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PubMed1993

A pen-based system to support pre-operative data collection within an anaesthesia department.

This paper describes the design and implementation of a pen-based computer system for remote preoperative data collection. The system is envisaged to be used by anaesthesia staff at different hospital scenarios where pre-operative data are generated. Pen-based technology offers important advantages in terms of portability and human-computer interaction, as direct manipulation interfaces by direct pointing, and "notebook user interfaces metaphors". Being the human factors analysis and user interface design a vital stage to achieve the appropriate user acceptability, a methodology that integrates the "usability" evaluation from the earlier development stages was used. Additionally, the selection of a pen-based computer system as a portable device to be used by health care personnel allows to evaluate the appropriateness of this new technology for remote data collection within the hospital environment. The work presented is currently being realised under the Research Project "TANIT: Telematics in Anaesthesia and Intensive Care", within the "A.I.M.--Telematics in Health CARE" European Research Program.

Anesthesia Department, Hospital↗

PubMed1987

The Sheffield data collection system.

Because of the intrinsically low sensitivity of any surface potential measurement to resistivity changes within a volume conductor, any data collection system for impedance imaging must be sensitive to changes in the peripheral potential profile of the order of 0.1%. For example, whilst the resistivity changes associated with lung ventilation and the movement of blood during the cardiac cycle range from 3 to 100% the changes recorded at the surface are very much less than this. The Sheffield data collection system uses 16 electrodes which are addressed through 4 multiplexers. Overall system accuracy is largely determined by the front-end equivalent circuit which is considered in some detail. This equivalent circuit must take into account wiring and multiplexer capacitances. A current drive of 5 mA p-p at 5 kHz is multiplexed to adjacent pairs of electrodes and peripheral potential profiles are recorded by serially stepping around adjacent electrode pairs. The existing Sheffield system collects the 208 data points for one image in 79 ms and offers 10 image data sets per second to the microprocessor. For a homogeneous circular conductor the ratio of the maximum to minimum signals within each peripheral potential profile is 45:1. The temptation to increase the number of electrodes in order to improve resolution is great and an achievable performance for 128 electrodes is given. However, any improvement in spatial resolution can only be made at the expense of speed and sensitivity which may well be the more important factors in determining the clinical utility of APT.

Amplifiers, Electronic↗

PubMed1998

The reliability and validity of doctor-recorded morbidity data in active data collection systems.

OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of morbidity data recorded by general practitioners (family physicians) on structured recording forms in active data collection systems. DESIGN: The consulting general practitioner recorded the problems managed at 347 video-taped doctor-patient contacts. Two observers independently viewed the video-tapes and completed a recording form for each. Problems were centrally coded, using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). SETTING: Primary health care. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall distribution of the morbidity; positive agreement regarding the morbidity managed at matched contacts at three levels of specificity (chapter; chapter-component; specific rubric); agreement taking negative agreement into account using Cohen's Kappa. RESULTS: Overall distribution of morbidity did not differ between observers. Positive mean agreement was 78.8% at chapter level, 69.6% at chapter-component, and 55.9% at rubric level. Kappa statistics showed agreement better than chance in all chapters, but failed to reach significance at rubric level in three chapters. CONCLUSION: Morbidity data actively collected by GPs provide a reliable overview of morbidity managed in general practice. At a specific contact the morbidity recorded is reliable and valid at chapter level, and in most cases, at chapter-component level. At rubric level variance between practitioners in labelling the problem calls into question the validity and reliability of the data.

Australia↗

PubMed1996

Computerised data collection for a cancer centre: a Queensland perspective.

The Queensland Radium Institute has had a computerised database for 15 years but there was little uniformity in the data collected and there was considerable scope for improvement. In 1991 the institute decided to upgrade and standardise its data collection system. The improvements will allow easier access to the data for research and audit purposes. The process was effective and the implementation straightforward because of effective planning and training. This paper outlines the process used in the review and implementation of the new database system and describes the date sets in some detail.

Abstracting and Indexing↗

PubMed2005

Mortality data in adult cardiac surgery for named surgeons: retrospective examination of prospectively collected data on coronary artery surgery and aortic valve replacement.

OBJECTIVES: To present named surgeon mortality for isolated first time coronary artery surgery and aortic valve surgery. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. SETTING: All NHS hospitals undertaking adult cardiac surgery in north west England. PARTICIPANTS: 25 consultant surgeons carrying out coronary artery surgery and aortic valve replacement between April 2001 and March 2004. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mortality for both operations according to surgeon. EuroSCORE to stratify patients into low and high risk. RESULTS: 10,163 patients underwent surgery under 25 surgeons. The average number of patients per surgeon was 363 for coronary artery surgery and 44 for aortic valve replacement. Seventeen per cent of the patients undergoing coronary artery surgery and half of those undergoing aortic valve surgery were considered high risk. The average mortality was 1.8% (range 0-3.8%) for coronary surgery and 1.9% (0-12.5%) for aortic valve surgery. Mortality for all surgeons fell below 99% control limits of the national mean for both operations. CONCLUSIONS: The presented mortality figures for the two cardiac operations fell within accepted limits for all surgeons. The division of outcomes according to low and high risk patients is imperfect but may help to inform the public about the complexities of this type of analysis and prevent surgeons avoiding high risk patents who may benefit from an operation.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Conceptual design of novel IP-conveyor-belt Weissenberg-mode data-collection system with multi-readers for macromolecular crystallography. A comparison between Galaxy and Super Galaxy.

Galaxy is a Weissenberg-type high-speed high-resolution and highly accurate fully automatic data-collection system using two cylindrical IP-cassettes each with a radius of 400 mm and a width of 450 mm. It was originally developed for static three-dimensional analysis using X-ray diffraction and was installed on bending-magnet beamline BL6C at the Photon Factory. It was found, however, that Galaxy was also very useful for time-resolved protein crystallography on a time scale of minutes. This has prompted us to design a new IP-conveyor-belt Weissenberg-mode data-collection system called Super Galaxy for time-resolved crystallography with improved time and crystallographic resolution over that achievable with Galaxy. Super Galaxy was designed with a half-cylinder-shaped cassette with a radius of 420 mm and a width of 690 mm. Using 1.0 A incident X-rays, these dimensions correspond to a maximum resolutions of 0.71 A in the vertical direction and 1.58 A in the horizontal. Upper and lower screens can be used to set the frame size of the recorded image. This function is useful not only to reduce the frame exchange time but also to save disk space on the data server. The use of an IP-conveyor-belt and many IP-readers make Super Galaxy well suited for time-resolved, monochromatic X-ray crystallography at a very intense third-generation SR beamline. Here, Galaxy and a conceptual design for Super Galaxy are described, and their suitability for use as data-collection systems for macromolecular time-resolved monochromatic X-ray crystallography are compared.

Crystallography, X-Ray↗

PubMed1986

Assessment of an on-line computerized perinatal data collection and information system.

An on-line maternity data collection system has been designed to provide the information required for perinatal audit and to allow many of the letters and forms required for effective communication in pregnancy to be produced automatically. The system meets the requirements of the Korner Committee on Health Services Information and has been approved by the Computer Policy Committee. Pregnancy is followed prospectively from the first antenatal clinic visit until the file is closed 28 days after delivery. Data are entered by midwives and secretaries onto a network of microcomputers placed at convenient points in the maternity unit. The system has been fully operational with no significant problems since the beginning of 1984 and has led to improved communication between hospital and the community. Analysis of 253 consecutive case notes showed a high level of accuracy of the data recorded on computer. Reports and clinical audit are readily available both from the system locally, from standard programmes on the regional mainframe computer and via a mainframe computer at London University.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed1989

Comparison between 180 degrees and 360 degrees data collection in technetium-99m MIBI SPECT of the myocardium.

In a series of 12 patients presenting with a single-vessel coronary artery disease and who were injected with 370 MBq of 99mTc-2-methoxyisobutylisonitrile at peak exercise, two consecutive single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) data collections, i.e., 32 views of 30 sec during a 180 degrees rotation and 64 views of 15 sec during a 360 degrees rotation, were performed 1 hr later. In both cases, transverse sections were reconstructed using (a) a backprojection method with a ramp filter, (b) a correction for downscatter, (c) a correction for depth attenuation by the Chang method, or (d) both corrections. Each reconstructed myocardium was then divided into four short-axis sections which were radially divided into nine sectors. Sectors with an activity below 80% of the maximum were considered as abnormal. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated relative to a sector-by-sector theoretical anatomic distribution of the perfusion abnormalities. Results demonstrate that, of all situations, the best balance between sensitivity and specificity was achieved with the 180 degrees data collection and no correction at reconstruction. Using the 360 degrees data sampling technique mainly lowered the sensitivity in the patients with a circumflex or right coronary artery disease. It is concluded that there does not seem to be any definite advantage in performing a 360 degrees rather than a 180 degrees data collection in 99mTc myocardial SPECT.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

A 32-electrode data collection system for electrical impedance tomography.

A 32-electrode data collection system for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) will be presented. In this system, the demodulator is a multiplexed sample and hold (S&H) circuit followed by a voltage difference stage. This configuration provides high CMRR due to the low (almost DC) operating frequency of the signals the difference stage is required to process.

Amplifiers, Electronic↗

PubMed1990

[Proposal for a data collection system for colposcopy services].

A computerized system for colpocytologic data collection and filing, is presented. A descriptive and easy to elaborate recording of anamnestical data and examination findings is achieved using two correlated files. Step by step filing is obtained by multichoice scheme which progressively appears on the screen.

Colposcopy↗

PubMed1995

Design of a clinical data-collection form for remote health care.

A clinical data-collection form was designed for use in the consultation process between an astronaut and Earth. It can also be applied in most remote health-care settings. The form was tested by non-medically trained individuals in 101 simulated and 19 real cases. A completion rate of 88% was achieved, with a diagnostic accuracy of 85%. This compares favourably with studies by other workers in the field of medical decision support. Space telemedicine research will contribute to developments that will benefit not only space activities but also terrestrial applications.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed2005

Overview of issues pertaining to the manufacture, distribution, and use of antimicrobials in animals and other information relevant to animal antimicrobial use data collection in the United States.

This paper provides condensed literature review and contextual information concerning antimicrobial use in animals and antimicrobial use data collection techniques. Information is summarized into the following topics: (I) antimicrobial use for animal growth promotion; (II) regulatory framework for approval of veterinary antimicrobials and feed additives in the United States; (III) animal health product manufacturing and distribution networks; (IV) existing estimates of animal antimicrobial use in the United States; (V) additional sources for animal use data in the United States; (VI) recommendations from international expert groups; (VII) animal antimicrobial use surveillance systems in other nations and (VIII) human use data collection systems in the United States.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

[Food-borne infections: do we need further data collection for public health action and research].

The data needed for controlling and preventing food-borne infectious diseases relied so far on surveillance of the main food-borne infections (Salmonella and listeria infections) to follow trends over time and detect outbreak. However, this systematic continuous data collection was not always sensitive enough to timely detect community outbreaks and did not take into account sporadic cases of food-borne infections which represent the majority of patients (such as Campylobacter infection for example). Therefore, the true burden of food-borne infections, including morbidity, mortality and the social and economic cost could not be assessed. As the issue of food-borne infections got more social attention, the need of further epidemiological data has increased including the implementation of large population studies (active surveillance and follow up studies) associated with analytical studies in the United States (Foodnet) and in some European countries (United Kingdom, The Netherlands, Denmark.). Meanwhile surveillance and detection of outbreaks have substantially improved through the use of new typing scheme, particularly those based on molecular techniques. Their routine use, now, allows an early identification of the clonal spread of food-borne bacteria. The application of automatic detection algorithm to surveillance data base has also improved the performance of outbreak detection and changes of trends. Furthermore, food-borne infection surveillance has become European which allows, by pooling of national database, to identify emergence that did not get noticed in any country. To foster the prevention of sporadic cases, the use of analytical epidemiology has become more and more frequent and has improved the knowledge of food vehicles and risk factors. The risk assessment approach has also been applied to the microbial contamination of food to answer to the increasing needs of expertise, particularly at the international level. This approach, however, needs further methodological development and the collection of extra information on the food chain. Last, but not the least, a wider public health research approach must also be considered, particularly on the social perception of food-borne risks and the cost-effectiveness analysis of the prevention measures that are taken.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

[Data collection methods and results in user surveys in mental health care].

BACKGROUND: Questionnaires on patient experience are increasingly used as quality indicators in the health services. There is limited evidence relating to alternative approaches to surveying patients within this field. We wanted to assess the effect of different methods of data collection on response rates and scores produced by a self-administered questionnaire on patient experience for adult inpatients receiving mental health care. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected from adult inpatients treated at three community mental health centres affiliated with the psychiatric clinic at Stavanger University hospital in spring 2005. The inclusion period was nine weeks, with three designs at consecutive time periods: A, a postal survey following discharge; B, a clinical survey before discharge; and C, patients given the choice of A or B. RESULTS: The response rate was highest with the postal design (38% vs. 24% and 23% respectively), but the differences were related to one additional reminder in the postal design. Out of the 11 questions, 4 had significantly poorer scores for the postal design. Questionnaire scores were significantly poorer with the postal design; 50 (on a scale from 0 to 100), vs. 59 and 63 in design B and C respectively. INTERPRETATION: The choice of data collection methods influences the results in user surveys in mental health care. This is an important consideration in the planning of studies and in the interpretation of the results, and in the comparison of results between studies using different data collection methods.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Creating a portable data-collection system with Microsoft Embedded Visual Tools for the Pocket PC.

This paper describes an overview and illustrative example for creating a portable data-collection system using Microsoft Embedded Visual Tools for the Pocket PC. A description of the Visual Basic programming language is given, along with examples of computer code procedures for developing data-collection software. Program specifications, strategies for customizing the collection system, and troubleshooting tips are also provided.

Behavior Therapy↗

PubMed1996

Contrasting methods of collecting data on injectors' risk behaviour.

In this paper two contrasting methods of collecting data on drug injectors' needle and syringe sharing practices are considered, namely: direct questions about any previous sharing in the last 6 months, and vignettes in which injectors are asked to indicate whether they would be prepared to share injecting equipment in a range of situations. Injectors' statements of their preparedness to share are far in excess of their reports of actual sharing. The possible reasons for this discrepancy are considered, including that injectors may have under-reported the level of their actual sharing. It is suggested that in future studies aiming to collect risk behaviour data should seek to combine methods rather than to rely solely upon direct questioning of any past sharing.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

DADOS-Prospective: an open source application for Web-based prospective data collection.

BACKGROUND: Randomized, prospective trials involving multi-institutional collaboration have become a central part of clinical and translational research. However, data management and coordination of multi-center studies is a complex process that involves developing systems for data collection and quality control, tracking data queries and resolutions, as well as developing communication procedures. We describe DADOS-Prospective, an open-source Web-based application for collecting and managing prospective data on human subjects for clinical and translational trials. DADOS-Prospective not only permits users to create new clinical research forms (CRF) and supports electronic signatures, but also offers the advantage of containing, in a single environment, raw research data in downloadable spreadsheet format, source documentation and regulatory files stored in PDF format, and audit trails. RESULTS: Feedback from formal and field usability tests was used to guide the design and development of DADOS-Prospective. To date, DADOS-Prospective has been implemented in five prospective clinical studies at our institution. Four of these studies are still in the CRF creation phase and one study has been entirely launched. CONCLUSION: DADOS-Prospective has significant advantages over existing Web-based data collecting programs. At our institution, it has been demonstrated to be an efficient tool for prospective clinical studies.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Data collection methods for analyzing the quality of the dispensing in pharmacies.

OBJECTIVE: To review and discuss the advantages and limitations of the different data collection methods for analyzing the dispensing quality in community pharmacies. METHODS: A bibliographic search was carried out in MEDLINE (1980-2000). Articles with Medical Subject Heading (Mesh) "pharmacies" written in English and Spanish that evaluated the quality of dispensing (structure, process or outcome) were selected. RESULTS: Various data collection methods were observed. To analyze the quality of the structure, questionnaires and pharmacist interviews were used. To analyze the quality of the process, self-completed records, external observers and simulated clients were used. For analyzing the quality of the outcome, questionnaires, client interviews, and biologic samples were collected. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis of quality of structure can be useful as a first approach, however, this method may lack sensitivity. On the other hand, the analysis of outcome may be excessively complex and difficult to use, except for experimental or observational studies with large resources. Therefore, an analysis of the quality of the process is the best option. Methods utilizing external observers and simulated clients may best conjugate both internal and external validity.

Community Pharmacy Services↗