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PubMed1985

Long-term effects of dietary marine omega-3 fatty acids upon plasma and cellular lipids, platelet function, and eicosanoid formation in humans.

We studied the incorporation and metabolism of eicosapentanoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid in six human volunteers who supplemented their normal Western diet for 5 mo daily with 10-40 ml of cod liver oil, rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. EPA and docosahexaenoic acid were incorporated into the total phospholipids of plasma, platelets, and erythrocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. During omega-3 fatty acid ingestion serum triacylglycerols were lowered and platelet aggregation upon low doses of collagen was reduced. Concomitantly, formation and excretion of prostanoids showed a characteristic change. As measured in serum from whole clotted blood, thromboxane A3 was formed in small amounts, whereas thromboxane A2 formation was reduced to 50% of control values. Excretion of the main urinary thromboxane A metabolites was unaltered in subjects with low basal excretion rates, but decreased markedly in two subjects with high control values. As determined from the main urinary metabolite, prostaglandin I3 was formed from EPA at rates up to 50% of unaltered prostaglandin I2 formation. The biochemical and functional changes observed lasted for the entire supplementation period of 5 mo and were reversible within 12 wk after cessation of cod liver oil intake. Favorable changes induced by long-chain omega-3 fatty acids include a dose-related and sustained shift of the prostaglandin I/thromboxane A balance to a more antiaggregatory and vasodilatory state.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1998

Leptin levels in pregnant women and newborn infants: gender differences and reduction during the neonatal period.

OBJECTIVE: Leptin is a highly hydrophilic protein that circulates in plasma as a 16-kDa protein. It is produced in adipose tissue and also recently described to be synthesized by placental tissue. Plasma concentration of leptin is positively correlated to body fat mass, and administration of recombinant leptin to mice indicates that leptin participates in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. Leptin may have a role during initiation of human pubertal development. Gender differences have been reported among adults as well as among children, even after correction for body fat content. Little is known about variation in leptin levels during pregnancy or the level or function of leptin in the growing fetus and infants. The aim of the present study was to examine plasma concentration of leptin in pregnant women and their newborn infants during the first 3 months of life, and to relate plasma leptin concentration to body weight and gender during this period. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Among 609 women recruited to study the effect of very long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy, 180 women were selected to study leptin as well. The women were all healthy and nulli- or primiparas, and 16% were smokers. The study was randomized and double-blinded, and the participants received either 10 mL of cod liver oil (Peter Moller, avd.av Orkla ASA, Oslo, Norway) daily or the same amount of corn oil. Blood samples were taken from the mothers during pregnancy in weeks 18 and 35, and from the umbilical cord and from 4- and 14-week-old infants. The mothers' body mass index (BMI) at 18 and 35 weeks of pregnancy was calculated by using body weight recorded within 1 week or, if this was missing, by using means from weights at the closest time points before and after the sampling. The infants were weighed and measured at local health care centers. Plasma leptin concentration was measured by radio immunoassay (Linco Research, St Charles, MO) using recombinant 125I-leptin as tracer. RESULTS: We found no differences between the group receiving cod liver oil and the group receiving corn oil in any of the measured variables; thus, the groups are treated statistically as one. Leptin concentration in maternal plasma increased during pregnancy from 15.5 +/- 9.0 microg/L (n = 175) in week 18 to 17.7 +/- 10.7 microg/L (n = 166) in week 35. Mothers, pregnant with female fetuses (n = 77), had a significant increase in plasma leptin concentration, from 15.5 +/- 8.8 microg/L (n = 83) at 18 weeks to 18.5 +/- 10.9 microg/L (n = 80) at 35 weeks of pregnancy, whereas in mothers pregnant with male fetuses, the increase was insignificant (15.4 +/- 9.3 microg/L (n = 92) to 17.0 +/- 10.5 microg/L (n = 86). BMI increased during the same time period, from 24.2 +/- 3.3 kg/m to 27.8 +/- 3.8 kg/m (n = 174). There was a significant correlation between BMI and plasma leptin concentration at 18 weeks (r = 0.54, n = 169) and at 35 weeks (r = 0.45, n = 160), but we found no change in the relative leptin concentration (plasma leptin concentration/BMI) from week 18 to week 35. We found no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in plasma leptin concentration, neither at 18 nor 35 weeks of pregnancy. Gender differences in plasma leptin concentration was present already at birth in umbilical cord plasma (10.8 +/- 9.2 microg/L for girls [n = 65] vs 7.6 +/- 6.6 microg/L for boys [n = 74]). We also observed gender differences in plasma leptin concentration at 4 weeks (3.9 +/- 1.8 microg/L, n = 68 vs 3.2 +/- 1.8 microg/L, n = 71) and 14 weeks of age (4.9 +/- 2.1 microg/L, n = 61 vs 4.1 +/- 3.1 microg/L, n = 73). Plasma leptin levels at 4 and 14 weeks were lower than the level in umbilical cord plasma (n = 101). An increase in plasma leptin concentration was observed from 4 to 14 weeks of age, both for girls (n = 48) and for boys (n = 60). Leptin concentration in umbilical cord plasma correlated with birth weight (r = 0.44, n = 139), and there was significant corre

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Role of myocardial lipids in development of cardiac necrosis.

Significant alterations in fatty acyl composition of cardiac phospholipids and neutral lipids are induced by dietary cod liver oil in the rat. Increased dietary availability of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 omega3) leads to extensive replacement of linoleic acid (18:2omega6) and arachidonic acid (20:4omega6) in phospholipids. Dietary cod liver oil (10%) reduces isoproterenol stress tolerance and results in increased development of cardiac necrosis and mortality following isoproterenol treatment. It is suggested that diminished catecholamine stress tolerance may be related to altered synthesis of prostaglandins or related products.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

'Complementary ENT': a systematic review of commonly used supplements.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the evidence surrounding the use of certain complementary supplements in otolaryngology. We specifically focussed on four commonly used supplements: spirulina, Ginkgo biloba, Vertigoheel and nutritional supplements (cod liver oil, multivitamins and pineapple enzyme). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of the English and foreign language literature. INCLUSION CRITERIA: in vivo human studies. EXCLUSION CRITERIA: animal trials, in vitro studies and case reports. We also excluded other forms of 'alternative medicine' such as reflexology, acupuncture and other homeopathic remedies. RESULTS: Lack of common outcome measures prevented a formal meta-analysis. Three studies on the effects of spirulina in allergy, rhinitis and immunomodulation were found. One was a double-blind, placebo, randomised, controlled trial (RCT) of patients with allergic rhinitis, demonstrating positive effects in patients fed spirulina for 12 weeks. The other two studies, although non-randomised, also reported a positive role for spirulina in mucosal immunity. Regarding the use of Ginkgo biloba in tinnitus, a Cochrane review published in 2004 showed no evidence for this. The one double-blind, placebo-controlled trial that followed confirmed this finding. Regarding the use of Vertigoheel in vertigo, two double-blind RCTs and a meta-analysis were identified. The first RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was equally effective in reducing the severity, duration and frequency of vertigo compared with betahistine. The second RCT suggested that Vertigoheel was a suitable alternative to G. biloba in the treatment of atherosclerosis-related vertigo. A meta-analysis of only four clinical trials confirms that Vertigoheel was equally effective compared with betahistine, G. biloba and dimenhydrinate. Regarding multivitamins and sinusitis, two small paediatric pilot studies reported a positive response for chronic sinusitis and otitis media following a course of multivitamins and cod liver oil. Regarding bromelain (pineapple enzyme) and sinusitis, one randomised, multicentre trial including 116 children compared bromelain monotherapy to bromelain with standard therapy and standard therapy alone, for the treatment of acute sinusitis. The bromelain monotherapy group showed a faster recovery compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: The positive effects of spirulina in allergic rhinitis and of Vertigoheel in vertigo are based on good levels of evidence, but larger trials are required. There is overwhelming evidence that G. biloba may play no role in tinnitus. There is limited evidence for the use of multivitamins in sinus symptoms, and larger randomised trials are required.

Bromelains↗
PubMed1977

Protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in the rat by dietary vitamin E, selenium, and methionine as measured by ethane evolution.

Dietary vitamin E, selenium (Se), and methionine were tested for their ability to inhibit carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced lipid peroxidation. Peroxidation, in vivo, was monitored by the evolution of ethane, an autoxidation product of omega-3-unsaturated fatty acids. Weanling rats were fed a basal diet low in vitamin E, Se, and sulfur-containing amino acids, or diets individually supplemented with these factors. After 3 to 7 weeks, the rats were injected with CCL4 (ip) and ethane was collected for 9 hours. Cumulative ethane evolution was increased by CCl4 in all groups. Vitamin E, Se, and methionine reduced ethane evolution from CCl4-treated rats by 82%, 74%, and 60%, respectively. The toxicity of CCl4 was decreased in correlation with ethane evolution. Thus, methionine and Se, probably by maintaining intracellular glutathione and glutathione peroxidase, protected against CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation, as did vitamin E. Substitution of cod liver oil, which is rich in omega-3-unsaturated fat, for lard in the basal diet increased CCl4-induced ethane evolution six-fold. Relative inhibition by the dietary supplements was not changed. Thus, the feeding of cod liver oil greatly increased ethane production which facilitated the detection and measurement of lipid peroxidation in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Effect of moderate levels of dietary fish oil on insulin secretion and sensitivity, and pancreas insulin content in normal rats.

The effect of omega-3 fatty acids derived from fish and marine mammals on subjects with normal glucose tolerance is still unclear. The aim of the present study was to test whether the hypolipidemia that follows the chronic administration of cod liver oil, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3), to normal rats is accompanied by changes in glucose metabolism, insulin secretion and sensitivity, and pancreatic insulin content. To achieve this goal, male Wistar rats were fed with a semisynthetic diet (w/w): 62.5% cornstarch, 7% cod liver oil plus 1% corn oil, and 17% protein (CD + CLO). Control rats were fed with the same semisynthetic diet with the only exception that the source of fat was 8% (w/w) corn oil (CD). Both diets were administered ad libitum for 1 month. At the end of the experimental period, the results obtained were as follows (mean +/- SEM): serum triacylglycerol (mM): CD + CLO 0.21 +/- 0.04 vs. CD 0.58 +/- 0.05 (p < 0.05); free fatty acids (microM): CD + CLO 257 +/- 20 vs. CD 288 +/- 22 (p = NS); total cholesterol (mM): CD + CLO 1.13 +/- 0.09 vs. CD 1.82 +/- 0.06 (p < 0.05); high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mM): CD + CLO 0.58 +/- 0.08 vs. CD 1.07 +/- 0.04 (p < 0.05); plasma glucose (mM): CD + CLO 6.30 +/- 0.29 vs. CD 6.28 +/- 0.10 (p = NS); liver triacylglycerol (mumol/liver): CD + CLO 104.1 +/- 11.4 vs. CD 136.8 +/- 4.3 (p < 0.05); glycogen (mumol/g wet weight): CD + CLO 298.3 +/- 21.0 vs. CD 297.0 +/- 19.0 (p = NS); glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (U/liver): CD + CLO 37.9 +/- 2.2 vs. CD 58.8 +/- 5.0 (p < 0.05); triacylglycerol secretion (nmol/min/100 g body weight): CD + CLO 101.0 +/- 2.0 vs. CD 166.0 +/- 9.7 (p < 0.01); removal of fat emulsion (K2% min-1): CD + CLO 15.0 x 10(-2) +/- 0.8 x 10(-2) vs. CD 8.2 x 10(-2) +/- 0.2 x 10(-2) (p < 0.01); intravenous glucose tolerance (kg 10(-2): CD + CLO 2.68 +/- 0.37 vs. CD 2.70 +/- 0.14 (p = NS); immunoreactive insulin (microU/ml/ min): with the area under the curve between 0 and 30 min CD + CLO 544 +/- 60 vs. CD 1,050 +/- 38 (p < 0.05), with the area under the curve between 0 and 60 min CD + CLO 1,188 +/- 150 vs. CD 2,160 +/- 137 (p < 0.05), and pancreas insulin content (microU/mg pancreas): CD + CLO 1.85 +/- 0.29 vs. CD 2.04 +/- 0.12 (p = NS). In conclusion, the present study shows that the strong hypolipidemic effect produced by the administration of low doses of fish oil to normal rats is accompanied by a significant reduction of plasma insulin levels without changes in glucose tolerance. Since no changes in pancreatic insulin content were observed, lower plasma insulin levels, both basal and after an intravenous glucose challenge, may be the result of an increased peripheral insulin sensitivity in normoglycemic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Feed training of peacock bass (Cichla sp.).

The Amazonian cichlid peacock bass (Cichla sp.) is a highly marketable food and sport fish, therefore a suitable species for aquaculture. However, because of its piscivorous feeding preferences, the species does not accept dry feeds voluntarily, turning its intensive culture difficult and costly. This study aimed to wean fingerling peacock bass from inert moist food to dry diets. In a first experiment, 1,134 fingerlings weighting 0.27 g were divided in two 0.37 m3 hapas and fed ground fish flesh with 35% success. Then, 1.3 g fish were pooled, stocked in six 25 L cages and fed two pellet sequences with 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% and 0% ground fish flesh (GFF). One sequence was flavored with 10% krill meal (Euphausia sp.). Training success of fish fed the GFF-00 diet flavored with krill reached 12%a compared to 11.6%a (p < 0.05) for diets without krill meal. A second experiment was set up with 969, 1.5 g fish, trained with GFF with 39.8% success. After the feed training period, 2.2 g fish were then fed a sequence of moist pellets containing 80%, 60% and 45% GFF. Fish trained to feed on moist pellets with 45% ground fish were pooled and stocked into nine 25 L cages. Fish were weaned to dry pellets without ground fish flesh (GFF-00) using three diet sequences: 1) dry pellets; 2) moist pellets; and 3) dry pellets flavored with 4% cod liver oil; all three diets contained 30, 10 and 0% GFF. The three sequences yielded, respectively 30.8%a, 23.6%a, and 24.7%a (p < 0.05) fish feeding on GFF-00. There were no apparent beneficial effects of increasing moisture or addition of cod liver oil as flavor enhancers in the weaning diets. This study revealed the feasibility of training peacock bass to accept dry pellets, but feeding young fish ground fish flesh seemed to be a major bottleneck in improving feed training success.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1989

Prevention of platelet aggregation by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the biodegradable polyurethane vascular prosthesis: an experimental model in pigs.

A 6-7 cm long degradable polyurethane vascular prosthesis was implanted in the infrarenal aorta of 25 young growing pigs, sacrificed from day 30 to 365 to study the processes of degradation and tissue growth, the characteristics of prosthetic substitutes and the incidence of thrombosis. Ten animals were used as controls and 15 were fed with cod liver oil (25 ml twice daily). Aortography performed at day 30, 60 and 90 showed 100% thrombosed implants in the controls, while in the lipid diet fed animals there was 100% patency. At graft retrieval, there were 7 patent grafts out of 9 in the cod liver oil fed animals. Laboratory tests indicated that the lipid diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids induces significant modifications of lipid metabolism preventing platelet aggregation. These data correlate well with findings of the morphological studies showing that all patent prostheses are lined with tissues similar to the endothelium of the native aorta with a mid layer made of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle cells well differentiated at day 180. These data show that the essential polyunsaturated fatty acid rich diet is able to prevent thrombosis of the biodegradable polyurethane vascular prosthesis. The combination of a synthetic material and the lipid diet experimental model, makes it possible to assess the long-term tissue-synthetic material interaction and the process of tissue growth.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Dietary fat intake and risk of lung cancer: a prospective study of 51,452 Norwegian men and women.

The relationship between incidence of lung cancer and intake of dietary fats, high-fat foods, fish, and fish products was studied in 25,956 men and 25,496 women aged 16-56 years attending Norwegian health screening between 1977 and 1983. Linkage to the Cancer Registry of Norway and the Central Bureau of Statistics of Norway ensured a complete follow-up until 31 December 1991. Diet was recorded on a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and 153 cases of lung cancer were identified during follow-up. Mean age at diagnosis was 56 years. After adjusting for smoking status, gender, age at screening, and attained age, significant lower risks were found for cod liver oil supplement (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-1.0) and for skim milk compared to whole milk (IRR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3-0.9)). No association was found with dietary cholesterol and saturated fat. A threshold of increased risk starting at the second quartile was seen for mono- and polyunsaturated fat. The potential protective effect of cod liver oil, a supplement rich in preformed vitamin A, omega-3 fatty acids, and monounsaturated fat, has to our knowledge, not been reported before. Confounding from lifestyle is possible, but the result deserves further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental standard reference materials.

Standard reference materials (SRMs) are valuable tools in developing and validating analytical methods to improve quality assurance standards. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a long history of providing environmental SRMs with certified concentrations of organic and inorganic contaminants. Here we report on new certified and reference concentrations for 27 polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners in seven different SRMs: cod-liver oil, whale blubber, fish tissue (two materials), mussel tissue and sediment (two materials). PBDEs were measured in these SRMs, with the lowest concentrations measured in mussel tissue (SRM 1974b) and the highest in sediment collected from the New York/New Jersey Waterway (SRM 1944). Comparing the relative PBDE congener concentrations within the samples, we found the biota SRMs contained primarily tetrabrominated and pentabrominated diphenyl ethers, whereas the sediment SRMs contained primarily decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). The cod-liver oil (SRM 1588b) and whale blubber (SRM 1945) materials were also found to contain measurable concentrations of two methoxylated PBDEs (MeO-BDEs). Certified and reference concentrations are reported for 12 PBDE congeners measured in the biota SRMs and reference values are available for two MeO-BDEs. Results from a sediment interlaboratory comparison PBDE exercise are available for the two sediment SRMs (1941b and 1944).

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency in five immigrant groups living in Oslo, Norway: the Oslo Immigrant Health Study.

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and to identify possible predictors of vitamin D deficiency in five main immigrant groups in Oslo. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, population-based. SETTING: City of Oslo. SUBJECTS: In total, 491 men and 509 women with native countries Turkey, Sri Lanka, Iran, Pakistan and Vietnam living in the county of Oslo. RESULTS: Median serum 25(OH)D level (s-25(OH)D) was 28 nmol/l, ranging from 21 nmol/l in women born in Pakistan to 40 nmol/l in men born in Vietnam. Overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency defined as s-25(OH)D<25 nmol/l was 37.2%, ranging from 8.5% in men born in Vietnam to 64.9% in women born in Pakistan. s-25(OH)D did not vary significantly with age. s-25(OH)D was higher in blood samples drawn in June compared to samples obtained in April, but not significantly for women. Reported use of fatty fish and cod liver oil supplements showed a strong positive association with s-25(OH)D in all groups. Education length was positively associated with s-25(OH)D in women, whereas body mass index (BMI) was inversely associated with s-25(OH)D in women. These two variables were not related to vitamin D deficiency in men. CONCLUSIONS: There is widespread vitamin D deficiency in both men and women born in Turkey, Sri Lanka, Iran, Pakistan and Vietnam residing in Oslo. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is higher in women than in men, and it is higher in those born in Pakistan and lower in those born in Vietnam compared to the other ethnic groups. Fatty fish intake and cod liver oil supplements are important determinant factors of vitamin D status in the groups studied. BMI and education length are also important predictors in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Thromboxane (TX)A3 and prostaglandin (PG)I3 are formed in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid: identification and quantification by capillary gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry.

The low incidence of myocardial infarction in Greenland Eskimos has been related to their traditional marine diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid. However, whether dietary eicosapentaenoic acid is indeed transformed in man to antiaggregatory PGI3 and weakly proaggregatory TXA3 has not been clarified. In our studies we ingested either cod liver oil or mackerel both rich in eicosapentaenoic acid. Formation of TXB3, the hydrolysis product of TXA3, in platelet-rich plasma stimulated ex vivo with collagen was traced by capillary GC/EIMS. Via external standard, TXB3 formation in platelets was estimated to be 5-15% of TXB2 formation. From urine we extracted dinor metabolites of PGI according to a selective method. We utilized delta 17-2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI3-M) as an index of total body production of PGI3 in analogy to 2,3-dinor-6-keto-PGF1 alpha (PGI2-M), the major urinary metabolite of PGI2. We separated PGI2-M and PGI3-M as the Me, MO, Me3Si derivatives by capillary gas chromatography and identified PGI3-M by EI mass spectrometry. Excretion of PGI3-M, which was not detectable under control conditions, was 83 +/- 25 ng/24 h (SD) after ingestion of cod liver oil and 134 +/- 38 ng/24 h after mackerel ingestion, while excretion of PGI2-M was 162 +/- 52 ng/24 h and 236 +/- 32 ng/24 h, respectively. Our findings with diets rich in EPA show that it is possible in man to change in vivo the spectrum of biologically active prostanoids by nutritional means and alter it in a favourable direction.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed1992

Influence of low dietary lipid content on anorexia and [14C]glucose uptake in the intestine of zinc-deficient mice.

Zinc deficiency was induced in adult male mice by feeding them for 8 weeks on a purified semi-synthetic Zn-deficient diet (ZD) containing 90 g lipid/kg (60 g maize oil plus 30 g cod-liver oil). One group was then fed on a low-lipid Zn-deficient diet (ZDLR) containing 30 g cod-liver oil/kg as the sole lipid source for a further 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment the stomach clearance rate, daily food intake, body-weight gain and [14C]glucose uptake in the intestine were significantly higher in group ZDLR than in mice that continued eating the Zn-deficient lipid-adequate diet ZD, and were comparable to results for a group given a Zn-supplemented diet. These results suggest that the pathogenesis of anorexia, nutrient malabsorption and growth retardation are secondary to lipid malabsorption resulting from Zn deficiency.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Serum retinoids and beta-carotene as predictors of hip and other fractures in elderly women.

UNLABELLED: There is debate about the possible deleterious effect of excessive vitamin A exposure on fracture risk. In this nested case control study in older women (312 cases and 934 controls), serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene were not associated with fracture risk, and there was no evidence of excess risk with multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation. INTRODUCTION: Recent studies have suggested that higher vitamin A intake may account for a component of fracture risk within the general population and that supplemental vitamin A may be harmful even within recommended limits. No studies have examined the relationship between biochemical retinol status and fracture in older women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We examined serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene as predictors of incident hip and other fractures in a large prospective study of British women over the age of 75 years (n = 2606, 312 incident osteoporotic fractures, 92 incident hip fractures; mean follow-up duration, 3.7 years). Fasting blood samples (9:00-11:00 a.m.) were collected at baseline. Using a case-control design (three controls per case), serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene were assessed as univariate predictors of incident osteoporotic fracture or hip fracture. Baseline BMD at the total hip, age, 25(OH)D, serum beta Crosslaps, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, weight, height, and smoking were considered as covariates in a multivariate model. RESULTS: Serum retinol, retinyl palmitate, and beta-carotene were not significant univariate predictors of either hip fracture or any fracture (all p > 0.05; Cox proportional hazards regression). For all osteoporotic fractures, the hazard ratio (HR) was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.81-1.05) per 1 SD increase in serum retinol. Risk of any osteoporotic fracture was slightly less in the highest quartile of serum retinol compared with the lowest quartile (HR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.69-1.05; p = 0.132) There was a tendency for increased serum retinol to predict benefit rather than harm in terms of BMD (r = 0.09, p = 0.002). Multivitamin or cod liver oil supplementation was associated with a significantly lower risk of any fracture (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.60-0.96; p = 0.021). In multivariate analysis, only age, total hip BMD, and weight were associated with fracture risk (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence to support any skeletal harm associated with increased serum indices of retinol exposure or modest retinol supplementation in this population.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

The effect of iron overload on urinary excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2.

The effect of in vivo lipid peroxidation on the excretion of immunoreactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the urine of rats was studied. Weanling, male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a vitamin E-deficient diet containing 10% tocopherol-stripped corn oil (CO) or 5% cod liver oil (CLO) with or without 40 mg dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg. To induce a high, sustained level of lipid peroxidation, some rats were injected intraperitoneally with 100 mg of iron as iron dextran after 10 days of feeding. Iron overload stimulated in vivo lipid peroxidation in rats, as measured by the increase in expired ethane and pentane. Dietary vitamin E reversed this effect. Rats fed the CLO diet excreted 9.5-fold more urinary thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) than did rats fed the CO diet. Iron overload increased the excretion of TBARS in the urine of rats fed the CO diet, but not in urine of rats fed the CLO diet. Dietary vitamin E decreased TBARS in the urine of rats fed either the CO or the CLO diet. Iron overload decreased by 40% the urinary excretion of PGE2 by rats fed the CO diet, and dietary vitamin E did not reverse this effect. Iron overload had no statistically significant effect on urinary excretion of PGE2 by rats fed the CLO diet. A high level of lipid peroxidation occurred in iron-treated rats, as evidenced by an increase in alkane production and in TBARS in urine in this study, and by an increase in alkane production by slices of kidney from iron-treated rats in a previous study [V. C. Gavino, C. J. Dillard, and A. L. Tappel (1984) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 233, 741-747]. Since PGE2 excretion in urine was not correlated with these effects, lipid peroxidation appears not to be a major factor in renal PGE2 flux.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Effects of dietary saturated, N-6 and N-3 polyunsaturated fats on blood pressure and prostaglandins outflow from perfused mesenteric vascular bed in rats.

Effects of the dietary administration of saturated fat and of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates on blood pressure, prostaglandin metabolism in small vessels, tissue fatty acid distribution and urinary PGE2 excretion were compared. Rats were divided into three groups. Diets contained 10% hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), 10% safflower oil (SFO) or 10% cod liver oil (CLO) added to a basic fat free diet for 10 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was increased in the CLO group animals. Urinary PGE2 excretion was decreased in the HCO and CLO groups as compared to that in the SFO group animals. PGE2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and thromboxane (Tx) B2 outflow from isolated perfused mesenteric arterial beds were extremely decreased in the CLO group animals, and to a lesser extent in the HCO group as compared to the SFO animals. In the tissue phospholipid, 20:3n-9/20:4n-6 ratios were increased in the HCO group indicating essential fatty acid deficiency, and n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates were elevated in the SFO and the CLO group animals respectively. Arachidonic acid concentration was highest in the SFO group, while there was no significant differences between the HCO and the CLO group. These results suggest that dietary fatty acid manipulation affects urinary PGE2 excretion and PGI2, PGE2 and TxA2 synthesis in mesenteric arterial beds and also changes the tissue fatty acid distribution. Furthermore, n-3 polyunsaturates caused an extreme reduction of 2-series PGs synthesis in small resistance vessels.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Comparison of fat retainers in accelerated solvent extraction for the selective extraction of PCBs from fat-containing samples.

Five types of fat retainers were investigated for the lipid-free extraction of PCBs from fat-containing matrixes using accelerated solvent extraction: florisil, basic alumina, neutral alumina, acidic alumina, and sulfuric acid-impregnated silica. All of the fat retainers generated fat-free extracts when the fat/fat retainer ratio was 1:40. Sulfuric acid-impregnated silica and florisil were the only retainers that gave completely clear extracts, and the former was the only not to show any reaction when treated with sulfuric acid after the extraction. Using sulfuric acid-impregnated silica as fat retainer, on-line cleanup of fat-containing matrixes was possible, as demonstrated for naturally contaminated fish meal as well as certified cod liver oil (CRM 349).

Animals↗