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Results for “Communication Disorders”

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PubMed1997

The role of gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) disorders in experimental and human carcinogenesis.

There is a growing body of evidence supporting the etiologic implication of gap junctional intercellular communication disorders in carcinogenesis. Substantial progress has recently been made both in molecular biology of gap junction and in the field of cancer research. They provide new insights and conceptions of gap junctional disorders in tumor pathology. Modern understanding of the structure, function and regulation of gap junctions, as well as putative mechanisms of its disorders in human and experimental carcinogenesis are discussed in this review with particular emphasis on fast-moving aspects of this problem.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Communications problems of the elderly: a survey.

A survey of communications problems among elderly persons was conducted to determine the perceived incidence, the number of agencies that provide various services, provision/nonprovision of speech and hearing services, and need for in-service training in the area of communications disorders. Results indicate that older persons with communications disorders are underestimated and underserved. A majority of the additional in-service training in the areas of communications and communications disorders.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology as an essential tool for establishing prevention programs and evaluating their impact and outcome.

Emerging trends in health care place speech-language pathologists and audiologists on the threshold of role expansion. To include prevention efforts within this new role, clinicians need to ask about the determinants of communication disorders that are preventable within the general population or within sub-populations. In this article, epidemiology is presented as a tool for the primary prevention of a broad range of factors associated with increased rates of communication disorders. "Old" epidemiologic theory, based on populations, blends with the "new" epidemiologic approach emphasizing the contribution of individual behaviors to adverse health outcomes, to provide the working clinician with a framework from which to determine the direction prevention efforts must take. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model of program planning and evaluation (Green and Kreuter, 1991) is utilized in public health and holds potential for use by clinicians in preventing communication disorders. Application of communication disorders to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is offered as an example of prevention planning.

Communication Disorders↗
PubMed1994

Cognitive characteristics of the parents of schizophrenic patients.

This article reviews the empirical literature on cognition and communication in the parents of schizophrenic patients to address the questions of whether these parents as a group show evidence of any distinguishing cognitive characteristics and, if so, what those characteristics might be. Included in the review are studies of thought and communication disorder, and psychometric studies of cognitive functioning. We included only those that used reliable measures and included control groups in their designs. Taken together, the findings provide substantial evidence that nonschizophrenic parents of schizophrenic patients as a group demonstrate subtle cognitive difficulties in the area of concept formation and maintenance. There are also indications of other cognitive anomalies that will require further study. We discuss the importance of clarifying the etiological relevance of these findings and of pursuing further research in this area.

Attention↗
PubMed1997

How specific are "specific developmental disorders"? The relevance of the concept of specific developmental disorders for the classification of childhood developmental disorders.

The concept of "specific developmental disorder" (SDD) refers to delays in developmental domains such as language and speech development, motor coordination or the development of scholastic skills, in the absence of sensory deficits, subnormal intelligence or poor educational conditions. The key element in this concept is the notion of a discrepancy between observed and expected level of development. In DSM-III-R and ICD-10, SDD serves as a conceptual umbrella, suggesting that the subsumed disorders are of the same type. In DSM-IV, the SDD umbrella is not used explicitly, but the notion of a discrepancy is present in the categories of Learning Disorders, Motor Skill Disorder and Communication Disorders, suggesting a close relationship between these disorders. One of the advantages of the use of SDD as a unifying concept is that it contributes to the standardisation of the description of the various disorders. However, based on reviews of research regarding the reliability and validity of the SDD categories, we argue that the application of a unifying SDD concept has been premature. For each of the categories for disorders in scholastic skills, language, speech and motor coordination, the notion of a discrepancy between observed and expected level of development should be elaborated and tested more thoroughly, before SDD can be used as a unifying concept in classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Use of latent class analyses for the estimation of prevalence of cognitive impairment, and signs of stroke and Parkinson's disease among African-American elderly of central Harlem: results of the Harlem Aging Project.

A probability sample (response rate of 79.4%) of 164 African-American elderly residing in central Harlem was assessed using several standard cognitive screening measures and scales measuring stroke and Parkinson's symptoms, respectively. Both traditional cutting scores and the methods of latent class analysis were used to estimate point prevalence. The latent class prevalence ratio estimates range from 10 to 14%. The confidence intervals for cognitive impairment ranged from 5 to 18% with an average estimate of 12%. The latent class estimate for stroke effects was 11% and for two measures of neurological signs associated with Parkinson's disease 7 and 12%. About 2-3% of the sample were communication disordered, and 5% had significant ambulation disorder. These results indicate that a relatively large proportion of elderly community residents of central Harlem evidenced or reported health problems, any or all of which may constitute a public health challenge.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1992

The communicative Effectiveness Index: its use with South African stroke patients.

The functional communication of a group of 28 South African stroke patients was examined using the Communicative Effectiveness Index (CETI). It was translated into Afrikaans, Sotho and Zulu and administered to the significant others of 22 aphasic patients with left hemisphere damage and 6 patients with right hemisphere damage. Results were related to the results of standardized language testing and to case history factors such as cultural factors and time since onset. The CETI was readministered in the case of eight of the aphasic subjects after a mean period of six months in order to assess its sensitivity to recovery. Results showed that the CETI seems applicable across different language groups, that it is sensitive to change across time as well as sensitive to the communication disorders resulting from both right and left hemisphere damage. Further it appears to correlate well with overall level of severity. It does not appear to differentiate patients in terms of time since onset. Its potential use as a relatively culture free assessment tool in the South African context is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Auditory evoked potentials in Rett syndrome.

This study was designed to assess auditory function in subjects with Rett syndrome, a rare neurologic disorder that is characterized by progressive symptoms of dementia, ataxia, respiratory disorder, and communication disorder. Auditory evoked potentials, including the auditory brainstem response (ABR), middle latency response (MLR), and late vertex response (LVR), were recorded in 36 subjects with Rett syndrome. Results showed a systematic decline in auditory function from the peripheral to the central auditory system, with normal ABR in all subjects, normal MLR in 50 percent of subjects, and normal LVR in 36 percent of subjects. Results suggest that hearing sensitivity and the functional integrity of eighth nerve and auditory brainstem pathways are not affected in subjects with Rett syndrome. However, abnormality of both the MLR and LVR suggest the presence of central auditory disorder.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2002

Computerized approaches to communication retraining after stroke.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies traditionally have been designed for individuals for whom oral speech is not a viable option. Common clinical practice has expanded AAC use to a tool for cognitive retraining or remediation. Although technologic developments offer the potential for vastly improved communication and inclusion for some individuals with severe communication disorders, technology alone does not result in successful communication. Although AAC interventions have become increasingly common across the age range, the research base underlying the design of AAC technology, intervention strategies, and treatment potential across communication disorders remains quite limited. To move beyond the traditional application of AAC strategies as a communication modality for persons with severe motor disorders to applications for persons with cognitive/linguistic disorders, three interrelated areas of research requiring further investigations are discussed. These include the following: use of AAC as a research tool to provide theoretical insights into the nature of normal and impaired language and cognition; development of AAC strategies as treatment tools to facilitate language recovery and use (production and comprehension); and studies that evaluate the efficacy of applying AAC strategies as communication modalities for individuals with acquired cognitive/linguistic communication disorders.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed1977

Disorders of nonverbal communication.

The idea that nonverbal communication can be disordered is explored, and several types of nonverbal communication disorders are described. The characteristics of these disorders and a number of possible explanations for their acquisition are offered. Finally, suggestions for therapeutic procedures are made.

Avoidance Learning↗
PubMed1991

Attitudes of family practice residents about speech-language-hearing referrals.

The "family doctor" has been identified as the professional most likely to be contacted by the general public with concerns about communication disorders; yet the family practice physician is unlikely to refer patients with communicative disorders to speech-language pathologists or audiologists for nonmedical evaluation and treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine attitudes of family practice residents about referral patterns for communication disorders using a survey format. Thirty-nine residents estimated that they had referred an average of 1.5 patients to a speech-language pathologist and 2.2 patients to an audiologist during a six-month interval. The findings indicated that these residents did not routinely refer patients to speech-language pathologists. When they did refer, a limited view of communication problems was used.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1986

Schizophrenic patients and their parents. A multimethod design and the findings from an illustrative empirical study of cognitive disorders and communication deviances.

The research design and main findings from a multimethod research project, in which cognitive disorders in schizophrenic patients and communication deviances in their parents were examined, are presented. Non-paranoid schizophrenics manifested cognitive disturbances on a majority of the variables examined, while paranoid schizophrenics did not. Likewise, parents of non-paranoid schizophrenics revealed significantly more communication deviance than parents of paranoid schizophrenics as well as the control groups (normal and "neurotics"). Egocentrism appeared to be a prominent characteristic of the communication of non-paranoid schizophrenics' parents. Conspicuous among the cognitive deficits in their offspring were attentional disturbances. Support for the existence of a link between the parents' communication and the offsprings' cognitive functioning was found by correlation- and regression analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

[Management of communication in patients after severe traumatic brain injury. Pilot study].

OBJECTIVE: In the long term, people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) present with communication disorders impairing their professional and social integration. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of group therapy on communication disorders of people with TBI in the post-hospital period. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Four patients were followed in the medico-social department "Auprès-TC" and took part in various day programs. Two speech therapists participated for a 7-month period using group therapy to take into account communication disorders. The patients and families were evaluated at the beginning and end of care, by use of the Lille Communication Test, the Bordeaux Scale of Verbal Communication, the Revised Neurobehavioural Rating Scale, and part of the European document EBIS. RESULTS: Despite the delay since TBI, patients showed quantitative and qualitative evolution of communicative abilities. DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION: The influence of group therapy on the improvement of communication in patients with TBI should be reconsidered, because in this study, familial and institutional environment influenced the communication. Group therapy allows for communication care from an ecological point of view, by enhancing interactions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Functional outcome assessment of adults with right hemisphere brain damage.

This article addresses functional outcome assessment of adults with cognitive-communicative disorders due to relatively focal right hemisphere brain damage (RBD). Our discussion observes the World Health Organization's orientation on the multidimensional consequences of health conditions. The WHO framework distinguishes specific deficits (impairments) from their functional consequences: disabilities, or restrictions in daily life activities and handicaps, or broader changes in life role participation. Although there is little evidence about the functional aftermath of RBD, especially in relation to cognitive-communicative disorders, we summarize the data and observations that are available and hypothesize about relationships among outcomes at different levels. We also describe some tools and procedures that may be useful for measuring functional outcomes after RBD, along with relevant caveats, and end with a discussion of research needs and future directions, emphasizing gaps that span the range from basic investigation to treatment research to instrument and procedure development.

Adult↗