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PubMed2003

Mixed lateral preference and parental left-handedness: possible markers of risk for PTSD.

Degree of lateral preference (mixed versus consistent), family history of parental left-handedness, and presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were measured in 118 right-handed male U.S. combat veterans. Right-handed participants with mixed lateral preference were more likely to have PTSD than were right-handers with consistent lateral preference. Respondents reporting a left-handed parent were also more likely to have PTSD. Finally, there was a significant difference in the proportion of participants with PTSD for three groups: participants with parental left-handedness and mixed lateral preference (100% PTSD), participants with parental left-handedness or mixed lateral preference (70% PTSD), and participants with neither parental left-handedness nor mixed lateral preference (44% PTSD). These findings suggest the possible usefulness of further examining the relationship between mixed lateral preference, parental left-handedness, and other possible indicators of risk for PTSD.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2005

Lifetime sexual and physical victimization among male veterans with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

Because of the high prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among veteran men and the limited research on victimization in this group, we recruited 133 male veterans with combat-related PTSD from a psychiatric inpatient unit and assessed them for lifetime physical and sexual trauma. Results indicated that 96% of the sample had experienced some form of victimization over their lifetimes; 60% reported childhood physical abuse, 41% childhood sexual abuse, 93% adulthood physical assault, and 20% adulthood sexual assault. In the preceding year alone, 46% experienced either physical or sexual assault. These findings support the need for routine inquiry into the histories of noncombat victimization in this cohort. Determining the lifetime history of trauma exposure may have implications for vulnerability to subsequent development of PTSD and the risk of future violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Compensation-seeking and extreme exaggeration of psychopathology among combat veterans evaluated for posttraumatic stress disorder.

We extended the work of Smith and Frueh (1996) by evaluating whether combat veterans classified as "extreme exaggerators" were more likely to be compensation-seeking, and to report greater levels of psychopathology across self-report instruments than "nonexaggerators." Of 119 veterans who completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) at an outpatient posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clinic, 26 (22%) and 17 (14%) were identified as extreme exaggerators using two MMPI-2 validity indicators with stringent cutoffs (F-K > or = 22; F(p) > or = 8). These veterans were much more likely to be compensation seeking and scored much higher on self-report measures of various psychological symptoms than nonexaggerators, despite having lower rates of PTSD diagnoses and similar rates of other comorbid diagnoses. Findings suggest that the validity indices of the MMPI-2 can play a critical role, as a screening instrument, in identifying veterans who may be exaggerating their psychopathology to gain disability compensation.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Learning and memory in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The authors investigated a broad range of memory functions for stimuli unrelated to trauma to determine whether symptoms such as intrusive memories might reflect an underlying cognitive deficit unrelated to the psychological content of the traumatic memory in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: The authors measured the intellectual functioning of 20 male combat veterans with PTSD and 12 normal comparison subjects using the WAIS and evaluated them for performance on memory using the California Verbal Learning Test. RESULTS: Veterans with PTSD showed normal abilities in the functions of initial attention, immediate memory, cumulative learning, and active interference from previous learning. However, these veterans showed a circumscribed cognitive deficit, manifested by the presence of substantial retroactive interference and revealed by a significant decrement in retention following exposure to an intervening word list. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that patients with PTSD may have fairly specific deficits in the monitoring and regulation of memory information.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Is mixed-handedness a marker of treatment response in posttraumatic stress disorder?: a pilot study.

Recent studies suggest that mixed-handedness is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study examined whether mixed-handed veterans with combat-related PTSD respond more poorly to psychosocial treatment. Consistency of hand preference was assessed in 150 Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (R. C. Oldfield, 1971). Growth modeling analyses using Mplus (L. K. Muthén & B. Muthén, 2002) identified that PTSD veterans with mixed-handedness reported significantly less treatment improvement on the PTSD Checklist (F. W. Weathers, B. T. Litz, D. S. Herman, J. A. Huska, & T. M. Keane, 1993) than did veterans with consistent handedness. These data suggest that mixed-handedness is associated with poorer PTSD treatment response. Several possible explanations for this finding are discussed.

Combat Disorders↗
PubMed1994

A nation's response to attack: Israelis' depressive reactions to the Gulf War.

We examined Israelis' reactions to the Gulf War and SCUD missile attacks. Four national samples of Israelis (n = 3,204) were interviewed as to depressive mood on four occasions--prior to the Gulf Crisis, as the war approached, during the SCUD missile attacks, and after cessation of hostilities. There was an expected increase in depressive mood during the period of SCUD missile attacks and a quick return to base-line levels following the hostilities. Less educated and older individuals reported higher base-line levels of depressive mood and were at higher risk for clinical depression. Women and men did not differ in depressive mood before or after the SCUD missile attacks. However, women experienced a marked increase in depressive mood when the SCUD missile attacks occurred.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed2000

Psychophysiological assessment: clinical applications for PTSD.

Descriptions of anxiety disorders clearly recognize the physiological features of anxiety, yet in most clinical practice and research there is little actual use of physiological measurement. This is unfortunate because a potentially important source of information is thereby unavailable and is likely to result in judgements about emotional experience that are less accurate, complete, and reliable than those that include physiological information. The neglect of physiological measures may result from a variety of concerns regarding test attributes such as reliability, validity, utility, and complexity. Promising results from studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate that physiological assessment can provide valuable clinical and theoretical insight. Numerous studies have now shown that heightened physiological reactivity to trauma-related cues is highly indicative of a diagnosis of PTSD. Physiological tests have achieved some success in predicting the development and persistence of PTSD, and in predicting and assessing treatment response. Studies of the startle response, aversive conditioning, and brain potentials during cognitive processing have identified several potentially important differences between PTSD patients and controls. This paper provides an overview of psychophysiological findings in PTSD and considers potential clinical applications of psychophysiological assessment for this disorder.

Arousal↗