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PubMed1992

Effects of communication with important social referents on beliefs and intentions to use condoms.

Data from a 1989 survey using the condom attitude and belief instrument with 310 clients from two sexually transmitted disease clinics identified significant social referents who influence condom-use intentions. They are sexual partner, father and friends. The present study found that communication with these referents had a positive net effect on beliefs about and intentions to use condoms. Implications applicable for intervention programmes to increase condom use are to promote talking about condoms between the sexual partners and important social referents and to develop such communication skills.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Six school-based clinics: their reproductive health services and impact on sexual behavior.

An evaluation of the reproductive health programs of six diverse school-based clinics measured the impact of the clinics on sexual behavior and contraceptive use. All six clinics served low-income populations; at five of them, the great majority of the students served were black. An analysis of student visits by type of care given found that these clinics were not primarily family planning facilities; rather, they provided reproductive health care as one component of a comprehensive health program. Student survey data collected in the clinic schools and nearby comparison schools (four sites) or collected both before the clinic opened and two years later (two sites) indicated that the clinics neither hastened the onset of sexual activity nor increased its frequency. The clinics had varying effects on contraceptive use. Providing contraceptives on site was not enough to significantly increase their use; in only one of the three sites that did so were students in the clinic school significantly more likely than students in the comparison school to have used birth control during last intercourse. However, condom use rose sharply at one clinic school that had a strong AIDS education program and was located in a community where AIDS was a salient issue. At another clinic school, where pregnancy prevention was a high priority and staff issued vouchers for contraceptives, the use of condoms and pills was significantly higher than in the comparison school. A third clinic school--which focused on high-risk youth, emphasized pregnancy prevention and dispensed birth control pills--recorded a significantly higher use of pills than its comparison school. Although the data suggest that the clinics probably prevented small numbers of pregnancies at some schools, none of the clinics had a statistically significant effect on school-wide pregnancy rates.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1999

Reflections on two decades of research on teen sexual behavior and pregnancy.

During the past 20 years, both researchers and program developers made great progress in their efforts to reduce adolescent unprotected sex and prevent teen pregnancy. Research studies are now more likely to employ experimental designs with random assignments, to have large sample sizes with adequate statistical power, to measure actual sexual and contraceptive behaviors, to measure longer term effects, to employ proper statistical methods, and to report results in an unbiased manner. As a result of this body of research, large advances have occurred in our understanding of: 1) the incidence of teen pregnancy, and its consequences; 2) the effects of improving adolescent knowledge, increasing access to contraception, and improving parent/child communication; and 3) the characteristics of effective programs. The on-going evaluation of sex and HIV education programs coupled with creativity and perseverance on the part of program developers led to two groups of effective programs--sex and HIV education programs that reduce sexual risk-taking behavior, and youth development programs that reduce teen-age pregnancy and childbearing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Adolescents and AIDS. Female's attitudes and behaviors toward condom purchase and use.

Condom use has been advocated as a method to prevent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Although condoms are not uniformly popular with adolescent males, adolescent females' beliefs about condom use are unclear. To assess the specific health attitudes and behaviors as they relate to condom purchase by adolescents, we surveyed 99 adolescent females between 12 and 19 years of age (50 black, 49 white) who were attending a comprehensive adolescent health clinic. The respondents were from low to middle socioeconomic backgrounds and 85% were sexually active. A 41-item survey was developed and focused on four areas: comfort or embarrassment with menses (EM), basic knowledge of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (KA); comfort in discussing contraception with partner (CC) and risk of contracting AIDS (AR). Chi-square analyses of the four factors determined that decreased EM was related to increased age (p less than 0.05), sexual activity (p less than 0.05), and CC (p less than 0.05). Older adolescents also demonstrated greater CC (p less than 0.05). Increased KA was related to contraceptive use (p less than 0.02) as well as CC (p less than 0.02). Descriptive analyses showed that 62% of the sample reported that a fear of AIDS had influenced their contraceptive behavior, but only 17% of the females reported purchasing or using a condom to prevent AIDS transmission. These findings suggest that although adolescent females have an awareness about AIDS, their behavior remains unchanged.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2005

Neighborhood context and sexual behaviors among adolescents: findings from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health.

CONTEXT: Adolescent sexual behaviors are a significant public health concern because of the risks of STDs and the negative social consequences of teenage pregnancies. Associations between neighborhood characteristics and adolescents' initiation of sex and contraceptive use are poorly understood. METHODS: Multilevel logistic regression analyses of data from 14,151 adolescents in grades 7-12 in Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health examined the relationships between four neighborhood dimensions (socioeconomic characteristics, norms and opportunity structure, social disorganization, and racial and ethnic composition) and the initiation of sex and contraceptive use at first and most recent sex. Individual- and household-level covariates were family income, parental education, race and ethnicity, age and family structure. Multivariate analyses were stratified by gender. RESULTS: All four dimensions of neighborhood context were independently associated with sexual initiation. For females, living in a neighborhood with a greater concentration of youth who were idle or black residents was associated with increased odds of sexual initiation, whereas a greater concentration of married households or Hispanic residents was associated with decreased odds of initiation. Higher initiation among males was associated with a higher concentration of poverty or idle youth, while lower initiation was found with a higher concentration of affluent households or working women. The sole association with contraceptive use was that females in neighborhoods with more idle youth had a reduced likelihood of having used contraceptives at first sex. CONCLUSIONS: Neighborhood context appears to be modestly associated with the sexual initiation of adolescents. However, little support was found for neighborhood influence on contraceptive use, suggesting that other factors may play a more important role in shaping adolescents' contraceptive behaviors.

Adolescent↗