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PubMed1995

[Communicable diseases in Norway. Epidemiological status and future challenge for prevention of the most important diseases].

The authors briefly review the incidence of some of the more important communicable diseases in Norway today. Thanks to extensive use of vaccines, effective preventive measures and useful antibiotics, many of these diseases are no longer a threat to public health, as was the rule up to the latter half of this century. However, constant vigilance is needed to sustain this positive situation.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed2004

The National Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion in Pakistan--Prelude and finale.

In Pakistan a public-private partnership--led by the NGO Heartfile and constituted additionally by the Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan and the WHO Pakistan office--was launched in April 2003. Mandated with the task of developing and implementing a national strategy for achieving national goals for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). This was the first opportunity to mount a truly 'National Plan of Action' in Pakistan enlisting a broader range of inputs and with the Governments commitment to NCD as a priority. The partnership recently released a strategic framework for action--the National Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion in Pakistan (NAP-NCD)--an integrated and concerted approach addressing the multidisciplinary range of issues within a prevention and control framework across a broad range of NCDs. Incorporating both policies and actions and set within a long-term and life course perspective, NAP-NCD calls for an institutional, community and public policy level change factoring integration at four levels: grouping NCDs so that they can be targeted through a set of actions, harmonizing actions, integrating actions with existing public health systems and incorporating contemporary evidence-based concepts with this approach. The NAP-NCD delivers an Integrated Framework for Action, which has been modelled to impact a set of indicators through the combination of range of actions in tandem with rigorous formative research. Drawing on the strengths of various public and private sector partners, this programme outlines a scope of interventions that are built on shared responsibility, allowing agencies to participate according to their own missions and mandates. The partnership is in harmony with national health priorities, complements state initiatives and is optimally integrated with the national health system. The partnership has brought value to all the three partners. The government has harnessed the technical strength of a private sector partner, which in turn is contributing to the country's National Plan within the framework of priorities set by broad-based national consensus; WHO, on the other hand, is gaining experience in working in a country model in which the private sector can be supported through WHO country resources, which are typically earmarked for public sector initiatives. Work is currently underway to implement the first phase of NAP-NCD.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2004

Communicable disease control: a 'Global Public Good' perspective.

Despite the increasing 'globalization' of health, the responsibility for it remains primarily national, generating a potential mismatch between global health problems and current institutions and mechanisms to deal with them. The 'Global Public Good' (GPG) concept has been suggested as a framework to address this mismatch in different areas of public policy. This paper considers the application of the GPG concept as an organizing principle for communicable disease control (CDC), considering in particular its potential to improve the health and welfare of the developing world. The paper concludes that there are significant limitations to the GPG concept's effectiveness as an organizing principle for global health priorities, with respect to CDC. More specifically, there are few areas of CDC which qualify as GPG, and even among those that can be considered GPGs, it is not necessarily appropriate to provide everything which can be considered a GPG. It is therefore suggested that it may be more useful to focus instead on the failure of 'collective action', where the GPG concept may then: (1) provide a rationale to raise funds additional to aid from developed countries' domestic budgets; (2) promote investment by developed countries in the health systems of developing countries; (3) promote strategic partnerships between developed and developing countries to tackle major global communicable diseases; and (4) guide the political process of establishing, and mechanisms for providing and financing, global CDC programmes with GPG characteristics, and GPGs which have benefits for CDC. In short, the GPG concept is not without limitations and weaknesses as an organizing principle, but does provide, at least in some areas, guidance in improving collective action at the international level for the improvement of global CDC.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Risk factors surveillance for non-communicable disease through telephone survey. Results in the Autonomous Community of Madrid from 1995-2003].

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate -for the first time with Spanish data- the usefulness of telephone-interview-based surveillance of non-communicable diseases risk factors for the purpose of drawing up public health policies. METHODS: We analysed information from the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Surveillance System (Sistema de Vigilancia de Factores de Riesgo asociados a Enfermedades No Transmisibles- SIVFRENT) for the period 1995-2003. This system is based on monthly telephone interviews covering a representative population sample, aged 18-64 years. 18,049 interviews were conducted for the whole period. Indicators of overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diet, tobacco and alcohol consumption, preventive practices, accidents and injuries, and road safety were calculated. The time trend was estimated using average annual prevalence ratios, obtained from generalised linear models with binomial family and logarithmic link. RESULTS: Among men, the changes of greatest magnitude corresponded to an increase in overweight and obesity, which registered a relative annual rise of 3.7%, and a decrease in dieting (-3%), high alcohol consumption (-6.1%) and non-use of safety belts (-4%). Among women, there was a marked increase in overweight and obesity (3.3%), cessation of smoking (3.1%) and recourse to mammograms (6.4%), and a decrease in dieting (-4.1%) and non-use of safety belts (-4.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Although important progress was observed in a number of indicators, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption, road safety and the undertaking of preventive practices, the situation worsened in others, i.e., fundamentally the increase in overweight and obesity.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Capture-recapture methodology: an option for surveillance of non-communicable diseases in the elderly].

Capture-recapture methodology is used in Ecology to estimate the total size of wild animal populations. This method can be used in Epidemiology to estimate the incidence and prevalence of communicable and non-communicable diseases in a relatively inexpensive and quick way. Surveillance systems based on the use of this methodology are a potential alternative for monitoring non-communicable diseases in Brazil. This paper presents a brief review of fundamental capture-recapture methodology and its applications to Epidemiology. We also present a theoretical model for implementation of a diabetes mellitus surveillance system in the elderly using publicly available morbidity and mortality data sources and the capture-recapture methodology.

Aged↗