Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Calculi”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2002

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the management of complex upper urinary tract calculi: the Singapore General Hospital experience.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Presently, percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a well-established and effective method of treating upper urinary tract stones at our institution. The aim of this paper was to evaluate a single surgeon's four-year experience of PCNL in the Singapore General Hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1996 and December 2000, 300 PCNLs were performed on 280 renal units. The mean age was 53.7 years. PCNL was performed on 57 complete staghorn calculi (20.4%), 83 partial staghorn calculi (29.6%), 66 large pelvic calculi (23.6%), 60 impacted uretero-pelvic junction (UPJ) and upper ureteric stones (21.4%) that failed extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and 14 symptomatic lower pole calculi (5%). RESULTS: The stone-free rate on discharge was 88.2% (n = 247). At 3 months and 1-year post PCNL, the stone-free rate was 91.1% (n = 255) and 95.7% (n = 268), respectively. The average postoperative stay was 4.5 days. Complications included 1 urosepsis post-PCNL (0.4%) and 2 arterio-venous fistulae (0.7%). Only 1 patient (0.4%) required blood transfusion. Thirty-four patients (12.1%) required ESWL and 4 needed ureteroscopy (1.3%). CONCLUSION: In experienced hands, the use of PCNL for upper urinary tract calculi is safe and effective.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Study on the bladder calculi and bladder cancer induced by terephthalic acid in rats].

The carcinogenicity and calculogenesis of terephthalic acid on bladder was investigated. Terephthalic acid at doses of 5000, 500 and 50 mg/kg body weight/d were administrated to SD rats for 90 days consecutively. Control animals received normal feeds. Bladder calculi were induced in 5000 mg/kg (10/17) and 500 mg/kg (2/18) group. Calculi incidence of male rats was higher than that of female rats in 5000 mg/kg dose group. Bladder transitional cell cancer (4/17), atypical hyperplasia (5/17) and single hyperplasia (7/17) could be observed in 5000 mg/kg group. Atypical hyperplasia (10/18) and single hyperplasia (5/18) could be observed in 500 mg/kg group. Single hyperplasia (10/17) could be observed in 50 mg/kg group. The controls were normal except 1 case of single hyperplasia (1/18). There was a positive correlation between pathologic changes and dosage, but no significant correlation between pathologic changes and calculi incidence. Those rats without calculi produced some changes too, but no squamous metaplasia and carcinoma happened. The results suggested that under the study conditions, squamous cell carcinogenicity might be induced by terephthalic acid, and the calculi might not be the major factor inducing cancer.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Source of a micro-nutrient in a semi-synthetic basal diet as a causative factor in inducing urinary calculi in rats and its inhibition by PSC 833, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein.

We report a serendipitous finding of urinary calculi in rats fed a semi-synthetic basal diet. This observation was made during ongoing studies to evaluate the inhibitory effect of PSC 833, a potent inhibitor of P-glycoprotein, on development of tumors in rodent tumor model systems. A large number of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) female Sprague-Dawley and SPF male Fischer 344 rats being fed the diet were euthanized when it became evident clinically that they were uremic. At necropsy, the renal pelvis, ureters, and urinary bladder contained numerous calculi. The presence of urinary calculi was determined to be related to the source of a Food Chemical Codex grade of choline bitartrate. Rats being fed the same basal diet containing the United States Pharmacopia grade of choline bitartrate failed to develop urinary calculi. Interestingly, rats treated with the P-glycoprotein inhibitor were at significantly reduced risk of developing urinary calculi. This finding highlights how something seemingly innocuous as a minor dietary constituent can have a profound impact and, thereby, affect experimental outcome.

ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Mem↗
PubMed1992

[Salivary calculi].

Salivary calculi are frequent and revealed by very painful signs, which need an urgent therapy. These calculi are more often localized in the submaxillary gland, sometimes in the parotid gland, and unfrequently in the sublingual glands. Their clinical signs include an increased volume of the gland (salivary hernia), pain of infectious complication. Diagnosis is confirmed by standard x-ray and sialography, which also predicate the localization of the calculi. The treatment is symptomatic including antispasmodic, sympatholytic and parasympathomimetic drugs and washings of the canal with antibiotic solutions. After few months of this treatment, the surgical treatment is indicated if the calculi stays in the canal. Depending on the localization of the calculi, the access way will be either endobuccal or external.

Humans↗
PubMed1989

[Histochemical study on the mucosubstances of the calculi of the main excretory duct of the human submandibular gland].

The consideration that mucosubstances act as sites of nucleation and salivary calculi growth prompted to this investigation. Nine calculi of the main excretory duct of the submandibular gland were decalcified and routinely embedded in paraffin. From the blocks serial sections were cut and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and the subsequent histochemical methods for mucosubstances. 1) Alcian Blue-PAS. 2) High Iron Diamine-Alcian Blue. 3) Alcian Blue with critical electrolyte concentration. 4) Alcian Blue before and after testicular hyaluronidase digestion. 5) Acrolein-Thionin-Shiff-PAS 6) Toluidine Blue. Neutral and acid glycoproteins originated from the submandibular gland were predominated in the organic matrix. Glycosaminoglycans probably originated from the connective tissue were detected in the outer areas of the organic matrix. In the central and peripheral parts of 3 salivary calculi spheroid bodies, 1-30 in diameter, were present. The spheroid bodies were unstained with all the histochemical methods for mucosubstances. It is possible the glycoproteins of the submandibular gland to act as nucleating sites in the formation of calculi or, to be passive constituents which are bound by the already formed crystals of the calculi.

Glycoproteins↗
PubMed1989

[Role of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy without anesthesia in the treatment of ureteral calculi].

With anesthesia-free lithotripsy recently being available, the discussion upon the treatment of choice of ureteral calculi has been renewed: is a preliminary retrograde manipulation still preferable for proximal calculi? Is ureteroscopy the better treatment for stones in the lower ureter? The retrospective evaluation of our patients with ureteral calculi (January-August 1988) failed to reveal a significantly compromised efficiency with the modified HM-3 lithotripter (40 nF. generator, 17 cm. ellipsoid): 70% (including 11% with repeated sessions) of the patients with proximal stones and 90% (including 28% with repeated sessions) of the patients with distal calculi were successfully treated in situ without the need for anesthesia, auxiliary measures, or ureteroscopy. These results do not substantially differ from those obtained with the old HM-3 in 1987, and confirm, that the majority of patients with ureteral calculi can bypass the discomfort of retrograde manipulation or the risks of ureteroscopy.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1989

[Parathyroid adenoma associated with bilateral renal calculi. A case report].

Renal calculi is an uncommon clinical presentation of parathyroid adenoma today. Only 17% of parathyroid adenoma has renal calculi in Levin's report. The association of parathyroid adenoma is often overlooked in the patients of renal calculi. We report a case whose clinical presentation is renal calculi with renal colic Parathyroid adenoma was not discovered until the second admission. The patient's clinical presentation improved after parathyroidectomy. We report this case to remind the clinical physician regarding the possibility of coexistence of parathyroid adenoma in patients of renal calculi. Excision of the parathyroid adenoma is the only treatment for these patients.

Adenoma↗
PubMed1988

[Treatment of staghorn calculi by percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Apropos of 18 cases].

This series involves 19 kidneys treated by the same operator. The predominance of women (14/18) and of proteus urinary infection (11) was identical to other published series. 13/19 calculi with complete staghorn calculi occupying the renal pelvis and the 3 calyceal groups. 7 patients had a past history of 15 lombotomies for staghorn calculus. PCLN was carried out under fluoroscopic visualisation only, in 13 cases with one single channel, in 4 cases with two channels and in 3 cases with three channels. One operative phase was sufficient in 9 kidneys, two in another 9, whilst one kidney required 3. The mean duration of irradiation was 20 minutes (as against 12 minutes for the entire series of 135 CNL of the same operator). The post-operative course was uneventful apart from late hematuria which required no particular surgical management. 14/19 kidneys (73.6%) were totally cleared of their calculi. For the other 5 kidneys, two were treated by extracorporeal lithotripsy, with one success, two were lost to follow-up, including one after refusal of a third PCNL, and one will shortly be retreated by PCNL. After analysis of the literature compared with his own experience, the author considers that approximately 90% of staghorn calculi (large portion in pelvis, small calyceal portions, wide calyceal branches) can be treated by PCNL alone or completed by ECL and that some 10% of staghorn calculi (small pelvis portion, large extensively branched calyceal portions, narrow calyceal branches) still require traditional surgery.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

[Surgical removal of the staghorn calculi in the solitary kidney patients].

Seven patients undergoing surgical removal of extensive renal calculi involving a solitary kidney are reviewed. Problems arising from the surgery for the extensive renal calculi in a solitary kidney patient are demonstrated and indication of the surgery is also discussed. From January, 1978 to July, 1984, extensive renal calculi were removed in 7 solitary kidney patients. The operative technique for removing calculi consisted of anatrophic nephrolithotomy (in 2 patients) and ex vivo surgery (in 5 patients). There were 2 operative deaths and 2 major complications. Calculi were completely removed in 6 and 1 patient undergoing anatrophic nephrolithotomy, had a 3 X 4 mm residual calculus. The postoperative serum creatinine was improved in 5 patients. These major complications were observed in the patients who had severe renal dysfunction during the early postoperative period. It was indicated that good renal function should be maintained even during the early postoperative period in the surgery on a solitary kidney patient. Investigating injury to the operated kidney, the early postoperative serum creatinine level was analysed in these 7 patients and 3 patients undergoing ex vivo surgery for removal of aneurysm in a solitary kidney. The results indicated that nephrotomy was the most extensive damage to the kidney. However, pyelotomy and cold ischemia during ex vivo surgery, are not always harmful. In performing surgery for extensive renal calculous disease involving a solitary kidney, we should choose pyelotomy rather than nephrotomy in in situ operation. Ex vivo surgery can provide an effective treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

[Percutaneous ablation of renal calculi].

Percutaneous removal of renal calculi under nephroscopy was attempted in 34 patients. There were 19 pyelic, 9 caliceal, 3 uretero-pyelic and 3 multifocal calculi. The attempt was successful in 30 cases, the stones being removed by immediate lumbotomy in the 4 cases where it failed; 2 caliceal calculi remaining in situ are being followed up. Complete removal was effected in 19 patients. The smaller calculi were directly removed with special forceps, and the larger ones were either fragmented with a lithotriptor or disintegrated by ultrasounds or intracavitary shock waves. The postoperative period was uneventful. Stay in hospital was reduced to 4 days on average and absence from work, to 8 days. Five patients experienced renal colics due to migration of small fragments. One case of haemorrhage was easily controlled. Percutaneous removal of renal calculi is an elegant, though delicate method which seems to be of interest in persistent or recurrent pyelic or caliceal stones, in small or medium size pyelic stones and in mobile and painful caliceal stones. It undoubtedly has its place in the treatment of renal lithiasis.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed1984

[Percutaneous nephrolithotomy and litholapaxy. Endoscopic destruction and removal of kidney calculi].

With the development of the ultrasonically guided punction of the kidney it has become possible nowadays to achieve direct access to the kidney without much difficulty. The puncture tract can be widened and used for the entrance of the so-called nephroscope, which enables the sitting and extraction of renal calculi, which are not able to drain away by themselves. The calculi are removed through the shaft by small forceps. Larger calculi are chiefly removed by means of ultrasonic probes or electro-hydraulic shock waves. This method of percutaneous lithotripsy or litholapaxy is also suitable for the extraction of calculi from kidneys with impaired drainage. Since the procedure can be carried out in a large proportion of patients with local anaesthesia, there are hardly any contraindications--except in cases of complete staghorn calculi. In contrast to the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy little apparatus is needed and it is not too expensive; therefore, it is also suitable for smaller hospitals and departments. The percutaneous lithotripsy represents a safe method of renal calculus extraction with little stress for the patients.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1983

A wet chemistry method for the analysis of urinary calculi.

A procedure for the routine investigation of urinary calculi is described. The investigation scheme was based on existing methods in the routine laboratory for calcium(II), magnesium(II), phosphate and urate in serum. The substance content of oxalate was calculated as non-phosphate-bound calcium(II). Furthermore the test for cystine in urine was utilized. Two specially designed tests were used, one for carbonate apatite and one for verification of the presence of oxalate. The scheme was applied to 30 specimens of human origin. The sum of the mass fractions of identified and calculated components in the calculi was found to be 0.88 on the average (s = 0.05). Low values for this sum may serve as an indication of the presence of rare components that are not included in this analytical programme. A few calculi containing rare components required special methods for the investigation and are most conveniently investigated in a specialized laboratory using X-ray diffraction or infra-red spectrometry. In this paper, however, we describe wet chemistry methods, suitable for reliable cystine determinations and for oxalate in calculi containing, for example, brushite, where the calculated oxalate value is uncertain. These methods may be used as an alternative to the physical methods for many of the rare calculi.

Autoanalysis↗
PubMed1984

Oxalate urinary calculi in beef steers.

Hereford X Angus steers (10/treatment) were fed 90% concentrate diets containing 0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, or 1.2% of calcium for 92 days (trial 1) or 114 days (trial 2). Ground limestone was the supplemental calcium source. At slaughter, 12 of 20 steers fed 0.3% calcium had calculi in the urinary bladder or kidneys, compared with 5 of 20 fed 0.6% calcium, 5 of 20 fed 0.9% calcium, and 4 of 20 fed 1.2% calcium. Analyses of calculi indicated they were oxalate calculi. During the first 49 days of trial 2, plasma hydroxyproline concentrations were higher (P less than 0.10) for steers fed 0.3% calcium than for steers fed higher calcium concentrations. Increased bone resorption in steers fed concentrations of 0.3% calcium, resulting in increased plasma hydroxyproline, an oxalate precursor, was indicated as a source of oxalate in calculi and as an explanation of lower occurrence of calculi in steers fed higher concentrations of calcium.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1982

[Triamterene and renal calculi].

The authors report the detailed analysis of 4 calculi containing triamterene observed between 1979 and 1981. The composition of drug layers is almost the same in the 4 calculi and shows a mixture of triamterene (estimated at 35% of iatrogenic components) and 7 metabolites among them p-hydroxy-triamterene (5-10%) and mainly p-hydroxytriamterene estersulfate (40-55%). The authors hypothesize a metabolic or physicochemical relation between triamterene and uric acid which are frequently associated in these calculi that represent 0.4% of all lithiasis. An estimated 150 to 200 calculi with triamterene are probably eliminated though not detected every year in France. The interest of a fine analysis of calculi by appropriate physical methods, such as infrared spectrometry, is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

[Histochemical study of the matrix of calcium-containing urinary calculi by means of topo-optical reactions].

The authors investigated the matrix of calcium-containing urinary calculi of different basic type by means of histochemical and topo-optic methods. They found the glycoprotein reactions of the calcium oxalate calculi by far weaker than in the calcium phosphate and in the much infected struvite-containing calculi. The acid mucopolysaccharides were to be proved particularly in the infected mixed calculi. Collagen could not be found in the calculi.

Calcium↗
PubMed1981

[Incidence of metabolic disorders in patients with recurrent urinary calculi].

Of 117 formers of relapsing calcium oxalate calculi 75.2% showed a hyperuricaemia, 64.1% a hyperlipoproteinaemia, 19.7% a diabetes mellitus, 44.4% a hypertension, 11% a hyperuricuria (greater than 1.0 g/a day) and 7.5% a hypercalciuria. In 30 formers of relapsing uric acid calculi we could establish a hyperuricaemia in 93.3%, a hyperlipoproteinaemia in 76.7%, a diabetes mellitus in 36.7%, a hypertension in 80%, a hyperuricuria in 11% and a hypercalciuria in 3.8%. In comparison to formers of calcium oxalate calculi patients with uric acid calculi had a significantly higher body-weight. The results of our examinations make clear that in relapsing formation of urinary calculi frequently a complex disturbance of the metabolism is present which in every case must be established and treated.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Surgical treatment of staghorn calculi of the kidneys].

Between 1971 and 1981, 120 patients or 127 kidneys underwent surgery for staghorn calculi in the Department of Urology at the University of Berne. The following surgical procedures were performed: 7 primary nephrectomies, 29 intrasinusal pyelotomies by the method of Gil-Vernet, 69 nephrotomies, 17 partial resections and 5 nephrotomies combined with partial resection of the kidney. All the surgical procedure in the parenchyma were done in cold ischemia produced by regional cooling of the surface with ice. In our retrospective study special emphasis is placed on important functional aspects of the surgical technique and possible intraoperative and early postoperative complications. Secondary nephrectomy was necessary in only one case. In 102 patients it was possible to record the late results after an average observation time of 4.8 years. 75% of the patients showed good results i.e. they were free of infections and stones and the intravenous urogram was functionally satisfactory. 15.6% had residual stones or recurrent stone formation whereas only 4.9% presented with chronic urinary infections resistant to therapy despite the absence of detectable stones. In 25 patients who underwent differential 131I-hippuran clearance studies the average loss of function was 8.6% for the kidney operated on in hypothermia. In the same 10-year period there were only 7 cases with staghorn calculi (all over 55 years of age) in which primary nephrectomy was necessary because of silent hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis. Our results are compared with a series published by Blandy and Singh who followed 60 patients in whom staghorn calculi were treated exclusively by conservative means. Today new surgical techniques make it possible to free the kidney of staghorn calculi without major loss of renal function, and they remain free of calculi and infection if the metaphylaxis is carefully followed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[In situ dissolution of uric acid obstructive calculi].

The dissolution of uric acid calculi can be obtained by per os or parenteral alkalinization, but this method cannot be used in case of obstructive calculi. With 3 patients, whose urinary tract was obstructed by a radio-transparent calculi at the pyelo-ureteral junction, the ureteral probe setting by endoscopic way permitted to realize the in situ alkalinization. After 5 to 11 days of treatment, the calculi have been completely dissolved. A patient also presented a slightly radio-opaque lithiasis, but it remained still. The in situ alkalinization is an effective and non invasive treatment in case of obstructive uric acid calculi, and completes the release of the urinary tract logically by ureteral probe setting.

Adult↗