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PubMed1996

Effects of salts of alkali earth metals and calcium chloride on the stability of cytochrome c and myoglobin.

This study suggests a procedure by which binding of denaturants could be detected without any additional information other than that provided in the denaturation profiles of proteins. Two predominantly alpha-proteins, namely ferricytochrome c and metmyoglobin were denatured by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) in the presence of low fixed concentrations of salts at 25 degrees C and transition between native and denatured states was followed by absorbance measurements in the visible region (500-350 nm). The raw data were converted into transition curves from which Cm, the midpoint of GdnHCl-induced transition, and deltaGapp, the free energy changes on denaturation, were calculated assuming a two-state mechanism, and values of deltaGapp at zero concentration of the denaturant were estimated. It has been observed (1) that chlorides of Na, K, Cs, and Rb do not affect the native conformation of proteins, (2) that GdnHCl-induced denaturations of proteins in presence and absence of sodium bromide, sodium perchlorate and salts of lithium and calcium are reversible, (3) that optical properties of the GdnHCl-denatured state of proteins remain unchanged in presence of the second denaturant, (4) Cm decreases with an increase in the denaturant concentration, and (5) that except for GdnHCl there exist one or more binding sites on the native proteins for the denaturants.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The effect on the hemodynamic stability of varying calcium chloride administration during protamine infusion in pediatric open-heart patients.

IMPLICATIONS: We conducted a randomized study in 147 pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass to determine when there are any differences in hemodynamic effects if CaCl(2) 20 mg/kg and protamine 5mg/kg are mixed together and infused over 10 min versus administering half of the calcium dose (10 mg/kg) as a bolus followed by a 10-min infusion of protamine 5 mg/kg and CaCl(2) 10mg/kg.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Role of membrane permeabilities (calcium, chloride, and potassium) in the genesis of the notch observed on simian and prosimian cardiac action potentials.

The effect of temperature reduction on monkey ventricular action potentials has been studied. Under this condition the genesis of a notch separating the AP spike from the AP plateau has been related either to a conduction phenomenon or to a delay in the activation of the slow inward current. It is observed that the development of a notch at the beginning of the plateau depends both on the presence of a large outward, repolarising current, carried by chloride and/or potassium ions, and on the presence of a slow inward calcium current large enough to depolarise the membrane as the chloride current deactivates.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1980

Calcium chloride administration in normocalcemic critically ill patients.

Ten normocalcemic critically ill patients who had experienced a decrease in cardiac index greater than or equal to 0.5 liter/min/m2 after incremental changes of PEEP received 7 mg/kg of CaCl2 as a slow iv bolus, followed by an infusion of 20 mg/kg CaCl2 over 60 min. Hemodynamic pressures and flow, oxygen uptake and transport, and blood chemistry variables were determined over a 120-min period. The results indicated that: (1) hemodynamic variables were not affected except for left ventricular stroke work index and mean blood pressure, which increased slightly; (2) both serum calcium and ionized calcium concentrations increased significantly, sometimes to dangerous levels; (3) colloid osmotic pressure and hemoglobin levels decreased slightly but consistently. In conclusion, CaCl2 administration failed to improve hemodynamic function depressed by PEEP. If CaCl2 can play a relevant role in the management of cardiovascular depression, further identification of appropriate doses and patients is necessary.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Effect of oral administration of a calcium chloride gel on blood mineral concentrations, parturient disorders, reproductive performance, and milk production of dairy cows with retained fetal membranes.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of oral administration of CaCl2 gel on blood mineral concentrations, parturient disorders, reproductive performance, and milk production of dairy cows with retained fetal membranes (RFM). DESIGN: Randomized field trial. ANIMALS: 20 cows that calved normally and were not treated with CaCl2 gel (group 1), 20 cows with RFM that were treated with CaCl2 gel (group 2), and 20 cows with RFM that were not treated with CaCl2 gel (group 3). PROCEDURE: Group-2 cows were treated orally with CaCl2 gel (54 g of calcium) 24 and 48 hours after parturition. RESULTS: Administration of CaCl2 gel 24 and 48 hours after parturition did not have a significant effect on serum normalized calcium, total calcium, magnesium, or phosphorus concentrations or on incidence of metritis or left displacement of the abomasum, days to first insemination, pregnancy status after first insemination, or milk production. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of CaCl2 gel 24 and 48 hours after parturition did not have significant effect on blood mineral concentrations, parturient disorders, reproductive performance, and milk production in dairy cows with RFM.

Abomasum↗
PubMed1977

[Ultrastructure of epiphyseal cartilage after extraction on thin sections of "Epon" of proteoglycans by calcium chloride].

Dissociative methods are commonly used to extract proteoglycans. With a 2 M CaCl2 solution these components can be also extracted from thin sections of fixed, "Epon" included material. Secretory granules of the chondrocytes, granular components of extracellular matrix as matrix vesicles lost their electron density. Glycoproteins of the cell coat as non collagenous glycoproteins disappear. The method seems to be valuable for extracting proteoglycans from thin sections prepared for electron microscope investigations.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Calcinosis cutis secondary to percutaneous penetration of calcium chloride in dogs.

Accidental exposure of the skin of a dog to a commercial hygroscopic landscaping product (77-80% CaCl2) caused contact-irritant dermatitis within 24 hours. Papules and eroded to ulcerated plaques with hyperproliferative margins developed on various areas of the skin that had come in contact with CaCl2. Histopathologic findings were typical of calcinosis cutis. Reproducible lesions similar to those observed on the referred dog were induced on 5 clinically normal dogs exposed to small amounts of the compound. Histopathologic documentation of the percutaneous penetration of CaCl2, with evidence of calcinosis cutis, was found in the dogs as early as 24 hours after continuous skin contact with the offending substance. Electron-microscopic evidence of crystalline deposits within dermal collagen also was found in skin biopsy specimens obtained 24 hours after contact with CaCl2. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations in the 5 dogs remained within normal limits before and after topical application of CaCl2.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

A radioprotective effect of calcium chloride in combination with cystamine, mexamine, and hypoxemic hypoxia in mice.

A mild protective effect of a solution of CaCl2 (3.21 g%) injected in a volume of 0.2 ml i.p. 30 minutes prior to irradiation was demonstrated in experiments with male mice in the strain C 57 B1/10. The pre-irradiation administration of CaCl2 increased the LD50/30 by approximately 60R as compared with control animals, to which an isoosmotic NaCl solution was injected. A more pronounced decrease of the post-irradiation mortality of the animals was reached by combined administration of CaCl2 with chemical protectors- cystamine or mexamine administered in relatively low s.c. doses, as well as by a combination of CaCl2 with the protective action of hypoxemic hypoxia. Under the conditions of combined protection, the administration of CaCl2 increased LD50/30 by approximately 100 to 130R. A higher rate of formation of endogenous spleen hematopoietic colonies was observed in the animals protected by calcium. Possible mechanisms of the radioprotective effect of calcium on the level of the hematopoietic stem cells are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Effect of dissociative extraction with 1.5 M calcium chloride on proteoglycans in rat-incisor predentine visualized with cuprolinic blue.

Treatment of rat-incisor predentine for 48 h in a 1.5 M CaCl2 solution halved the number and size of the proteoglycan precipitates visualized using a critical MgCl2 concentration and cuprolinic blue staining. About 75 per cent of the aggregable proteoglycans were extracted; 25 per cent resisted extraction. Treatment with CaCl2 also completely abolished the electron density of the amorphous ground substance, an observation consistent with the possible existence of two classes of proteoglycans in predentine.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Tenderizing spent fowl meat with calcium chloride. 2. The role of delayed application and ionic strength.

Solutions of 0.6 M NaCl and 0.3 M CaCl2 having similar conductivities were used to evaluate the ionic strength effects on spent fowl meat tenderness. Breast fillets were deboned immediately after bleeding (hot-boned) and NaCl or CaCl2 was injected into them at two different times (< 30 min post-mortem and after 24 h storage) followed by tumbling and solution replenishment to evaluate the effects of delayed application. Hot-boned and cold-boned (24 h) were used as controls. All tumbling was conducted at -635 mm Hg, 20 C, 20 rpm for 1 h. All fillets were baked and then sheared with an Allo-Kramer cell. The results indicated that CaCl2 and NaCl reduced the shear values similarly, suggesting that elevated ionic strength at a similar conductivity to NaCl may play a major role in spent fowl meat tenderization with CaCl2. Replenishing muscle at 24 h post-mortem with 0.3 M calcium solution to 10% (wt/wt) after tumbling did not exert further tenderization, indicating that injecting a 10% level of 0.3 M calcium solution into spent hen fillets was sufficient to cause maximum tenderization. The delayed application of both CaCl2 and NaCl solutions resulted in a tenderizing effect, perhaps by eliminating the toughening effect of the prerigor physical stimulation effect of the earlier injection process. The additional tenderizing effects of calcium or sodium solutions injected at 24 h post-mortem may allow poultry processors to tenderize their spent fowl meat without the time constraints present in the prerigor state.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Tenderizing spent fowl meat with calcium chloride. 1. Effects of delivery method and tumbling.

In this study, different methods of 0.2 M or 0.3 M CaCl2 delivery into hot-boned spent Leghorn breast fillets followed by tumbling were evaluated. The CaCl2 was delivered by adding 10% (wt/wt) solution into the tumbler, injection 10% (wt/wt) into the fillet, or soaking at room temperature for 15 min followed by soaking at 2 C for 45 min. All these treatments were subjected to either tumbling at room temperature for 1 h or no tumbling. Water injected and untreated samples served as controls. All fillets were baked and sheared with an Allo-Kramer cell. Introduction of 0.2 M CaCl2 through different delivery methods was not sufficient to improve spent fowl meat tenderness, even when followed by tumbling. When 0.3 M CaCl2 injection was followed by tumbling, the mean shear value of the hot-boned spent hen fillets was reduced to near the tenderness level acceptable to consumers. However, when tumbling was performed on the fillets treated with calcium introduced by methods other than injection, the shear values were higher than samples using the calcium injection method. Therefore, tumbling in combination with injection of 0.3 M CaCl2 is essential for maximal tenderization of spent fowl meat.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Dye adsorption by calcium chloride treated beech sawdust in batch and fixed-bed systems.

Batch and column kinetics of methylene blue and red basic 22 adsorption on CaCl(2) treated beech sawdust was investigated, using untreated beech sawdust as control, in order to explore its potential use as a low-cost adsorbent for wastewater dye removal. The adsorption capacity, estimated according to Freundlich's model, and the adsorption capacity coefficient values, determined using the Bohart and Adams' bed depth service model indicate that CaCl(2) treatment enhanced the adsorption properties of the original material.

Adsorption↗
PubMed1991

Antagonistic effects of epinephrine, glucagon and methylatropine but not calcium chloride against atrio-ventricular conduction disturbances produced by high doses of diltiazem, in conscious dogs.

Conscious dogs (n = 6) with chronically implanted electrocardiogram electrodes and arterial and venous catheters were infused with a large dose of diltiazem (1 mg/dog per min i.v. over 60 min) to evoke hypotension and atrioventricular disturbances (AVII and AVIII blocks) which lasted for several hours. These effects are also observed in humans after accidentally or intentionally taking overdoses of diltiazem and particularly verapamil. In the intoxicated dog, administration of methylatropine (50 micrograms/kg per min i.v. over 10 min), epinephrine (0.2 and 0.4 microgram/kg per min i.v. over 60 min) and glucagon (2 micrograms/kg/min i.v. over 15 min) but not CaCl2 (3 mg/kg/min i.v. over 15 min) abolished almost entirely the AVII and AVIII blocks produced by diltiazem and re-established a normal sinus rhythm. However, these treatments failed to normalize AV conduction, and did not modify the moderate hypotensive effects of diltiazem. These findings support available clinical observations that beta-adrenoceptors agonists, glucagon and atropine rather than calcium salts are beneficial for the successful treatment of cardiovascular toxicity associated with the intake of supratherapeutic doses of diltiazem or verapamil.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Effects of trypsin and calcium chloride on signal IIs in oxygen-evolving PS II preparations.

Photosystem II oxygen-evolving preparations exhibited a reversible loss of signal IIs hyperfine structure when treated with 1.0 M CaCl2. A progressive irreversible loss of hyperfine structure was observed upon trypsin treatment of these preparations. These treatments appear to alter the environment of the radical responsible for signal IIs. Gel electrophoresis of trypsin-treated photosystem II preparations indicates that three polypeptides (45, 32-34, and 26 kDa) are altered with the same kinetics as observed for the trypsin-induced loss of signal IIs. Two of these polypeptides (45 and 32-34 kDa) are core components of photosystem II.

Calcium Chloride↗
PubMed1981

The non-specific binding of thermally denatured DNA by healthy human sera in Farr assay with or without addition of dextran sulfate and calcium chloride.

A non-specific DNA binding by human sera was measured in 60 male and female healthy subjects in different ages. Farr assay using thermally denatured mouse embryo [3H]DNA proved a high DNA binding level of 47.9 +/- 5.8% (mean +/- S.D.) on an average of these sera. The addition of dextran sulfate and CaCl2 significantly decreased the mean binding value to 14.7 +/- 4.8% and 6.5 +/- 3.2%, respectively. No significant difference was observed between men and women, or between any age groups from twenties to sixties. The measurement of complement activity in the serum gave no evidence for the participation of complement in the non-specific DNA binding.

Adolescent↗