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PubMed1990

The role of small-field tritanopia in two measures of colour vision.

The present work extends the findings of previous efforts examining the comparability of current colour-screening tests. Several popular tests are shown to differ greatly in the performance exhibited by colour-normal observers as well as in their differential sensitivity to experimental manipulations of viewing duration and viewing distance. Those tests designed to identify yellow-blue dichromacy are especially sensitive to the manipulation of viewing distance, which is interpreted as reflecting 'small-field tritanopia' and the asymmetry in retinal density of the three cone types. These findings are discussed in terms of factors that influence the comparability of current colour-screening devices and the particular need for close adherence to standardized conditions with such instruments.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1989

Note on color preference and color vision test performance.

The incidence of color deficient vision was investigated using the Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates on a relatively large and representative group. In the sample of 112 adults aged 20 to 80 yr. and comprised of 53% women and 12% minorities, 8% of men and 3% of women were color deficient. Over-all performance indicated no effects for sex or race. Nearly half of the plates were nondiscriminating among sex, minority/majority, and "normal" and "defective" color vision groups. Named color preferences within the "normal" group strongly favored blues and reflected no sex differences.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Methods for screening and surveillance of diabetic retinopathy].

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the various tests which allow to detect and follow-up diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: Sixteen patients without DR or with background retinopathy underwent, once every six months: a full ophthalmologic investigation; a fluorescein angiography; a color vision test; a central visual field investigation. RESULTS: The impairment of angiography preceeded damage of eye fundus in 27% of cases. Deficiency of color vision and visual field were found in 57% of cases and in 35% respectively. These preceeded the appearance of angiographic DR in 50% of cases and 32% of cases respectively. CONCLUSION: The importance of such tools in the evolution of DR especially in young diabetics is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Detection of colour vision abnormalities in uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients with angiographically normal retinas.

Colour vision function was assessed in 38 non-complicated type 1 diabetic patients in whom fluorescein angiography was normal, and was compared with that in 36 age-matched, non-diabetic controls. All of the patients were healthy and none were taking medication except insulin. The eye examination, which was normal in every patient, included the Ishihara and City University tests, measurement of Snellen acuity, slit-lamp examination, tonometry, and fundal photography as well as fluorescein angiography. Colour discrimination ability was measured with the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test. Mean (SE) 100-hue test error score for the diabetic group was 86.8 (8.1) compared with 28.2 (3.3) for controls, p<<0.001. There was no relation between colour vision abnormalities and diabetes duration (r = 0, p>0.05), blood glucose at the time the colour tests were performed (r = 0.4, p > 0.05), most recent glycated haemoglobin result (r = 0.3, p>0.05), or the mean of all previous glycated haemoglobin results (r = 0, p>0.05). It is concluded that colour discrimination may be abnormal in uncomplicated type 1 diabetic patients before the onset of retinopathy, and that colour discrimination losses in diabetes may not be of vascular aetiology.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Color vision and color pattern visual evoked cortical potentials in a patient with acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia.

We examined a 74-year-old man because of difficulty seeing green and the presence of prosopagnosia. His visual acuity was 0.8 in both eyes. He was not congenitally color blind, and there was no family history of color blindness. A left superior homonymous quadrantanopsia was found. The dyschromatopsia ws identical in both eyes. The patient showed red-green deficiency on testing with Ishihara plates a deutan defect with Tokyo Medical College plates, strong blue-yellow defects and medium red-green defects with Standard Pseudochromatic Plates II and a tritan defect with the Panel D-15. He failed the New Color separation test with scores of 160 and could not carry out the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, but his color naming test results were normal. Visual evoked cortical potentials to black-and-white checkerboard and color pattern reversal (Red and Blue-Green, Green and Red-Purple, Purple and Yellow-Green: isochromatic paired checks) stimuli were normal. Bilateral inferior occipital lesions were found by computed tomography and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Our findings suggested that luminance and color channels up to area 17 in our patient were intact. We believe that our patient's acquired cerebral dyschromatopsia is rare.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Dyschromatopsia in heroin addicts.

The Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test was employed to determine whether there was any defect of colour vision in 29 confirmed male heroin addicts who had been successfully detoxified. Forty age-matched males served as controls. A typical normal error score on the FM test is about 40 and an error score of over 100 indicates poor colour discrimination; 86.2% of the eyes of the control group had an error score below 100 while only 17.2% of the eyes of heroin addicts had an error score below 100. The colour confusion among the heroin addicts was in the blue-purple (475-495 mu) range. These results indicate that colour vision defects are more common in heroin addicts.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Lanthony's new color test--part III. The neutral zone.

With the New Color Test (NCT) the neutral zone was studied in hereditary and acquired dyschromatopsias. Acquired type III blue-yellow defects with neutral zone occurred in heredo-atrophies of the optic nerve, in edematous maculopathies, in choroidal atrophy, in myopia, in glaucoma and in retinitis pigmentosa. With exclusion of the autosomal dominant inherited cases, the type III neutral zone in retinitis pigmentosa becomes complicated by a type I neutral zone when the visual acuity dropped to 0.2.

Choroid↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An epidemiological study of congenital dyschromatopsias in schoolchildren].

BACKGROUND: Taking into consideration that present-day communication is based on colours and shapes, the prevalence of anomalies in the chromatic sight in the red-green axis has been studied in the school boys of the city of Albacete. METHODS: The test of Ishihara has been used in an aleatory representative sample; and dyschromatopsic pupils, so classified in this test, have been further explored with the anomaloscopy Pickford-Nicolson, in order to know their anomaly kind and degree. RESULTS: The prevalence obtained is similar to those reported by other studies carried out in the European white race. CONCLUSIONS: Taking into account the transcendence of this phenomenon, we consider that this exploration must be included in the systematic examinations at school labour and general level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The genetics of tritan disturbances.

Tritan (blue-green) colour vision disturbances have been found in 79 individuals in six families, revealing an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with a wide variability of test results within families. Evidence is presented that it is--in contradistinction to the X-chromosomally inherited red-green defects--incorrect to make a subdivision between dichromasia (tritanopia) and anomalous trichromasia (tritanomaly). On the basis of three small screening series, totalling 1900 individuals, the frequency of tritan disturbances is estimated to be around 2 per 1000. Seven males have been observed carrying both inherited tritan and red-green defects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Validation of the Holmes - Wright lanterns for testing colour vision.

The recently introduced Holmes - Wright Type A and Type B lanterns and the Farnsworth lantern were administered to 100 observers with normal colour vision and 100 observers with defective colour vision. With the fail criteria adopted, all normals passed the Holmes - Wright Type A lantern and with one exception all normals passed the Farnsworth lantern. However, 8% of normals failed the more difficult Holmes - Wright Type B lantern. It is noted that the normals who fail this lantern test appear to do so not because of poor colour discrimination but because the coloured stimuli presented by the lantern have a point brilliance close to the average chromatic threshold. About one-third of the colour vision defective group passed the Farnsworth lantern and between 14 and 17% passed the Holmes - Wright Type A lantern depending on the test procedure used. Only two mild deuteranomals in the sample of 100 colour abnormal observers succeeded in passing the Holmes - Wright Type B lantern. Dichromats and severe anomalous trichromats fail all three lanterns so that those who pass are all mild anomalous trichromats. A significant proportion of protanomals pass the Farnsworth lantern and some protanomals pass the Holmes - Wright Type A lantern despite their reduced sensitivity to red light and correspondingly reduced signal range for red signals.

Color Perception Tests↗
PubMed1991

Acquired dyschromatopsia among styrene-exposed workers.

We investigated the occurrence of color vision loss in 75 styrene-exposed workers and in 60 referents. Color vision was evaluated by adopting the Lanthony D 15 desaturated panel, a test specifically suited to detect mild acquired dyschromatopsia. The results of the test were expressed as Color Confusion Index. Styrene exposure was evaluated with both environmental and biological monitoring. Airborne levels of the solvent were 3.2 to 549.5 mg/m3. In styrene-exposed workers color vision was significantly impaired when compared with referents matched for age. A significative correlation was found between environmental and urinary levels of styrene and Color Confusion Index excluding the influence of age in multiple regression analysis, indicating the possibility of a dose-effect relationship. The findings suggest that styrene can induce an early appearance of a dose-dependent color vision loss.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

["Oligocone" trichromasy, a rare form of incomplete achromatopsia].

PATIENTS AND METHODS: An 11-year-old girl presented because of reduced visual acuity while color vision was almost normal. Besides a general ophthalmological examination, special psychophysical tests, such as perimetry, color vision tests using pseudoisochromatic plates, arrangement tests, the Nagel anomaloscope and spectral sensitivity measurement, and electrophysiological tests (electroretinogram and electrooculogram) were conducted. RESULTS: The tests yielded the following: congenital nystagm, normal results at ophthalmoscopy, best visual acuity of 0.1 monocular and 0.2 binocular. Perimetry revealed a relatively central scotoma. All color vision tests showed only mild dysfunction of the blue-sensitive cones. Findings at photopic electroretinogram were almost completely lacking. There was no sign of progression in the last 6 years. CONCLUSION: Differential diagnosis includes all diseases associated with congenital nystagm, such as aniridia, diseases of the optic nerve, albinism and all forms of hereditary cone dysfunction, cone dystrophies and complete and incomplete congenital stationary monochromatism. In the present case the findings are most congruent with oligocone trichromasy.

Child↗
PubMed1993

Colour vision in diabetic patients after photocoagulation treatment. A five-year follow-up.

Colour vision of 60 diabetic patients (60 eyes) was studied after photocoagulation treatment in 1986-87. For the follow-up study 5 years later in 1991-92, 32 of the patients were available. The ages of the patients in the follow-up study varied from 28 to 64 years, the duration of diabetes from 19 to 35 years, the amount of laser spots from 200 to 3174, and the visual acuity from 0.4 to 1.0. As colour vision tests, the Standard Pseudo-isochromatic Plates part 2, Lanthony Tritan Album, Farnsworth Panel D 15, and box III of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100 hue test were used. Of the 32 eyes, 22 (68.8%) had the same results in the colour vision tests, 4 (12.5%) had better results, and 6 (18.8%) had worse results than 5 years earlier. Between Group 1 (colour vision the same or better than 5 years earlier, 26 eyes) and Group 2 (colour vision worse than earlier, 6 eyes) there was a significant difference in the age and in the level of the visual acuity of the patients. The changes in the lens, fundus or visual acuity during 5 years did not seem to have an effect in colour vision.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Color vision deficiencies in the course of acute alcohol withdrawal.

Thirty-six male patients with a diagnosis of chronic alcoholism were detoxified and color vision tests were performed on day 4, 11, and 32 of their abstinence on an inpatient basis (Ishihara color plates, Nagel anomaloscope, three color-matching tests according to Farnsworth). Of the 36 patients, 47.2% manifested color vision deficiencies. The frequency of congenital red/green defects (11.1%) and a ratio of 3:1 deutan/protan defects showed no significant difference from the incidence in the normal population. In 36.1%, manifest acquired color vision deficiencies were diagnosed. Within the course of withdrawal, a marked improvement of these disturbances could be proved. The degree of the disturbance seems to correlate with the severity of withdrawal symptoms, but seems to be unrelated to acute toxic effects of alcohol, nicotine, or medication.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Congenital achromatopsia in a Finnish family.

A family with two achromatic members, a sister and brother, is described. Their parents were first cousins. Eye examination of the 34 relatives examined revealed no abnormalities in 32. The son of their youngest brother was deuteranomalous. However, since this recessive trait is X chromosome linked, this failure was not related to the achromatopsia gene. The granddaughter of their eldest brother had difficulties in colour vision tests and was interpreted as an anomalous trichromat of unclassified nature. This might be a slight intermediate heterozygotic manifestation of the gene. The information of those relatives not examined revealed only a deceased paternal aunt who had had poor vision of an unknown cause. Congenital achromatopsia is rare but nevertheless should be kept in mind in cases of unexplained amblyopia. The nature of this disorder justifies the opthalamologist to inform these patients of the hereditary character of this disease and to give advice on educational guidance to them.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Chromograms of color normals and multiple sclerosis patients.

The Gunkel chromograph was tested on 81 volunteers with normal color vision as indicated by screening with Ishihara plates and the panel D-15. Most of these color normals located their neutral area superior to the geometric center of the chromogram. A minority located their neutral area at the geometric center. Recognition of this variation may prevent misdiagnosis of chromographs of patients suspected of having color vision defects. All 29 eyes with history and VEP findings consistent with optic nerve demyelinization had enlargement of the neutral area, even though visual acuity could be corrected to 20/20.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A survey of color discrimination in German ophthalmologists. Changes associated with the use of lasers and operating microscopes.

Color vision tests were performed on 211 German ophthalmologists during their annual meeting at Essen. The subjects also answered detailed questionnaires about their use of lasers and operating microscopes, and their ocular and general health. It was found that 33% of doctors who use lasers or operating microscopes have decreased color discrimination for colors in a tritan color-confusion axis (greater than 2 standard deviations above normal). There is a relationship between number of patients treated and the degree of threshold elevation. Thirty hours of using the operating microscope produces an increase in tritan threshold equivalent to one panretinal photocoagulation.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Color-axis determination on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test.

Error scores on the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test were partitioned into those representing red-green and those representing blue-yellow losses. Data from two groups of normal observers were used. One group showed results characteristic of published norms; one group showed superior performance. Both observers showed a correlation between red-green and blue-yellow scores indicative of a strong performance factor in this test. The difference between blue-yellow and red-green scores eliminates their correlated variance and allows evaluation of the axis. Both groups showed an increase in difference scores, with age indicating development of a blue-yellow axis. This increase was significant for the observers characteristic of the norms. We suggest cutoff scores to allow a decision as to whether a given patient shows a blue-yellow or red-green axis.

Adolescent↗