of glycoproteins of the less-acidic and anionic types. Several of the anionic components contain phosphate, levels being higher in those derived from dentin. Glycosaminoglycans, the first class of non-collagenous compounds to be identified in hard tissue matrices, are now known to comprise only about 5-7 per cent of the NCM. Precise details of the glycosaminoglycan fraction of human dentin and considerable information concerning that of bovine bone are now available. The major component in each tissue is chondroitin-4-sulfate, which exists in the form of proteoglycan, the protein moieties of those from bovine bone and human dentin being very different. Although greater interest is currently being shown in the glycoprotein fractions, several studies have been made of the calcium-binding properties of proteoglycan preparations and of individual glycosaminoglycans. Attempts to relate differences in chemical composition and properties to specific bone sites may not prove to be the best approach to the study of the precise chemistry of mineralization. It is clear, from the earlier work of Lindenbaum and Kuettner that mineralization takes place in a very narrow layer which will normally represent only a fraction of a typical zone prepared for analysis...
Amino Acids↗
Interaction of water-soluble collagen with poly(acrylic acid).
Interactions between poly(acrylic acid) labeled with pyrene (PAA-Py) and succinylated calfskin collagen (type I) (SCSC) were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy. PAA-Py exhibits a strong emission from pyrene monomer (intensity, I(M)) when it exists in an extended conformation. It exhibits another broad emission from pyrene excimer (intensity, I(E)) when it adopts a collapsed globule conformation. At pH 3, a value that is lower than the isoelectric point of SCSC, the ratio I(E)/I(M) value decreased cooperatively with increasing concentration of SCSC at constant PAA-Py concentration, under salt-free condition. On the other hand, this effect was not observed in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. At pH 7, a value higher than the isoelectric point of SCSC, the ratio I(E)/I(M) was not affected by the presence of SCSC in the absence and presence of salt. From electrophoretic light scattering experiments, it was found that at pH 3 PAA-Py was negatively charged, while SCSC had a positive charge. Thus it is strongly suggested that the two polymers interact by electrostatic attraction at low pH where they are oppositely charged, and that PAA-Py adopts an extended conformation in the complex formed with SCSC. Similar interactions are believed to occur between dentinal collagen and the polycarboxylate component of glass-ionomer cements.
Acrylic Resins↗
Racemization velocity of aspartic acid in dentine.
To investigate the racemization of dentinal amino acids furthermore, and thereby to estimate age more accurately, fundamental heating experiments dealing with aspartic acid in dentine were carried out. The racemization velocity was determined and compared not only for the total amino acids (TAA), but for insoluble collagen (IC) as well as soluble peptide (SP) fractions. In TAA and IC, with the passage of time, their racemization deviated from the mode of the primary reaction, whereas in the SP, an extremely stable increase in D/L ratio was maintained for a longer time, fulfilling the mode of the primary reaction. When samples are left drying, the racemization velocity was greatest in the IC but considerably less in the SP, indicating results opposite to those found in the living state.
Age Determination by Teeth↗
Chemical events during tooth dissolution.
Information on chemical changes during enamel dissolution has been collected from investigations on hydroxyapatite solubility, enamel solubility, artificial lesion formation, and natural caries. Although hydroxyapatite and enamel will ultimately dissolve in acid or during caries, compositional changes also occur. Most notably, there is a preferential dissolution of calcium, both from hydroxyapatite and from enamel, and of carbonate and magnesium from enamel. Root dentin yields substantial amounts of magnesium on acid attack. Fluoride may be involved in surface zone formation during attack, but an additional theory of coupled diffusion is described. Calcium-deficient mineral is produced during an acid attack, and this has lattice parameters and solubility behavior different from those of stoichiometric material. The interaction of fluoride produces a more stable lattice, resisting dissolution and favoring accretion, and tending to counteract the effects of carbonate and magnesium in forming mineral. The provision of fluoride, albeit at low levels, in plaque fluid is seen as being important in maintaining the net integrity of the tooth. More information is also needed on the role of the organic phase in tooth structures during caries and acid attack.
Dental Caries↗
Fluoridated carbonatoapatite in the intermediate layer between glass ionomer and dentin.
The intermediate layer between a glass ionomer restoration and dentin was examined morphologically by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SEM showed strong bonding between the dentin and glass ionomer and formation of an intermediate layer between them. FTIR spectra of successive scrapings through the ionomer/dentin interface zone showed that the intermediate layer is composed primarily of mineral fluoridated carbonatoapatite. The presence of this sparingly soluble mineral at the interface between the tooth and the restoration may provide high resistance to secondary caries and may, thus, be of great clinical importance.
Apatites↗