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PubMed1994

A prospective study of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. The Honolulu Heart Program.

BACKGROUND: The study objective was to determine the association between reported alcohol consumption and total mortality, mortality from selected causes, and incident nonfatal chronic disease events in middle-aged (51 to 64 years old) and elderly (65 to 75 years old) men during an approximate 15-year follow-up period. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a prospective epidemiological study of Japanese-American men who were participating in the Honolulu Heart Program and were free from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer at baseline examination and at subsequent reexamination 6 years later. Self-reported alcohol consumption was determined twice: at the baseline examination in 1965 through 1968 and at reexamination approximately 6 years later (1971 through 1974). Four primary alcohol consumption groups who reported similar alcohol intake at the time of these two clinical examinations were considered: abstainers and light (1 to 14 mL of alcohol per day), moderate (15 to 39 mL of alcohol per day), and heavy (> or = 40 mL of alcohol per day) drinkers. Study end points were also determined in very light (1 to 4.9 mL of alcohol per day) drinkers and in men who reported a change in their alcohol intake between examinations. Longitudinal follow-up was carried out through the end of 1988 with determination of selected fatal and nonfatal events according to alcohol intake. After controlling for several potentially confounding factors, total mortality exhibited a J-shaped pattern in relation to alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. There was a trend for lower rates of occurrence of combined fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease events with increasing alcohol consumption in both middle-aged and elderly men. Increasing alcohol consumption was related to an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal strokes in middle-aged men, whereas elderly light and moderate drinkers were at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal strokes. Heavy drinkers were at increased risk for fatal and nonfatal malignant neoplasms in the two age groups examined. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this long-term prospective study provide a balanced perspective of the health effects of alcohol consumption in middle-aged and elderly men. High levels of alcohol consumption were shown to be related to an increasing risk of diseases of considerable public health importance. These findings suggest that caution be taken in formulating population-wide recommendations for increases in the population levels of alcohol consumed given the associated significant social and biological problems of high consumption levels.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption among nonalcoholic depression patients treated with desipramine.

OBJECTIVE: There are few data addressing the effect of alcohol consumption on response to antidepressants among nonalcoholics with depression. Similarly, the effect of antidepressant treatment on alcohol consumption in this group is not yet understood. This study focuses on changes in depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption in response to treatment with desipramine. METHOD: Twenty-seven nonalcoholic outpatients with major depression (as determined by the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Lifetime Version) completed measures of depression (that is, the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory) and alcohol consumption at intake and after 5 weeks of open treatment with desipramine. Subjects were characterized as minimal or mild-to-moderate drinkers. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to effectiveness of antidepressant treatment. Analysis for repeated measures demonstrated that alcohol consumption with desipramine was significantly lower after treatment than at intake (F = 4.8, df 23:2, P < 0.01). Further, carbohydrate consumption was also significantly lower after treatment than at intake (F = 4.4, df 23:2, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Desipramine treatment appeared to result in decreases in alcohol consumption in nonalcoholic patients with depression. Further research is needed to elucidate the effect of alcohol consumption on the course and outcome of major depressive illness among nonalcoholics as well as the effect of antidepressant medication on alcohol consumption in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Fish consumption and respiratory symptoms among young adults in a Norwegian community.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary fish consumption and self-reported respiratory symptoms among young adults. A random sample of 4,300 subjects, aged 20-44 yrs, living in Bergen, Norway, received a postal questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, of whom 80% responded. Mean fish consumption was assessed in a food-frequency questionnaire by asking how often the subject consumed units of fish (150 g) during the last year. Average fish consumption was 1.8 units x week(-1). Fish intake of <1 unit x week(-1) was reported by 24%, 41% reported consumption of 1 unit x week(-1) and 35% intake of >1 unit x week(-1). A high fish intake was significantly associated with increasing age after adjusting for smoking. Adjusted for smoking habits, the prevalence of "cough at night" and "chest tightness" showed a decreasing trend with increasing fish consumption (p<0.05), while such a trend for "wheeze" was demonstrated only in smokers (p=0.008 for interaction). In logistic regression models (adjusting for age, sex, body mass, smoking habits and occupational exposure) fish consumption (three categories) was not significantly associated with "wheeze", "chest tightness", "breathless at night" or "asthma attack", although the odds ratios (OR) were consistently less than 1 (except for "asthma attack"). Fish consumption was of borderline significance as a protective factor of "cough at night", OR = 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-0.97) but in stratified analyses only in smokers. Subjects reporting very high levels of fish consumption (>14 units x week(-1)) did not have lower prevalences of respiratory symptoms. In conclusion, among young Norwegian adults, with a relatively low prevalence of asthma and an overall high fish intake, fish consumption was not a significant predictor of four out of five respiratory symptoms.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density.

UNLABELLED: Studies of the effect of milk consumption on bone density have focused on white women. The applicability to other races is unclear. This study of 4316 women found a racial difference in the effect of early milk consumption on bone. Further study is required to evaluate the etiology of this difference. INTRODUCTION: Early milk consumption has been found to influence bone mineral density positively throughout life. Previous studies leading to this finding focused on white women; there are no data to support the view that black women also gain an equivalent benefit from early milk consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), we analyzed the relationship between reported childhood and teenage milk consumption and current hip bone mineral density at four sites (femoral neck, trochanter, intertrochanter, and total hip) among postmenopausal and 20- to 39-year-old non-Hispanic white (NHW) and black (NHB) women. Potential confounding variables were accounted for in the analysis. RESULTS: Controlling for age and body mass index, teenage milk consumption was significantly associated with higher bone mineral density at all four sites among both postmenopausal and 20- to 39-year-old white women, but was not associated with bone mineral density at any site among black women. A similar pattern was observed for childhood milk intake. The interaction between race and teenage milk consumption significantly explained postmenopausal bone mineral density at all sites, whereas the interaction between race and teenage milk consumption was significant at two of the four sites among the 20- to 39-year-old women. CONCLUSION: The results show racial differences in the effect of early milk consumption on peak and postmenopausal bone mineral density.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relation between rates of suicide in 15-24-year-olds and per capita consumption of alcohol beverages in European countries.

Suicide in adolescents and young adults is a serious medical and social problem. One factor that has been consistently implicated in suicide is alcohol use. This study examined the relation between rates of suicide in 15-24-year-olds and per capita consumption of alcohol beverages in European countries. Data on suicide rates in 15-24-year-olds and per capita consumption of alcohol beverages were obtained from the World Health Organization databases. Correlations were computed to examine relationships between suicide rates in 15-24-year-old males and females and per capita consumption of beer, wine, and spirits in the general population in 34 European countries. Suicide rates in males and females were compared using t-test. There was a negative correlation between suicide rates in 15-24-year-old males and per capita consumption of wine. There was also a trend towards a negative correlation between suicide rates in 15-24-year-old females and per capita consumption of wine. No correlations between suicide rates in 15-24-year-olds and per capita consumption of beer or spirits were found. As expected, suicide rates in males were significantly higher than in females. Lower suicide rates in 15-24-year-olds are associated with higher per capita consumption of wine in the general population. It is possible that the observed relationship is a result of a third factor affecting both suicide rates in 15-24-year-olds and consumption of wine. Further studies are necessary to clarify the relation between suicide rates in different age groups and consumption of alcohol beverages.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Relationship between sex-role behaviors and alcohol consumption in undergraduate men and women.

The relationship between sex-typed behaviors and alcohol consumption is examined in a questionnaire study involving male and female undergraduates. A multiple regression analysis indicated that for women, feminine behavior was significantly negatively correlated with total alcohol, beer and distilled spirits consumption. Weight was positively correlated with total alcohol and wine consumption. For men, feminine behavior was negatively correlated with total alcohol, wine and beer consumption. Masculine behavior was positively correlated with total alcohol, wine and beer consumption; weight was negatively correlated with wine consumption. Except in the case of wine, sex-role variables were found to account for more of the variance in alcohol consumption than did biological gender. Feminine behavior was negatively associated with alcohol consumption for both men and women. Masculine behavior was positively associated with alcohol consumption for men.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Comparison of a quantity-frequency method and a diary method of measuring alcohol consumption.

This study compared the results obtained with two measures of alcohol consumption, a quantity-frequency (QF) method and a retrospective diary method, using a worksite sample. In order to control for the possibility of order effects, a subsample was chosen for readministration of the alcohol measures, when the order of presentation of the two measures was reversed for half of the subsample. Varying the order of presentation of the alcohol consumption items did not significantly affect the results obtained, except for an interaction effect between drinking group and order of presentation. Although subjects reported greater alcohol use on the diary than on the QF method at lower levels of consumption, the findings were reversed for higher levels of consumption. The relationship between the two measures is linear, with slope less than 1. Overall, subjects reported statistically significantly more alcohol consumption on the diary (mean [+/- SD] = 18.3 +/- 19.1 drinks) than on the QF method (mean = 16.9 +/- 19.5 drinks). The diary measure identified 20.9% of drinkers reporting consumption of more than 28 drinks per week, compared with 17.8% for the QF. However, the diary measure identified only 10.6% of drinkers reporting more than 42 drinks per week, compared with 10.2% for the QF. Consequently, the usefulness of the diary in detecting heavy drinkers appears to decrease with increasing consumption. These findings suggest the need for careful selection of alcohol consumption measures for research purposes and the need for caution in comparing the results of studies using different measures of alcohol consumption.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1994

How much can data on days with heavy drinking decrease the underestimation of true alcohol consumption?

An adjusted quantity-frequency method, with questions on occasions with heavy drinking, was used to estimate the consumption of alcohol during the last 30 days. The purpose was to analyze if it was possible to decrease the underestimation of true alcohol consumption. The questionnaire was mailed to a randomized sample of 1,500 individuals, 20-75 years of age, living in the city of Malmö, Sweden; 930 persons (64.3%) participated. Data on alcohol consumption were validated by comparison to sales of alcohol for the city of Malmö. The estimated per capita consumption of alcohol in the population was equivalent to 77.0% of the registered sale of alcohol in Malmö. By adding days with heavy drinking, the estimated weekly per capita consumption of alcohol among the alcohol consumers increased from 74.5 grams to 77.1 grams (+3.5%; p < .001). Of the alcohol consumers, 15.1% increased their reported consumption. In order to decrease even more the underestimation of the true alcohol consumption, we suggest the use of questions about any alcohol consumption that deviates from the typical consumption of each individual.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Alcohol consumption and divorce rates in the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to analyze time series data on alcohol consumption and divorce rates and assess the directionality of this relationship using alternative aggregate measures of alcohol consumption rates. METHOD: Granger's causality test and Box-Jenkins time series analysis are used to examine aggregate data on divorce rates and two indicators of alcohol consumption: a per capita consumption measure based on sales and shipments, and an expenditure-based measure for U.S. data from 1934 to 1987. RESULTS: A consumption increase of 1 liter of alcohol per capita brings about an increase in the divorce rate of about 20%. This finding contrasts with results, using expenditures as the aggregate alcohol measure, that show that an increase of 1/1,000 in the divorce rate leads to a 10% increase in alcohol expenditures. (These latter findings confirm earlier published results.) CONCLUSIONS: The results from the present study provide support both for the effects of heavy drinking on divorce rates and the effects of divorce rates on expenditures for alcoholic beverages. While both aggregate measures of alcohol consumption are highly correlated, they may tap different aspects of consumption. The relationship between marital instability and alcohol consumption is far from a simple one, and more complete conceptual models need to be developed. Aggregate-level findings indicate that it is reasonable to assume that a bidirectional influence exists between divorce rates and alcohol consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1999

The causal relationship between socioeconomic factors and alcohol consumption: a Granger-causality time series analysis, 1950-1993.

OBJECTIVE: This article examines the relationships between social, demographic and economic factors that influence alcohol consumption. METHOD: The effects of each factor on alcohol consumption and on each other is examined using a Granger-causality time series framework. Specifically, causal determinations are made between per capita alcohol consumption, social and demographic variables consisting of the age structure of the male population, female labor force participation rates, marital instability and educational accomplishment, and the economic variables consisting of the real price of alcohol, median household income and income inequality. Causal equations are determined from identified bivariate relationships and combined into one structural equation predicting alcohol consumption. RESULTS: The findings indicate that the economic variables are Granger-caused by the social or demographic changes over the past four decades and, therefore, have little direct influence on alcohol consumption. The structural equation predicts over 95% of the variance in alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS: This work indicates that economic factors have little direct influence on alcohol consumption but, rather, reflect or are a conduit for changes in social and demographic variables. Excluding economic variables as predictors of per capita ethanol consumption results in little substantive change when estimating alcohol consumption.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

The effects of alcohol consumption on mortality and morbidity: a 26-year follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the long-term effects of the consumption of alcohol on mortality and morbidity. METHOD: A sample of 32,185 (50.5% female) individuals was randomly selected from the 450,000 inhabitants of Stockholm County, Sweden, in 1969. Alcohol consumption data were obtained from postal questionnaires; response rate was 87% (n = 28,001). Data on mortality and morbidity were obtained from the National Cause of Death Register, the Cancer Register and the Inpatient Register 1971-1996. RESULTS: The reference groups were moderate consumers of alcoholic beverages. High-consumption men had increased risks of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (relative risk ratio [RR] = 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12-1.46), accidents or poisoning (RR = 2.10; CI: 1.67-2.65) and gastrointestinal diseases (RR = 4.65; CI: 2.93-7.36). High-consumption women had an increased risk of mortality only from accidents or poisoning (RR = 2.95; CI: 1.82-4.78) and gastrointestinal diseases (RR = 3.60; CI: 1.40-9.24). For low-consumption women, there was an increased risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.25; CI: 1.07-1.47). Low-consumption men also had an increased mortality from cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.23; CI: 1.05-1.44). The results with respect to morbidity almost mirrored the results for mortality, with one exception; for low-consumption men, the morbidity from cardiovascular diseases was not increased. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality and morbidity associated with different levels of alcohol consumption are associated with the same diseases, which suggests that alcohol may be one of the causative factors for these diseases. The reasons for the differences between genders, regarding responses to the negative effects of alcohol consumption, are still unknown.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Decline in alcohol consumption during two years of daily reporting.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a formal analysis of the potential effects on alcohol consumption of daily reports to an Interactive Voice Response (IVR) system over a 2-year period. METHOD: Thirty-three white men who had been recruited from bars were invited to call a toll-free number daily to answer a 2-minute questionnaire regarding alcohol consumption the previous day, reasons for drinking or not drinking, mood and stress levels, and a few other relevant items. A recorded voice asked the questions and callers responded using the telephone keypad. During the 2-year study, all subjects were personally interviewed each quarter, including regular Timeline Follow Back (TLFB) assessments. We compared mean consumption levels reported for the first year with those reported the second year. RESULTS: Although there were consistent seasonal variations and holiday peaks, reported consumption declined over the 2 years of study. A comparison of average consumption across all subjects revealed significant declines in drinks per day, drinking days per week, and drinks per drinking day. Analysis of individuals showed at least some reduction in 82% of the subjects and statistically significant reductions in 45%. There was an estimated 19% reduction in consumption from Year I to Year 2 based on the IVR reports and a 21% reduction as ascertained by the TLFB. No significant changes were observed in nonalcohol-related measures. CONCLUSIONS: After exploring possible reasons for our results, we conclude that the most likely explanation of the decline in alcohol consumption is a reactivity effect due to reporting consumption regularly. The results suggest that IVR may have potential utility as an intervention for excessive alcohol consumption.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption on body weight in adolescents: a randomized, controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: The role of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) in promoting obesity is controversial. Observational data link SSB consumption with excessive weight gain; however, randomized, controlled trials are lacking and necessary to resolve the debate. We conducted a pilot study to examine the effect of decreasing SSB consumption on body weight. METHODS: We randomly assigned 103 adolescents aged 13 to 18 years who regularly consumed SSBs to intervention and control groups. The intervention, 25 weeks in duration, relied largely on home deliveries of noncaloric beverages to displace SSBs and thereby decrease consumption. Change in SSB consumption was the main process measure, and change in body mass index (BMI) was the primary end point. RESULTS: All of the randomly assigned subjects completed the study. Consumption of SSBs decreased by 82% in the intervention group and did not change in the control group. Change in BMI, adjusted for gender and age, was 0.07 +/- 0.14 kg/m2 (mean +/- SE) for the intervention group and 0.21 +/- 0.15 kg/m2 for the control group. The net difference, -0.14 +/- 0.21 kg/m2, was not significant overall. However, baseline BMI was a significant effect modifier. Among the subjects in the upper baseline-BMI tertile, BMI change differed significantly between the intervention (-0.63 +/- 0.23 kg/m2) and control (+0.12 +/- 0.26 kg/m2) groups, a net effect of -0.75 +/- 0.34 kg/m2. The interaction between weight change and baseline BMI was not attributable to baseline consumption of SSBs. CONCLUSIONS: A simple environmental intervention almost completely eliminated SSB consumption in a diverse group of adolescents. The beneficial effect on body weight of reducing SSB consumption increased with increasing baseline body weight, offering additional support for American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines to limit SSB consumption.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Heavy alcohol consumption and associated factors: a population-based study].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption and factors associated with it in a Brazilian adult population. METHODS: Cross-sectional population-based study including 2,177 adults (aged 20 to 69), living in the urban area of the municipality of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The sample was selected in multiple stages. Heavy alcohol consumption was defined as above 30g/day. The adjusted analysis was conducted by logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption was 14.3% (29.2% among men and 3.7% among women). The following groups presented higher prevalences of heavy alcohol consumption after adjusted analysis: men, elderly people, blacks or mulattoes, heavy smokers, and people who present some kind of chronic disease. Men with minor psychiatric disorders showed higher prevalences of heavy alcohol consumption than other men. Among women, association between age and heavy alcohol consumption was inversely related. Furthermore, the study indicates that among hypertensive subjects, those with heavy alcohol consumption presented worse disease management. CONCLUSIONS: Heavy alcohol consumption is high and results in countless negative consequences for the individual's health and quality of life. Our results highlight the high prevalence of heavy alcohol consumption and indicate subsections of the whole population more susceptible to alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alcohol consumption, arterial blood pressure and general mortality rate--twenty-years follow-up study].

BACKGROUND: Alcohol consumption has both adverse and beneficial effects on health and survival. The aim of this prospective study was to examine the association between alcohol consumption and arterial hypertension as well as general mortality rate. METHODS: The study included 286 participants, middle-aged men and women examined in 1974, and again in 1994 during twenty years of follow-up (mean age at the beginning of the study 43.61 +/- 7.09 years). Alcohol consumption was assessed by the specific questionnaire. Consumption levels were grouped into three categories: rare drinkers (consuming less than 6 drinks a week), moderate drinkers, who consume 1-2 alcohol drinks a day and heavy drinkers (consumers of 3 or more drinks a day). RESULTS: In both phases of the follow-up the lowest values of systolic and diastolic pressure were recorded in the group with moderate alcohol consumption, and the highest values in the group with excessive consumption. The observed differences were statistically significant. The general mortality rates were the highest among participants reporting excessive alcohol consumption (relative risk 3.2; 95% confidence interval 1.84-5.62), and among the abstainers (relative risk 1.8; 95% confidence interval 0.99-3.36), compared to the moderate consumption group. CONCLUSION: Analysis of the obtained results suggested the protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular system.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cardiovascular and some biochemical effects of high alcohol consumption.

A sample of 200 men from the general population was investigated concerning alcohol consumption in relation to cardiovascular and laboratory findings. Symptoms of alcoholism (subjective relative loss of control over drinking, blackouts and morning drinks) were found to be related to the alcohol consumption. The subjects were divided into three groups: (I) a group with low alcohol consumption without symptoms of alcoholism, (II) an intermediate group with low, moderate or high alcohol consumption and with different alcohol symptoms and (III) a "heavy-drinking" group with moderate or high alcohol consumption and two or more symptoms. Group III had, on an average, a higher heart rate and a larger heart volume, and significantly lower serum (S) levels of magnesium, creatinine and IgG than groups I and II. Ten of the 53 heavy drinkers used liver-metabolized drugs, because of illness. On the average the heavy drinkers who used drugs had a higher heart rate and diastolic blood pressure and a larger heart volume, and in this group there was a higher incidence of pathological ECGs and a lower peak flow. They had higher S-cholesterol and triglycerides and, especially, low S-creatinine. Elevated cholesterol and triglyceride levels showed no relationships to high alcohol consumption alone, but a combination of high alcohol consumption and liver-metabolized drugs was significantly correlated to such elevations. The finding of a combination of high alcohol consumption as reported in a standardized questionnaire and low S-creatinine may discriminate an interesting homogeneous subgroup with over-consumption of alcohol.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Strains toward convergence in the consumption of alcoholic beverages: the Canadian case and implications for public health.

Sulkunen's observations that international trends in the consumption of alcoholic beverages involve quantitative as well as qualitative homogenization of drinking practices are tested against the experience of Canada and its provinces from the mid 1960s to late 1970s. Per capita consumption of spirits, beer, and wine, and the contribution of each of these types of alcoholic beverages to total consumption are examined for each province for the fiscal years 1966, 1972, and 1978. On the whole, the findings are consistent with worldwide trends. Per capita consumption is increasing generally and there is a trend toward greater similarity in per capita consumption across the provinces (quantitative homogenization). Consumption of different types of beverages is becoming more similar (qualitative homogenization) and increases in the beverage with the lowest share of the market (i.e., wine) appear to be additive to overall consumption. The observation that increases in consumption of the traditional types of beverages have the most impact on overall consumption is not observed for beer, but is observed in the case of spirits. Implications for public health and social policy are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Feed and water consumption patterns of broilers at high environmental temperatures.

Broilers were reared on litter to determine the effect of cyclic environmental temperatures on feed and water consumption patterns. The temperatures were constant at 24 C for several days before cyclic temperatures were started. Control broilers continued at 24 C but the treatment was a daily 24-35-24 C cycle for 3 days. Broilers that were 5, 6, or 7 wk old consumed as much feed or water the 1st day of the cycle as on the succeeding days. Feed and water consumption were determined for 6-h periods each day beginning at minimum temperature with two periods during rising temperature and two periods during declining temperature. Feed consumption was depressed when the temperatures were declining. Water consumption increased during the 12 h when the temperature was maximum. At 7 wk, water consumption was greater for broilers on the cyclic temperature for each 6-h period except for the period of temperature decline immediately preceding the minimum temperature. Broilers exposed to the 3 days of cyclic temperatures consumed more water than controls during a subsequent exposure to temperatures up to 40.8 C. The data show that the increased water consumption and decreased feed consumption observed due to high, cyclic temperatures arise from changes that occur during some times of the day and no changes occur during other times. The increase in water consumption precedes the reduction in feed consumption.

Animals↗