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PubMed2006

Harmonisation of factor VIII:C assay results: study within the framework of the Dutch project 'Calibration 2000'.

In a Dutch project for harmonisation of factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C) assays, the commutability of potential calibrators for FVIII:C was assessed by means of a 'twin-study design', which is in essence a multi-centre, split-patient sample, between-field-methods protocol. Commutability was defined as the degree to which a material yielded the same numerical relationships between results of measurements by a given set of measurement procedures as those between the expectations of the relationships for the same procedures applied to those types of material for which the procedures were intended. The study consisted of the simultaneous analysis of fresh frozen patient plasmas and three potential calibrators for FVIII:C by 16 Dutch laboratories forming eight couples. The state-of-the-art intra-laboratory standard deviation was used to assess the commutability of the potential calibrators. One potential calibrator was used to harmonise FVIII:C assay results in a Dutch field study. The inter-laboratory coefficient of variation of two test samples could be reduced significantly, but no significant effect was observed with three other test samples. We recommend that at least three different sample dilutions be used in each FVIII:C assay, in agreement with previous recommendations.

Blood Coagulation Tests↗
PubMed2006

Characteristics of registered nurses in rural versus urban areas: implications for strategies to alleviate nursing shortages in the United States.

METHODS: This study compares characteristics of rural and urban registered nurses (RNs) in the United States using data from the 2000 National Sample Survey of Registered Nurses. RNs in 3 types of rural areas are examined using the rural-urban commuting area taxonomy. FINDINGS: Rural and urban RNs are similar in age and sex; nonwhites and Hispanics are underrepresented in both groups. Rural RNs have less nursing education, are less likely to work in hospitals, and are more likely to work full time and in public/community health than urban RNs. The more rural an RN's residence, the more likely he/she commutes to another area for work and the lower salary he/she receives. CONCLUSIONS: Strategies to reduce nurse shortages should consider differences in education, work patterns, and commuting behavior among rural and urban RNs. Solutions for rural areas require understanding of the impact of the workplace on these behaviors.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Physical activity and sedentary behaviors in adolescents.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The main goal of this study was to address two questions: How is physical activity affected by sedentary behavior (computer, television, and commuting), and how are physical activity characteristics (intensity, frequency, type) different based on adolescents reports of physical activity? METHODS: The sample comprised 230 girls and 220 boys 14.6 years of age. Physical activity (PA) was assessed by questionnaire. Based on previously published standards, participants were grouped into the nonactive group, which included both sedentary and low active youth, and the active group, which included the moderately and vigorously active youth. Another questionnaire about leisure activities was applied to define the nature of PA. Sedentary behaviors, such as television viewing and computer use (weekday and weekend), and commuting to and from school (passive vs. active) were analyzed. RESULTS: Significantly more girls (p<or=.000) belonged to the inactive group (71.7%) than boys. The active participants reported being significantly more engaged in moderate intensity (49.1%; p<.000), moderate frequency (55.6%; p<.001), and team activities (62.0%; p<.005) than inactive participants. In addition, active participants reported significantly more participation in organized sports (21.6% vs. 5.2%) and in both activities (organized and individual activities; 45.5% vs. 3.9%) than nonactive counterparts. Our data show that active versus inactive groups did not differ on television watching on weekdays or on commuting. However, active participants were less likely to watch television on the weekends than inactive participants. Logistic regression showed that computer use during weekdays was a predictor of PA. An increase in computer use time (from 1 hr to 2-3 hr/day) was associated a higher PA. CONCLUSIONS: Sedentary behaviors such as television viewing or computer use might have different value in relation to PA for youth.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Characterization of the dust/smoke aerosol that settled east of the World Trade Center (WTC) in lower Manhattan after the collapse of the WTC 11 September 2001.

The explosion and collapse of the World Trade Center (WTC) was a catastrophic event that produced an aerosol plume impacting many workers, residents, and commuters during the first few days after 11 September 2001. Three bulk samples of the total settled dust and smoke were collected at weather-protected locations east of the WTC on 16 and 17 September 2001; these samples are representative of the generated material that settled immediately after the explosion and fire and the concurrent collapse of the two structures. We analyzed each sample, not differentiated by particle size, for inorganic and organic composition. In the inorganic analyses, we identified metals, radionuclides, ionic species, asbestos, and inorganic species. In the organic analyses, we identified polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, pesticides, phthalate esters, brominated diphenyl ethers, and other hydrocarbons. Each sample had a basic pH. Asbestos levels ranged from 0.8% to 3.0% of the mass, the PAHs were > 0.1% of the mass, and lead ranged from 101 to 625 microg/g. The content and distribution of material was indicative of a complex mixture of building debris and combustion products in the resulting plume. These three samples were composed primarily of construction materials, soot, paint (leaded and unleaded), and glass fibers (mineral wool and fiberglass). Levels of hydrocarbons indicated unburned or partially burned jet fuel, plastic, cellulose, and other materials that were ignited by the fire. In morphologic analyses we found that a majority of the mass was fibrous and composed of many types of fibers (e.g., mineral wool, fiberglass, asbestos, wood, paper, and cotton). The particles were separated into size classifications by gravimetric and aerodynamic methods. Material < 2.5 microm in aerodynamic diameter was 0.88-1.98% of the total mass. The largest mass concentrations were > 53 microm in diameter. The results obtained from these samples can be used to understand the contact and types of exposures to this unprecedented complex mixture experienced by the surviving residents, commuters, and rescue workers directly affected by the plume from 11 to 12 September and the evaluations of any acute or long-term health effects from resuspendable dust and smoke to the residents, commuters, and local workers, as well as from the materials released after 11 September until the fires were extinguished. Further, these results support the need to have the interior of residences, buildings, and their respective HVAC systems professionally cleaned to reduce long-term residential risks before rehabitation.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

Impact of telephone triage on medical service use: implications for rural and remote areas.

Lack of ready access to health services is a continuing problem for the one-quarter of northern Ontario residents who live in non-urban areas. Teletriage has been proposed to help reduce medically unnecessary visits and thus free-up available resources. A mail survey obtained information about patients' use of teletriage and other health care services, as well as socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Survey data (n = 2389) were used to determine the impact of teletriage on health service use by asking about the patient's intended use of health care service (intent), the service advised by the nurse (advice), and the actual health service used by the patient (action). Responses were compared among geographic categories based on commuter flows to urban areas in northern Ontario. Survey responses suggest that teletriage may have decreased visits to emergency departments relative to patient intent, and this effect appears to be stronger in communities with weak or no commuter flows (intent = 54%, action = 41%) than in urban areas (intent = 39%, action = 33%). Visits to physicians' offices or clinics may have increased relative to patient intent, but only for non-urban areas (intent = 16%, action = 21% to 23%) with strong, moderate, weak, or no commuter flows. Very little difference was found among geographic categories for calls or visits to other health care providers (overall: intent = 17%, action = 11%) or for informal care (self-care and care for others) (overall: intent = 16%, action = 29%). Results should be interpreted carefully, as there was evidence of selection and social desirability bias.

Geography↗
PubMed1990

Population movements to a growth-pole: the case of Hosur, Tamil Nadu.

This study examines the characteristics of population growth in Hosur, a small town in Tamil Nadu, India. "A special feature of the population in Hosur is the phenomenon of bachelors living together, mostly young men who have migrated from big cities. Commuting is not important in the mobility pattern of Hosur, less than ten per cent of employees in the industrial areas travelling daily from outside. Only one-third of the non-migrant labour force has access to the more attractive jobs in the modern factories, while short-term wage labour plays an important role in the labour structure of commuters. The demographic future of Hosur is not connected strongly with commuting patterns, but more with the spatial behaviour of the bachelors."

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Determinants of elevated blood lead levels among working men in Greater Beirut.

This cross-sectional study reports the blood lead levels (BLL) among different working groups in Beirut and identifies the risk factors associated with elevated BLLs. A total of 579 men of 18 years of age or older (response rate 96%) working in Greater Beirut were interviewed. Of those, 315 (54.4%) provided a blood sample of which 291 were analyzed for lead. The mean BLL of the 134 men working in white-collar jobs (offices, retail shops) was 12.7 microg/dl (SD 3.7); statistically significantly lower than the mean BLL (18.4 microg/dl; SD 9.8) of the 157 men working in blue-collar occupations (such as gas station attendants, painters, mechanics). A blood lead level of 15 microg/dl or more was associated with blue-collar jobs, number of cigarettes smoked, commuting > or = 3 km to work, years in current occupation, and younger age. A BLL of at least 20 microg/dl was associated with eating lunch at work, in addition to blue-collar jobs, smoking, commuting, years of work, and younger age. The study findings suggest that environmental exposure (those not otherwise exposed to occupational lead) is mainly determined by smoking and exposure to leaded gasoline (commuting). Occupational exposure to lead is prevalent among a wide spectrum of Lebanese workers. Physicians are called upon to inquire more about the potential for lead exposure, especially among blue-collar workers. A policy action to improve working conditions and to phase out the use of leaded gasoline is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effect of different ascent profiles on performance at 4,200 m elevation.

Two groups of sea level residents were studied at the summit of Mauna Kea (4,200 m elevation) following ascent by vehicle. "Commuters" spent 6 h at the summit, while "shiftworkers" lived on the mountain for 5 d. Although PaO2 levels were lower in commuters, they experienced fewer altitude sickness symptoms than shiftworkers on the first day at 4,200 m. After 5 d, shiftworkers reported fewer symptoms and performed better at tests of numerate memory and psychomotor ability than commuters. At high altitude, pulse rates were increased in both groups, but only shiftworkers exhibited an elevation in systemic blood pressure. Arterial-alveolar oxygen tension gradients were not increased at 4,200 m. Despite frequent and rapid ascents and descents, with minimal provision for acclimatization, high altitude pulmonary and cerebral oedema were uncommon.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1984

Development of a reference material for alkaline phosphatase.

In developing a Reference Material for alkaline phosphatase, we studied the stability, kinetic properties, and commutability of separate preparations of the purified enzyme from human liver, intestine, bone, and placenta. The Michaelis constants (Km) for the preparations from liver, bone, and intestine agreed well with the Km values we obtained for five human serum specimens, whereas that for the placental isoenzyme differed significantly. The first three isoenzymes exhibited nearly identical response-surface patterns, which closely paralleled those observed for 12 human serum specimens (commutability), but not that of the placental isoenzyme. Thus, we believe that a reference material could equally well consist of either the bone, intestinal, or liver isoenzyme. All four isoenzymes were satisfactorily stable in temperature-accelerated degradation studies. We chose the liver isoenzyme as an appropriate reference material because liver tissue is easier to obtain than bone or intestine and the isoenzyme is abundant in liver, is easy to extract, and is the one most commonly increased in human serum. This material is stable at -20 degrees C, is free of interfering and degradative enzymes and, being of human origin, is commutable with the enzyme in human serum.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Attenuation of impulse interference at the output of a differential modulator].

A method of diminishing pulsed interference at the differential modulator output which arises at the commutation frequency is described. This method is based on the possibility to shift commutation pulses in relation to zero level in one or other side, depending on the cut-off voltage used in the modulator of transistors, and regulate the amplitude of the pulses themselves in a wide range. This possibility is realized by supplying the control generator from the regulating source. Such a shift permitted to diminish the interference amplitude at the modulator output to less than ImV at the commutation frequency of 3kz and the signal-source resistance of about 10 M omega.

Electronics, Medical↗
PubMed1980

[Geographic mobility].

"Each year about 180,000 Norwegians move from one local government area to another. Further, a relatively large proportion of the workforce consists of commuters. Recent developments in the labour market have given the question of geographical mobility a new relevance. After definition of the relevant terms, migration and commuting streams of recent years are described; some causes and effects of geographic mobility are discussed."

Behavior↗
PubMed1996

Trends of mobility and flows of spatial moves of population in postwar Japan.

This paper describes "the trends of mobility and flows of not only the internal migration of population but also the commutation of population between the place of residence and the place of work or school...for the postwar period until the early 1990s, using chiefly the statistics from the national population censuses and the basic resident registers. The main discussions are made not only upon the changes in the patterns of migratory flows between metropolitan and non-metropolitan regions or within a metropolitan region in internal migration, but also upon the association between internal migration and commutation of population within a metropolitan region, in particular, within Tokyo metropolitan region." (SUMMARY IN JPN)

Asia↗
PubMed1974

[An attempt at estimating the mechanism of migration in Poland].

"The mechanism of migration is considered on the basis of a hypothesis postulating the existence of connection between the size of migration inflow streams and those of commutation.... High statistical reliability of this connection was treated as the basis for analyzing the influence distance exerts on the size of permanent migrations and commutation." A spatial correlation analysis is made for 108 regions in Poland (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Behavior↗
PubMed1992

Residential choice and journey-to-work in Desa-Kota region.

"This paper examines the family decision making process in choosing the dwelling area in urban fringe region of BOTABEK [the suburbs of Jakarta, Indonesia]." Consideration is given to survey methodology and the characteristics of respondents, commuting times and means of transportation, socioeconomic factors, and reasons for commuters' choice of residence. (SUMMARY IN IND)

Asia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Legal international migration across the northern frontier of Mexico].

The impact of the Simpson-Rodino Law of 1986, which increased legal commuting labor migration across the Mexican-U.S. border, is examined using data from surveys undertaken in 1986 and 1990. "Using these data and LOGIT regression models which include variables related to individuals as well as their household members and their context, statistical evidence is generated in support of the propositions that, i) an expansion occurred of the spectrum of social strata incurring in this type of migration; ii) the selectivity characteristics of new entrants into this migration group show a reproduction strategy oriented toward upward mobility; and iii) contextual factors led to a geographic redistribution of the commuter migrant group in the state of Baja California." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗
PubMed1997

Atmospheric and potable water exposures to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

This paper presents information on the ways in which people can be exposed to methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) via air and water and on the distribution of doses that can result from those exposures. Data on concentrations of MTBE in air were complied for 15 different occupational, commuting, or residential exposure categories, and concentrations in potable water were complied from five states in the MTBE-using areas of the United States. Based on these concentrations and characteristics of the exposed populations, average daily and lifetime average doses were estimated. Both the concentration data and several of the population characteristics were estimated as distributions rather than as point values so that the numbers of people exposed at various levels could be estimated. Arithmetic mean occupational doses via air were in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/kg-day, while doses from residential exposures, commuting, and refueling were in the range of 0.0004 to 0.006 mg/kg-day. Lifetime doses for workers were in the range 0.01 to 0.1 mg/kg-day. The cumulative dose distribution for the entire population of the MTBE-using regions of the United States was estimated by combining the distributions of doses and the numbers of people in each exposure category. In the MTBE-using areas, arithmetic mean doses via air were estimated to be 0.0053 and 0.00185 mg/kg-day for the chronic and lifetime cases, respectively. Approximately 98.5% of the population living in MTBE-using regions uses water with concentrations affected only by atmospheric deposition, if at all, and too low to be detected with current methods (< 2 micrograms/liter). The remaining population uses water with an estimated geometric mean concentration of 0.36 microgram/liter, an arithmetic mean concentration of 49 micrograms/l, and a 95th percentile concentration of 64 micrograms/liter. Doses via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal absorption were included. The estimated arithmetic mean dose for the population exposed via water was 1.4 x 10(-3) mg/kg-day.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1979

Transportation, stress, and community psychology.

Conditions of transportation were investigated as sources of psychological stress as they affect the physiology, task performance, and mood of commuters. Participants in the study were 100 employees of industrial firms. Traffic congestion was construed as a behavioral constraint in terms of the concept of impedance which is defined by the parameters of distance and time. It was expected that the effects of impedance would be mediated by personality factors, such as locus of control. Multivariate tests of the internal validity of the impedance factor were significant. However, significant main effects for impedance were obtained only for mood and residential adaptation. The predicted interactions of impedance with locus of control were obtained across task performance indices. In multiple regression analyses, the distance and speed of the commute to work were found to account for significant proportions of variation in blood pressure, while several indices of personal control had significant regression effects on the task measures. The implications of the results for research in community psychology are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Correlations of pedometer readings with energy expenditure in workers during free-living daily activities.

In a total of 23 subjects consisting of 10 clerical and 13 assembly workers in a factory, the pedometer readings during a day of free-living activity were analyzed for the relation with energy expenditure as determined by the simultaneously recorded 24-hour heart rate. The 24-hour energy expenditures in the clerical and assembly workers were 9515 kJ (2274 kcal) and 9698 kJ (2318 kcal) respectively. The whole day readings of the pedometer for all the subjects moderately correlated (r = 0.438, p less than 0.05) with the net energy cost (NEC) as determined by subtracting the sleeping metabolic cost from the energy expenditure (clerical workers: r = 0.781, p less than 0.01; assembly workers: r = 0.188, p less than 0.05). The correlation analysis of the pedometer readings with the NEC in three activity phases in a day (work, commuting and staying at home), showed that the extent of the relationship differed by job types and activity phases. The best correlation was obtained during commuting in both of the job types (clerical workers: r = 0.843, p less than 0.01; assembly workers: r = 0.743, p less than 0.01). During work, a quite strong correlation (r = 0.889, p less than 0.01) was obtained with the clerical workers but not with the assembly workers. No significant correlations were found in the data while the subjects were at home. The capacity of the pedometer to detect the impacts of body movements, and the characteristics of activity, are responsible for the differences in correlation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗