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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

A comparison of two very-low-calorie diets: protein-sparing-modified fast versus protein-formula-liquid diet.

This study investigated the acceptability of two very-low-calorie diets in 16 moderately overweight persons participating in a weight reduction program. Subjects were prescribed a 1000-1200 kcal balanced diet the first month and asked to complete appetite and mood scales on a weekly basis. They were then randomly assigned to either a protein-sparing-modified fast (PSMF) or a protein-formula-liquid diet, each of which provided about 400 kcal daily. Analysis of the appetite data showed that PSMF subjects reported significantly less hunger and preoccupation with eating than did liquid diet subjects during 2 of the 4 weeks on a very-low-calorie diet. Subjects in both conditions reported significant reductions in anxiety. Results are discussed in terms of possible advantages of PSMF.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Altered fatty acid compositions in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fed diets containing linseed and rapeseed oils can be partially restored by a subsequent fish oil finishing diet.

Atlantic salmon postsmolts were fed a control diet or one of 9 experimental diets containing various blends of two vegetable oils, linseed (LO) and rapeseed oil (RO), and fish oil (FO) in a triangular trial design, for 50 wk. After sampling, fish previously fed 100% FO, LO and RO were switched to a diet containing 100% FO for a further 20 wk. Fatty acid compositions of flesh total lipid were linearly correlated with dietary fatty acid compositions (r = 0.99-1.00, P < 0.0001). Inclusion of vegetable oil at 33% of total oil significantly reduced the concentrations of the highly unsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoate [20:5(n-3)] and docosahexaenoate [22:6(n-3)], to approximately 70 and 75%, respectively, of the values in fish fed 100% FO. When vegetable oil was included at 100% of total dietary lipid, the concentrations of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) were significantly reduced to approximately 30 and 36%, respectively, of the values in fish fed FO. Transfer of fish previously fed 100% vegetable oil to a 100% FO diet for 20 wk restored the concentrations of 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) to approximately 80% of the value in fish fed 100% FO for 70 wk, although the values were still significantly lower. However, in fish previously fed either 100% LO or RO, concentrations of 18:2(n-6) remained approximately 50% higher than in fish fed 100% FO. This study suggests that RO and LO can be used successfully to culture salmon through the seawater phase of their growth cycle; this will result in reductions in flesh 20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3) concentrations that can be partially restored by feeding a diet containing only marine FO for a period before harvest.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Short term effects of acute inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme on the renin-angiotensin system and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide in healthy dogs fed a low-sodium diet versus a normal-sodium diet.

The purpose of the present study was to quantify some of the short term responses of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) to a recommended dosage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in clinically healthy dogs fed a normal-sodium and a low-sodium diet. A single dose of enalapril (0.5 mg/kg PO) was given to eight clinically healthy male Beagle dogs after a period where the dogs were fed a normal-sodium diet and low-sodium diet, respectively. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity (ACE), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration were measured during the following twenty-four hour period. The data indicate that enalapril induced a potent blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) for at least twenty-four hour. Specifically, enalapril during low-sodium diet elicited an exaggerated increase in PRA and a diminished decrease in ACE and ANP when compared to the results of the drug during normal-sodium diet. Long term controlled studies of enalapril in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) are warranted in order to determine the duration of action and optimal dose of enalapril.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1980

False positive and negative hemoccult reactions on a normal diet and effect of diet restriction.

The reliability of Hemoccult, a guaiac-impregnated slide for detecting faecal occult blood, was assessed on both normal and restricted diets. Two-hundred-and-twenty-five faecal samples were obtained from 40 patients on a normal diet, and 115 samples from 20 patients on a restricted diet. A single Hemoccult I test was performed on each sample. Faecal blood was quantitated by 51Cr red cell labelling. On a normal diet, the false positive rate was 11%. This reduced to 2% on a high fibre diet free of red meat and raw fruit and vegetables. This false positive rate is lower than has been previously reported for other, more widely-used, occult blood tests. The overall false negative rate was 48%; this diminished with increasing faecal blood loss.

Diet↗
PubMed2002

Long-term effects of diet on leptin, energy intake, and activity in a model of diet-induced obesity.

This study investigated the effect of long-term high-fat sucrose (HFS) or low-fat complex-carbohydrate (LFCC) diet consumption on leptin, insulin, fat cell size, energy intake, and markers of activity to ascertain the role that leptin plays in long-term energy balance in a model of diet-induced obesity. Female Fischer 344 rats were fed either a HFS or LFCC diet ad libitum for a period of 20 mo. Measurements of leptin concentration, insulin concentration, and adipocyte size were performed at 2 wk, 2 mo, 6 mo, and 20 mo. Body weight and energy intake were measured weekly for calculation of feed efficiency. Body temperature and activity levels were assessed over a 5-day period after 12 mo of the dietary intervention. Plasma leptin and insulin concentrations were significantly elevated within 2 wk of HFS diet consumption and remained elevated throughout the course of the study. After 2 mo, the adipocytes of the HFS group were significantly larger and continued to increase in size throughout the course of the study. A significant correlation was noted between leptin and adipocyte cell size (r = 0.96, P < 0.01). However, despite elevated leptin, energy intake was similar, and the HFS group weighed significantly more than the LFCC group, as a result of a higher feed efficiency. There were no significant differences in body temperature or activity levels between the groups. These results demonstrate that a HFS diet causes hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia before adipocyte size is increased and suggests that leptin resistance may be present or, alternatively, that leptin does not to play a major role in the long-term regulation of energy intake or activity levels in this model.

Adipocytes↗
PubMed2001

Fat-soluble vitamins in the maternal diet, influence of cod liver oil supplementation and impact of the maternal diet on human milk composition.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To investigate lactating mothers' intake of fat-soluble vitamins in free-living subjects and to what extent cod liver oil supplementation influences the maternal intake in a population with common intake of cod liver oil. The impact of maternal diet on the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins in human milk was studied. METHODS: Dietary intake of 77 lactating women was investigated by 24-hour diet recalls and breast-milk samples were taken at the same occasions. Breast milk samples were analyzed for fat-soluble vitamins. RESULTS: The median intakes were 927 microg/day for vitamin A, 5.5 mg/day for vitamin E and 3.3 microg/day for vitamin D. Maternal vitamin A, E and D intakes were higher when the diet was supplemented with cod liver oil. Icelandic breast milk was found to have high contents of vitamin A and E. Only vitamin D was too low in breast milk to meet the recommended intake for infants. Retinylpalmitate in relation to lipids correlated with maternal vitamin A intake (r = 0.23, p < 0.05). The group with cod liver oil supplementation had significantly lower levels of gamma-tocopherol in breast milk (p < 0.01), whereas the supplementation did not affect other fat-soluble vitamins. CONCLUSION: The recommended intake of fat-soluble vitamins for lactating women can more easily be met with a cod liver oil supplementation than diet alone. Only vitamin D in human milk cannot meet the recommended intakes for infants, with normal breastfeeding. There is a relationship between the content of vitamins A and E in human milk and the maternal diet.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study.

BACKGROUND: The Lyon Diet Heart Study is a randomized secondary prevention trial aimed at testing whether a Mediterranean-type diet may reduce the rate of recurrence after a first myocardial infarction. An intermediate analysis showed a striking protective effect after 27 months of follow-up. This report presents results of an extended follow-up (with a mean of 46 months per patient) and deals with the relationships of dietary patterns and traditional risk factors with recurrence. METHODS AND RESULTS: Three composite outcomes (COs) combining either cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (CO 1), or the preceding plus major secondary end points (unstable angina, stroke, heart failure, pulmonary or peripheral embolism) (CO 2), or the preceding plus minor events requiring hospital admission (CO 3) were studied. In the Mediterranean diet group, CO 1 was reduced (14 events versus 44 in the prudent Western-type diet group, P=0.0001), as were CO 2 (27 events versus 90, P=0.0001) and CO 3 (95 events versus 180, P=0. 0002). Adjusted risk ratios ranged from 0.28 to 0.53. Among the traditional risk factors, total cholesterol (1 mmol/L being associated with an increased risk of 18% to 28%), systolic blood pressure (1 mm Hg being associated with an increased risk of 1% to 2%), leukocyte count (adjusted risk ratios ranging from 1.64 to 2.86 with count >9x10(9)/L), female sex (adjusted risk ratios, 0.27 to 0. 46), and aspirin use (adjusted risk ratios, 0.59 to 0.82) were each significantly and independently associated with recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The protective effect of the Mediterranean dietary pattern was maintained up to 4 years after the first infarction, confirming previous intermediate analyses. Major traditional risk factors, such as high blood cholesterol and blood pressure, were shown to be independent and joint predictors of recurrence, indicating that the Mediterranean dietary pattern did not alter, at least qualitatively, the usual relationships between major risk factors and recurrence. Thus, a comprehensive strategy to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and mortality should include primarily a cardioprotective diet. It should be associated with other (pharmacological?) means aimed at reducing modifiable risk factors. Further trials combining the 2 approaches are warranted.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Faecal lipid excretion levels in normal Japanese females on an unrestricted diet and a fat-restricted diet measured by simultaneous analysis of faecal lipids.

Faecal lipid excretion was determined in 16 females on an unrestricted diet and on a fat-restricted diet using a chromatographic method for the simultaneous analysis of faecal lipids. The fat-restricted diet reduced the total quantity of faeces and the amounts of fatty acids, neutral sterols and bile acids excreted were almost halved compared with when on an unrestricted diet. This indicates that dietary fat, fibre and cholesterol affect the amount of faecal bile acid, neutral sterol and fatty acid excretion. The amount of cholesterol/animal sterols excreted and the percentage of primary bile acids were, however, similar for both the fat-restricted and unrestricted diets.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of low energy diets followed by a compensatory diet on body weight gain and plasma hormone concentrations in bull calves.

Holstein bull calves at 138.4 d of age were fed one of four diets that contained 2.28, 2.43, 2.61, or 2.8 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of dry matter and 10.8, 11.7, 12.8, or 13.9% crude protein, respectively, for 77 d followed by a diet that contained 2.80 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of dry matter and 13.9% CP. During the energy restriction period, the metabolizable energy of the diets was positively correlated with the plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I, which was positively correlated with daily body weight (BW) gain during this period and the plasma concentration of total thyroxin. During the first 37 d of the realimentation period, compensatory growth occurred, and the rate of increase in plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I was positively correlated with that of daily BW gain. At d 37 of the compensatory period, the mean plasma concentration of total thyroxin in calves in three of the four groups did not differ significantly; only the concentration of total thyroxin in the plasma of calves fed the highest energy restricted diet was significantly higher. The mean BW of calves in groups fed the high energy diets during the restriction period tended to be heavier even after 158 d of the realimentation period.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1991

Dietary regulation of fructose metabolism in the intestine and in the liver of the rat. Duration of the effects of a high fructose diet after the return to the standard diet.

In this research on metabolic effects of a high fructose diet, we studied the duration of these effects by measuring the specific activity of 8 enzymes stimulated by such a diet, on days, 0, 3, 6, 9, 15, after the return to a normal diet. In the intestinal mucosa, ketohexokinase, aldolase, triokinase, fructose-diphosphatase, and glucose-6-phosphatase specific activities were still entirely or partially stimulated on the 15th day after return to the standard diet. The stimulation of glucose-6-phosphatase and pyruvate kinase specific activities stopped quickly. In the liver, with the exception of fructose-diphosphatase, the return to basic values was much quicker than in intestine. In 7 enzymes out of 8 it was realized in 9 days or less. When a high fructose diet gives way to a normal one, return to basic values comes so much the quicker as activation has needed longer to appear.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Low-energy protein diet and starvation diet in the obese--effect on energy metabolism.

38 obese patients with BMI in excess of 35 were monitored, the patients were divided into four groups. The first three were on a strict slimming diet which different as to the energy values (1.38 MJ--2.75 MJ) and the amount of protein (5.58 g N--17.91 g N) per 24 hours. The fourth group was on a starvation diet. Metabolic balance values and resting energy cut put were measured by indirect calorimetry during 16 days of monitoring. In all groups the body weight declined markedly by an average of 8.2-10.5 kg. Resting energy consumption dropped only during absolute fasting. The starvation diet patients exhibited a negative nitrogen balance. Positive nitrogen balance was found in groups on 11.2 g N and 17.91 g N/24 hours. Fat utilization increased and sugar utilization declined in all groups. Protein catabolism declined markedly only in the fasting patients. Summed up, the low-energy protein diet is--in comparison with absolute diet--a more physiological way to achieving weight reduction, in particular, because, despite the loss of weight, a positive weight balance is achieved, too.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

[Effects of vitamin A (retinol), Tioadenolo and a standard diet on the plasma lipid pattern in the rat on an atherogenic diet].

The Authors have examined the action of large doses of vitamin A (2000 U.I./Kg diet) compared with that obtained by administration of a lipid lowering drug (Tioadenolo) and a standard diet in albino rats feed at first an atherogenic diet for 15 days. The "recovering" diets were adminisetred for 15 and 30 days. Serum components were obtained with routine chemical-clinical assay, membrane lipids and related fatty acids by the method of Folch in erythrocytes isolated by the method of Wipple. Both retinol and Tioadenolo lower blood plasma and cell membrane lipids more than a standard diet.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Usefulness of mazindol in combined diet therapy consisting of a low-calorie diet and Optifast in severely obese women.

We conducted a double-blind test to examine whether or not the addition of mazindol, an appetite suppressor, to combined diet therapy [low-calorie diet + Optifast: 4600-3928kj(1100-940 kcal)/day] enhances the weight-reduction effect and reduces dropout from treatment in women with severe obesity. All of the patients were enrolled in the combined diet therapy and exercise [1255kj(300 kcal/day)] for 7 months. At the end of the first month, the patients were given, at random, three tablets of either 0.5 mg mazindol (18 women) or placebo (18 women) per day, in three doses for three months, in addition to the diet and exercise therapies. At 7 months, the key for the double-blind test was opened by the controller. Four of the 18 patients in the placebo group dropped out of the programme at 2 months after drug treatment, because they could not endure the intense hunger. Therefore, data for these 4 patients were excluded from evaluation. However, none of the patients treated with mazindol + combined diet therapy dropped out. The body weight and body-fat ratio showed marked reduction (p < 0.01 vs. premedication weight). The percent weight loss and percent reduction in body-fat ratio in the mazindol group was significantly (p < 0.01) greater than those found in the placebo group, which also showed a significant decrease in body weight and body-fat ratio (p < 0.01 vs. pre-medication weight) during the same period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Measuring diet quality of chinese 18 - 59 years adult using chinese diet balance index].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the overall diet quality of Chinese adults using Chinese Diet Balance Index and the validity of DBI. METHODS: 28320 adult aged 18 - 59 years who had completed 3 day dietary information and basic information were selected from 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey. Diet quality were evaluated by using DBI scoring and evaluating system. RESULTS: The major problems of Chinese residents are adequate food intake and excessive food intake co-exist. dietary quality are different between urban and rural populations, the extent of lower intake and excessive intake both is higher in rural areas than in urban areas. It shows that the extent of dietary imbalance is worse and severe among rural residents. The diet quality is effected by individual education level and family income. CONCLUSIONS: Comparing with the other measurements, DBI can describe the overall dietary quality more comprehensive, be easier to find out the major problem of the dietary pattern, and describe the extend of the problem numerically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Effect of elemental diet on albumin and urea synthesis: comparison with partially hydrolyzed protein diet.

Enhanced nitrogen utilization occurs when adults with gastrointestinal disease are fed partially hydrolyzed proteins instead of isonitrogenous, isocaloric crystalline amino acids. A controlled trial was conducted to determine if this difference was also seen in malnourished stressed cancer patients and to gain an understanding of the underlying mechanism. Sixteen malnourished patients with head and neck cancer were prospectively randomized to either crystalline amino acid-glucose (CAA-G) or partially hydrolyzed protein-glucose (PHP-G) diets. Patients were fed via an enteral tube for 10 days starting on the second postoperative day. Blood SMA-6 and amino acid levels were measured on Days 1 and 10. Daily calorie counts and fluid balance were obtained. Daily 24-hr urine and stools were analyzed for total N during the last 5 days of the study period. The daily positive N balance with both diets was the same (CAA-G = +7.8 +/- 0.8 vs PHP-G = +8.2 +/- 1.0 g; mean +/- SE) and 3-methylhistidine:creatinine ratio did not differ. Patients on PHP-G diet gained significantly more weight (+0.5 vs - 1.5 kg; P less than 0.01) and had significantly higher serum albumin (3.2 +/- 0.2 vs 2.8 +/- 0.1 g/dl; P = 0.5) by the end of the 10th study day. Weight changes were not due to fluid retention: serum Na+, K+, creatinine and mean fluid intake for the two groups remained the same during the study period. A significantly greater rise in BUN occurred on the CAA-G diet (from 9.2 +/- 1.7 to 15.4 +/- 1.4 mg/dl; P less than 0.05) while BUN remained unchanged on the PHP-G diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Blood Urea Nitrogen↗
PubMed2005

Increased plasma adiponectin concentrations in poorly controlled patients with phenylketonuria normalize with a strict diet: evidence for catecholamine-mediated adiponectin regulation and a complex effect of phenylketonuria diet on atherogenesis risk factors.

Adiponectin (Adpn), an adipose tissue-derived hormone, prevents endothelial inflammation and early atherogenesis. Classic phenylketonuria (PKU), an inborn error of phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism, results in a reduction of catecholamine biosynthesis and requires treatment with lifelong low-Phe diet to prevent mental dysfunction and allow proper intellectual development. In this study, we evaluated the effect of the quality of PKU diet on plasma Adpn concentrations and related biochemical indices of endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Patients with PKU were divided into groups A (n = 18), who were on a strict diet, and B (n = 18), who were on a loose diet, after evaluation of their 30-day dietetic diaries and measurement of Phe blood concentrations. Twenty healthy children of similar ages and body mass indexes served as controls (group C). Group A patients had normal circulating catecholamines and Adpn and decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha concentrations and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/apolipoprotein B ratio compared with groups B and C. Despite these favorable parameters, however, homocysteine concentration was twice as high in group A compared with groups B and C. Interestingly, group B patients under loose dietary control had significantly elevated Adpn concentrations compared with groups A and C and increased tumor necrosis factor alpha and an unfavorable lipid profile, but normal levels of homocysteine. These data support the hypothesis that catecholamines inhibit Adpn secretion and that the elevated Adpn of the poorly controlled patients might moderate their risk for endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Homocysteine production appears to be unfavorably affected by a strict PKU diet, diverging from the rest of the atherogenesis risk factors, which were improved in the well-controlled patients.

Adiponectin↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of diet-induced obese rats that develop persistent obesity after 6 months of high-fat followed by 1 month of low-fat diet.

A subset of Sprague-Dawley rats developed persistent obesity when maintained on a high-fat diet for 6 months followed by a low-fat diet for 1 month, while another subset from the same cohort of rats remained lean on the same diet regimens. The diet-induced obese (DIO) rats had higher energy intake than expenditure, while diet-resistant (DR) rats maintained energy balance. DIO rats also had an increased respiratory quotient and higher levels of plasma leptin, insulin and cholesterol. In the hypothalamic areas, DIO rats had elevated NPY and AGRP mRNA, but not MCH mRNA. Our data suggest that the increase in hypothalamic expression of NPY and AGRP may contribute to the development of persistent obesity in DIO rats.

Agouti-Related Protein↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nutrient and energy administration with formula diets, exemplified by Crohn disease. 1. Classification and composition of formula diets and use in Crohn disease].

For the dietetic therapy of Crohn's Disease a large number of industrially manufactured balanced formula diets ("Bilanzierte Formula-Diäten") are available. The term "Bilanzierung" is discussed. Based on the biochemical characteristics of the chief ingredients, two main types of formula diets are distinguished: chemically defined or low molecular weight (amino acid, [oligo-]peptide) diets, and nutrient-defined or high molecular weight diets. A survey of 14 formula diets used for children with Crohn's Disease, and based on these chemical differences is presented.

Child↗