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PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of dentin depth on the permeability and ultrastructure of primary molars.

The purpose of this study was to measure the permeability of primary molar and permanent premolar dentin at various thicknesses from the pulp and to correlate permeability with the tubule density and diameter of dentin using SEM. The data were examined for statistically significant differences using two-way analysis of variance, multiple comparison Scheffe, and regression analysis. The permeability of all teeth increased with decreasing dentin thickness. The removal of the smear layer resulted in a significant increase in the permeability. However, the permeability of the dentin in premolars was significantly higher than that in the primary molars. The density and diameter of the dentinal tubular in primary molars were lower than the values reported for permanent teeth and may account for the lower permeability of the primary molars.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Ability of adhesive systems to seal dentin surfaces: an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of three adhesive systems to seal dentin by measuring the permeability of dentin before and after bonding procedures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six flat dentin surfaces were prepared from human extracted teeth and connected to a fluid-filled system for permeability measurements. The hydraulic conductance of the flat occlusal surface of dentin was measured by the filtration technique, before and after application of ScotchBond MP Plus, Prime & Bond 2.0, and All-Bond 2. Bonding procedures were followed by P-50 resin composite application. The specimens were then perfused with silver nitrate to permit morphologic localization of microleakage pathways using SEM. RESULTS: The results showed that the best dentin seal was produced by All-Bond 2, followed by Prime & Bond 2.0, and ScotchBond MP Plus. However, none of the three bonding systems tested was able to totally prevent the passage of fluid across the dentin in every specimen. When observed with SEM, each adhesive system exhibited different patterns of leakage. CONCLUSION: The inability of all three materials to create a perfect seal in vitro raises concerns about the ability of these adhesive systems to provide completely sealed restorations in vivo. However, because the current study applied pressure 3 to 6 times higher than physiologically normal, it is likely that the leakage represents a worst-case scenario.

Adhesives↗
PubMed2003

Patterns of fluoro-gold entry into rat molar enamel, dentin, and pulp.

Permeabilities of enamel and dentin are not fully understood despite their importance for caries, restorative materials, and pulp-dentin-enamel interactions. We have found that Fluoro-Gold is useful for examining tooth permeability, and we designed studies to test the effects of aging, injury, neural function, and dentinal repair on its influx into vital rat teeth. We used fluorescence microscopy and immunocytochemistry to show that Fluoro-Gold rapidly penetrates enamel, the dentin-enamel junction, and outer dentinal acellular tubules, and then concentrates in odontoblasts, where it remains for weeks. As predicted, influx was greatest in immature teeth, and formation of reparative dentin impeded it. We expected that denervation would disrupt influx, because of neural regulation of dentinal fluid movement, but it did not. Damage to odontoblasts under injured dentin caused increased influx and efflux of Fluoro-Gold. Analysis of our data suggests that permeabilities of enamel and dentin to Fluoro-Gold are age-related, inter-dependent, and regulated by odontoblasts.

Aging↗
PubMed2004

The in vitro effect of pulpal pressure and luting agent on tensile bond strength of complete cast crowns.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The degree to which pulpal pressure may affect bond strength of complete cast crowns is unknown. PURPOSE: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of simulated pulpal pressure on the tensile bond strength of complete cast crowns luted with 2 different cements. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-eight human mandibular canine teeth were cleaned and stored in saline solution. The crowns were prepared by 1 investigator, and standardization of the preparation was accomplished by fixing a dental handpiece in a parallelometer. Uniform grooves, 0.5 mm in depth, were prepared with burs with depth guides. The complete crowns were prepared with a 0.5-mm shoulder margin. Teeth were randomly divided into 2 groups of 24 teeth each (Group I and Group II). In Group I, bonding and tensile test procedures of the teeth were carried out under simulated pulpal pressure (15 cm of saline solution). In Group II, simulated pulpal pressure was not used. The roots were removed 1 mm below the cementoenamel junction to create direct communication with the pulp chamber. The remaining pulpal tissues were carefully removed, and crowns were embedded in acrylic resin. The acrylic resin was then penetrated by a stainless steel tube that connected the pulp chamber and the barrel of a disposable plastic 5-ml syringe. The pulp chambers were filled with physiological saline solution under elevated pressure to locate the area of greatest permeability on the dentinal surface. Crowns were cast (Co-Cr alloy) with a 20-mm bar to allow testing of the bond strength. Each of the 2 groups were further divided into 2 luting cement groups of 12 each (Group I, A and B, and Group II, A and B). Group IA/IIA and Group IB/IIB specimens were luted with a polycarboxylate luting cement (Poly-F Plus) and an adhesive luting cement (Superbond C&B), respectively. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours, all specimens were subjected to a tensile bond test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. The maximum load at fracture (Newton) was recorded. The results were then evaluated with 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests (alpha=.05). RESULTS: Simulated pulpal pressure increased the bond strength of cast complete crowns cemented with an adhesive luting agent (P=.01). No significant difference was found in the bond strength of complete cast crowns cemented with polycarboxylate cement with or without pulpal pressure. Superbond C&B adhesive luting agent showed significantly higher bond strength values for Group I (388.9+/-32.7) and Group II (300.9+/-66.8), when compared with polycarboxylate cement for Group I (221.3+/-17.3) and Group II (186.8+/-38.5) (P=.001). CONCLUSION: Simulated pulpal pressure had a positive effect on the retention of complete cast crowns when cemented with Superbond C&B adhesive luting agent. Superbond C&B significantly increased the retention of crowns in either the presence or absence of pulpal pressure.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructure of hypersensitive and non-sensitive dentine. A study on replica models.

Patients with cervical dentine exposures do not always complain of dentine hypersensitivity. The identification of morphological features connected to symptoms is important for both prevention and management of dentine hypersensitivity. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the dentine ultrastructure and clinical symptoms in patients with cervical dentine exposures. Replica models for a total of 28 teeth (from 10 patients) with cervical non caroius lesions and dentine exposures were obtained before and after acid etching. The replica models were studied blindly in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). 12 of these were classified clinically as hypersensitive and 16 as non-sensitive. Because of the morphological heterogeneity of all specimens, a grid was used to isolate smaller, more homogeneous areas. 120 (75 non-sensitive and 45 hypersensitive areas) grid areas randomly selected from the 28 dentine surfaces were analyzed. The presence and morphology (amorphous or crystalline) of smear layers and the density and diameter of dentine tubules were recorded. The chi 2 test was used for statistical analysis. In unetched specimens, the surfaces classified as non-sensitive were frequently coated by an amorphous smear layer (88.0%) and occasionally by a crystalline smear layer (2.7%). Only a few and narrow tubules were observed (9.3%). On the other hand, the unetched specimens of the hypersensitive dentine exhibited less frequently (31.3%) an amorphous smear layer. The presence of crystalline smear layer (33.3%), many and wider patent tubules and, sometimes, loss of intertubular dentine manifested as grooves between tubules, were observed (35.6%). The differences were significant (p < .001). In hypersensitive dentine, the acid etching always removed the smear layer whereas removal in non-sensitive dentine was partial or absent. These morphological findings underline the rôle of smear layer in reducing permeability of dentine in patients with dentine sensitivity.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1996

Dynamics of the pulpo-dentin complex.

Dentin has a relatively high water content due to its tubular structure. Once dentin is exposed, this intratubular water is free to move in response to thermal, osmotic, evaporative, or tactile stimuli. Fluid shifts across dentin are thought to cause sufficient shear forces on odontoblasts, nerve endings, nearby fibroblasts, and blood vessels to cause significant mechanical irritation, disruption, or damage, depending on the magnitude of the fluid shift. Even in the absence of fluid shifts, the water-filled tubules provide diffusion channels for noxious (i.e., bacterial products) substances which diffuse inward toward the pulp, where they can activate the immune system, provide chemotactic stimuli, cytokine production, and produce pain and pulpal inflammation. Viewed from this perspective, dentin is a poor barrier to external irritants. However, pulpal tissues react to these challenges by increasing the activity of nerves, blood vessels, the immune system, and interstitial fluid turnover, to make the exposed dentin less permeable either physiologically, via increased outward fluid flow, or microscopically, by lining tubules with proteins, mineral deposits, or tertiary dentin, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of dentin, and providing additional protection to pulpal tissues. These reactions involve dentin and pulp, both in the initiation of the processes and in their resolution. These responses of the dental pulp to irritation of dentin demonstrate the dynamic nature of the pulpo-dentin complex.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1985

The dentin-predentin complex and its permeability: anatomical overview.

This paper provides an anatomical overview of the dentin-predentin complex and its permeability. An unique anatomical feature of this complex is the presence of dentinal tubules which extend peripherally from the odontoblast-predentin junction throughout the thickness of the tissue. The permeability of dentin is a consequence of the presence of these tubules. Thus, this review concentrates on the anatomy of dentinal tubules and, in particular, on those studies which in the last decade have increased our knowledge of this anatomy. The structure, size, and number of dentinal tubules and the relationship of these features to the permeability of the tissue are discussed. This is followed by a description of the contents of dentinal tubules, with particular emphasis being paid to the literature concerning the extent of the odontoblast process.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Resistance of cementum in Class II and V cavities to penetration by an adhesive system.

OBJECTIVES: As the cervical margin located in cementum-dentin is still the most unpredictable area of an adhesive resin restoration, the aim of this investigation was to evaluate the morphology of the cementum layer at the cervical margins of Class V and Class II cavities and the impregnability of this layer to resin bonding systems. METHODS: Three different types of in vitro investigations of the cervical margins were performed by scanning electron microscopy: 1) direct anatomical observation of conditioned cavities; 2) observation of resin replicas; and 3) observation of resin infiltration. During direct observation, the presence of opened tubules was evaluated; in the resin replicas, the presence of resin tags and their density were observed; in the observation of resin infiltration, the presence of an acid-resistant interdiffusion was investigated. RESULTS: From direct observation, cut tubules were seen 200 microns from the cervical margin. After treatment with a dentin bonding system, the outer layer was infiltrated by the resin. In the resin replica, the presence of resin tags was detectable 150-200 microns from the margin. In Class II samples, the presence of an outer layer at the cervical margin, which could not be identified as bulk dentin or cementum, was clearly detectable by both direct and indirect observation. In the Class V samples, the border between this layer and bulk dentin was less evident. SIGNIFICANCE: The presence of a cementum layer of approximately 150-200 microns at the cervical margins of cavities may pose a serious clinical problem for reliable bonding. Although in the present study the observation of a zone of resin-impregnated cementum may confirm the improvement obtained with the last generation of hybridizing dentin bonding systems, the effectiveness of the bond is still unclear.

Composite Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sealing and dentin bond strengths of adhesive systems.

The objectives of this research were (1) to analyze the variations of the permeability of dentin after restoration with two polyacid-modified resin composites (Compoglass, Dyract) and four single-bottle adhesives (Prime & Bond 2.0, Syntac Single Component, OptiBond Solo, and Single Bond--Scotch Bond 1 in Europe--immediately (approximately 1 hour) after insertion. A perfusion system with distilled water was used at a pressure of 32.5 cm of water; (2) to study the bond strength of their interfaces; and (3) to find the correlation, if any, between both parameters. None of the materials used produced a complete cessation in fluid filtration. Tensile bond strengths were very low (maximum: P&B = 3.96 MPa) probably because of the very large bonding surfaces used (mean bonded surface area = 88.8 mm2). No significant correlation was found between tensile bond strength and the sealing ability for any material.

Absorption↗
PubMed2001

Solvent-induced dimensional changes in EDTA-demineralized dentin matrix.

The purpose of this study was to test the null hypothesis that the re-expansion of dried matrix and the shrinkage of moist, demineralized dentin is not influenced by polar solvents. Dentin disks were prepared from midcoronal dentin of extracted human third molars. After complete demineralization in 0.5M of EDTA (pH 7), the specimens were placed in the well of a device that measures changes in matrix height in real time. Dry, collapsed matrices were created by blowing dry N(2) on the specimens until they shrank to a stable plateau. Polar solvents [water, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, formamide, ethylene glycol, hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), or mixtures of water-HEMA] as model primers then were added and the degree of re-expansion measured. These same solvents also were applied to moist, expanded matrices and the solvent-induced shrinkages measured. Regression analysis was used to test the correlations between matrix height and Hansen's dispersive, polar, hydrogen bonding, and total solubility parameters (delta(d), delta(p), delta(h), delta(t)). The results indicate that water-free polar solvents of low hydrogen bonding (H-bond) ability (e.g., neat HEMA) do not re-expand dried matrices and that they shrink moist matrices. When HEMA was mixed with progressively higher water concentrations, the model water-HEMA primers expanded the dried matrix in proportion to their water concentrations and they produced less shrinkage of moist matrices. Solvents with higher H-bonding capacities (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, formamide, and water) re-expanded the dried matrix in proportion to their solubility parameters for H-bonding (delta(h)). They also induced small transient shrinkages of moist matrices, which slowly re-expanded. The results require rejection of the null hypothesis.

Biocompatible Materials↗
PubMed2003

Morphological characterization of the resin-dentin interface in primary teeth.

The effects of self-etching adhesives on primary teeth were evaluated. Reports in the literature suggest differences between the first and second dentition regarding the composition and the morphology and, therefore, a possible difference in the performance of dental adhesives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of self-etching adhesives on primary dentin. Eight dentin disks were obtained from the occlusal surface of primary molars. The disks were divided between four dental adhesives [Prompt L-PoP (LP), Clearfil SE BOND (SE), Etch&Prime 3.0 (EP) and Prime&Bond NT (PB) + H(3)PO(4) (Control) and "restored" with a composite (Pertac II)]. After sectioning, fixation and HMDS drying, specimens were polished and Field Emission SEM examinations were carried out. Clearly visible hybrid layer formation was found for PB, LP and EP. An undoubtedly detectable interdiffusion zone was not evident after the use of SE. A clearly visible adhesive layer was recognizable for PB, EP and SE, but not continuously detectable for LP. Debonded regions were observed for all systems evaluated, but distinct differences in the failure mode were detected. The evaluated dental adhesives did not generate completely sealed interfaces between the composite resin and the dentin of primary teeth in vitro.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Dentinal tubule anastomosis: a potential factor in adhesive bonding?

This study investigated adhesive tag formation within dentinal tubules and the anastomosing of lateral canals observable with scanning electron microscopy. This mechanism of micromechanical bonding had not been studied previously. The following brands of adhesives were applied to the prepared dentin surface of unerupted human third molars: Scotchbond Multipurpose, C&B Metabond, All-Bond 2, both etched and unetched, Tenure Solution, and XR-Bond. The experimental specimens were decalcified and prepared for SEM examination. Many tubule resin tags with lateral branching were observed. The resin branches were the result of primer, adhesive, or both entering lateral canals and communicating with adjacent tubules. The polymerization of adhesive in lateral canals was more prevalent with Scotchbond Multipurpose, C & B Metabond, and etched All-Bond 2 adhesives. The network of interconnected adhesive tags formed with these materials may be fundamental to the development of a stronger dentin/resin bond.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1994

Morphologic aspects of the resin-dentin interdiffusion zone with five different dentin adhesive systems tested in vivo.

The new generation of enamel dentin adhesive materials provides removal of the smear layer, inducing structural changes in the dentinal surface and creating a retentive interdiffusion zone or hybrid layer between the two substrates. Some studies have demonstrated hybrid layer formation in in vitro samples, but few articles have described it in in vivo specimens. The hybrid layer forms in peritubular and intertubular treated dentin and improves adhesion between tooth surface and adhesive resins. This in vivo study investigated the formation of a hybrid layer by use of five different enamel dentin adhesive systems. The dentin adhesives systems were tested on flat dentin preparations made on vestibular surfaces of periodontally compromised teeth. The sample teeth were extracted immediately after the resin was cured. Half of the samples were used to visualize the hybrid layer and the other half to observe the morphology of the resin tags by use of scanning electron microscopy. All the tested products formed a hybrid layer. In many areas of samples of Gluma 2000, Scotchbond Multipurpose, All Bond 2, and Super Bond D Liner systems, characteristic reverse cone-shaped tags were visible. Resin tags produced by Clearfil Liner Bond adhesive were narrower at the apertures of tubules than those of the other four adhesive materials. Morphology of the hybrid layer and of the resin tags of these samples were similar to in vitro samples observed in other studies.

Composite Resins↗
PubMed1993

Bond strengths to superficial, intermediate and deep dentin in vivo with four dentin bonding systems.

The shear bond strength of four dentin bonding systems which remove or modify the smear layer were measured in vivo in dog canine and molar teeth as a function of dentin depth. Dentin bond strengths were higher with cuspid teeth compared to molar teeth. Most bonding systems gave higher bonds to superficial dentin and progressively lower bond strengths deeper dentin. The highest bond strengths were obtained with Clearfil Liner Bond, followed by Superbond C&B, Scotchbond 2 and Tenure. The former two bonding systems achieved shear bond strengths to cuspids that were > 10 MPa regardless of dentin depth while the latter two systems produced bond strengths < 10 MPa. In molars, the same ranking of bonding systems was noted but the value that separated the high from the low bonds was 5 MPa.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1995

Adhesion of composite to polished dentin retaining its smear layer.

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to measure the adhesion of a composite to the smear layer. METHODS: An experimental aqueous bonding agent was supplied in the form of two liquids. One contained methacryloyl tyrosine amide (MTYA), glyceryl methacrylate (GM), dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and benzene sulfinic acid sodium salt, and the other contained glutaraldehyde, succinic acid and 2-hydroxy-3-(3,4-dimethyl-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-2-yloxy)-N,N, N-trimethy-1-propanaminium chloride (QTX). QTX is a unique water-soluble photo polymerization initiator. The application times and irradiation times of the experimental aqueous bonding agent were varied. RESULTS: The highest mean bond tensile strength was obtained by irradiating the bonding agent for 1 min. A 3 min irradiation decreased the mean bond strength when the bonding agent was applied to the polished dentin surface for 1, 3 or 5 min. The mean values resulting from the application of experimental aqueous bonding agent were higher than those from a commercially available bonding agent which preserved or modified the smear layer. There was a significant decrease in the bond strength after 500 or 2000 thermocycles in specimens with a 5 min application of the bonding agent, but there was no significant decrease in the bond strength when the application time was for 1 or 3 min. SEM observation showed the formation of a hybrid layer with a thickness of approximately 1-1.5 micrometers. SIGNIFICANCE: The aqueous bonding agent tested in this investigation was capable of penetrating the smear layer and the bond strength exceeded the values obtained by bonding agents that remove the smear layer.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Micromorphological analysis of the interaction between a one-bottle adhesive and mineralized primary dentine after superficial deproteination.

It has been claimed that resin monomers may incompletely penetrate into demineralized collagen network, which could form a weak hybrid layer. In consequence, it has been proposed that removal of the exposed collagen network could improve adhesion to dentine. The interface between a water/ethanol-based one-bottle adhesive (Single Bond, 3M) which is devoid of acid monomers, and deproteinated surface of primary dentine was evaluated by SEM. Dentine disks were obtained from 20 primary teeth. Two disks were used to standardize the application time of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for getting an effective deproteination. The remaining 18 disks were equally divided into two groups and treated as follows: control group (CG) 35% phosphoric acid (PA) for 15s; treated group/deproteination (TG) 35% PA for 15s+10% NaOCl for 3 min. Single Bond and Z250 (3M) were placed on all disks according to the manufacturer's instructions. The 18 resin-dentine disks were fractured to obtain hemi-disks and processed for SEM. The examination of the CG specimens showed a typical hybrid layer and the presence of numerous tags with few and short microtags. The TG specimens, which did not present hybrid layer, also exhibited numerous tags, with few and short microtags. Some areas between the tags showed fibrillar-like projections, which appeared to be mineralized collagen fibrils, which were incorporated into the adhesive. Thus, our results suggest that some chemical interaction may occur between mineralized dentinal collagen and the adhesive used.

Adhesiveness↗
PubMed2004

Durability of resin dentin interfaces: effects of surface moisture and adhesive solvent component.

OBJECTIVES: To analyze the effects of different surface moisture on bond strength (BS) durability of an ethanol/water based, Single Bond (SB); an acetone-based, One-Step (OS); and a water-based, Syntac Single Component (SC) adhesive system to dentin. METHODS: Forty-five human third molars had their superficial dentin surface exposed flat by abrasion. The adhesives were applied to a delimited area of 52 mm(2) on either air-dried (30 s) or rewetted surfaces (2.5 or 4.0 microl) followed by resin composite build-ups. After storage in water at 37 degrees C (24 h), the teeth were sectioned to obtain bonded sticks with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm(2). The sticks, from each tooth, were divided, stored in water at 37 degrees C and tested either immediately or after 6 months (6 M) at 0.5 mm/min. BS was expressed as an index that considers cohesive failures and estimated values of premature debonded specimens. RESULTS: Three-way ANOVA showed statistically significant effects for moisture degree, storage time and double interactions (p < 0.05). While SB and SC achieved higher BS at 0 and 2.5 microl of water, for OS the BS was higher at 4.0 microl of water. Regardless of the moisture degrees, reductions in BS were observed after 6 M storage for SB and OS (p < 0.05), but not for SC (p > 0.05). No difference in BS between the 24 h and 6 M storage was found when the moisture was set at the extreme conditions. Significant reduction in BS was observed when the moisture was set at 2.5 microl. SIGNIFICANCE: The bond strength of different solvent-based adhesive systems gradually decreases over time, regardless of the variable moisture pattern used for the bonding procedure.

Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate↗
PubMed2004

Water movement in the hybrid layer after different dentin treatments.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to examine the morphology of the hybrid layer (HL) of bonded water-stored specimens after different chemical pre-treatments of dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-seven recently extracted human molars were selected. Fifty-four dentin disks in middle/deep dentin were obtained with a slow speed saw with a diamond-impregnated disk under water lubrication. Smear layers were created with 180 grit silicon carbide under running water for 1 min. Different pre-treatments of dentin were: Group (1) no treatment; Group (2) 35% H3PO4 etch for 15 s followed by 10% glutaraldehyde for 120 s; Group (3) 37% H3PO4 etch for 15 s followed by 5% NaOCl for 120 s. Three dentin bonding agents (DBAs), Prime and Bond NT (P and B), AdmiraBond (AB), and Clearfil SE Bond (SEB) were applied in association with a resin composite following the manufacturers' directions. Each specimen was then longitudinally sectioned and polished with wet SiC papers (up to #4000 grit). Impressions of the polished dentin were immediately taken with a silicone impression material. Bonded specimens were then stored for 3 or 12 h in deionized water. Further impressions of stored specimens were taken after air-drying of specimens for 10 s. Positive replicas were obtained using a polyether impression material. All the replicas and the original specimens were inspected by SEM. RESULTS: A line of droplets (0.5-4 microm in diameter) was observed along the region of the adhesive-HL junction in all replicas of specimens stored in water, except in group 3, when P and B and AB were used. When SEB was used in each group the droplet were found in all groups except the zone of droplets was thinner. No differences in droplets dimensions were seen between 3 or 12 h water storage, or between the different dentin treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The replica procedure used in this study was able to detect water trapped in the adhesive-HL region that was released during the setting of the impression material. The droplets observed in this region support the hypothesis that there can be bidirectional water movement within the adhesive-HL complex.

Acid Etching, Dental↗