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PubMed1980

Experimentally induced toxicoinfectious botulism in horses and foals.

Four experiments were performed to elucidate the pathogenesis of toxicoinfectious botulism in horses and foals. Groups of horses and foals were inoculated with one of the following: (1) crude toxin of Clostridium botulinum, type B, given IV, (2) C botulinum spores, given IM, (3) C botulinum spores, given IM, in necrotic lesions, and (4) C botulinum spores, given orally with and without dexamethasone. Toxin of C botulinum in minute amounts is toxic to horses. Clostridium botulinum spores produced toxicosis only when necrotic lesions were present. When C botulinum spores were given orally, they were innocuous. Toxicosis occurred when dexamethasone and C botulinum spores were given orally to a foal with necrotic lesions. Corticosteroids appear to predispose foals to the disease. In the animals where C botulinum organisms infected necrotic lesions, the clinical signs and the lesions seen on necropsy were identical with those seen in spontaneously occurring toxicoinfectious botulism.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

[Botulism in waterfowl (author's transl)].

In view of the annually recurrent outbreaks of botulism among waterfowl in the Netherlands, an eradication programme was developed, in which particularly the provincial watermanagement services, in co-operation with the municipalities, are involved. By exchanging information with the Central Veterinary Institute, which acts as the diagnostic centre of the country, a fairly complete picture of the mortality-rate is gained. The hot summers of 1975 en 1976 accounted for the majority of casualties. Annual mortality is highest among mallards and hybrid ducks. The disease mainly occurs in urban areas in the western part of the Netherlands. The requirements for a positive diagnosis are stated and explained. In addition to the environmental and public health aspects of botulism in waterfowl, the veterinary aspects are referred to.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The otolaryngologic presentation of botulism.

Botulism, although an uncommon disease, may nonetheless present to the otolaryngologist. The clinical signs of a severely erythematous, parched tongue, oropharynx, hypopharynx and larynx, especially when associated with bilateral cranial nerve deficits, should arouse suspicion of this disorder. Once the presumptive diagnosis of botulism is made, the otolaryngologist should expeditiously act to ensure appropriate airway control, as respiratory collapse may be imminent.

Botulism↗
PubMed1995

Wound botulism--California, 1995.

During January-November 1995, a total of 19 laboratory-confirmed cases of wound botulism were reported to the California Department of Health Services (CDHS); of these, 13 had occurred since August. Since 1990, the number of wound botulism cases reported annually in California has increased steadily (one case in 1990, two in 1991, three in 1992, four in 1993, and 11 in 1994). All cases except one since 1991 have occurred in injecting-drug users, and many involved subcutaneous injection or "skin popping" of black tar heroin. This report summarizes the findings of the investigation of two cases.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Epidemic of type B botulism: Sion, December 1993-January 1994].

12 cases of food-borne botulism were registered in Sion, Switzerland, between 31 December, 1993 and 12 January, 1994. A type B toxin was isolated from the serum of one patient and from the incriminated ham. Clinical data of 10 male patients aged 21 to 54 years and some epidemiologic data are reported. The clinical course was mild to moderate with predominant autonomic and gastro-intestinal symptoms and signs: blurred vision (10 patients of 10), dry mouth with dysphagia (9/10), asthenia (7/10), diarrhea and/or constipation (7/10), nausea and vomiting (6/10), abdominal cramps (5/10), impaired sexual function (5/10), dilated pupils (4/10). Some discomfort (mainly blurred vision, asthenia and impaired sexual function) persisted for several months in most patients. Neuromuscular involvement was never the reason for seeking medical assistance and had often disappeared at the time of the first visit. Two patients were hospitalized, one for transient ileus of unknown origin and the second (first suspected case) for monitoring and infusion of trivalent equine botulinum antitoxin. This treatment was administered on day eight after intoxication and had no effect on this patient's outcome when compared with others. No patient died. Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of botulism are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infant botulism.

Constipation in children is rarely thought of as a serious health condition. It is, however, one of the leading symptoms of the pathologic sequence in infantile botulism. The pathogenesis, common clinical manifestations, and common grounds in treatment and prognosis in infant botulism are summarized. The nursing role is presented, focusing on airway management, nutritional needs, environmental support, and parental role in an intensive care unit. An exemplar case study is presented.

Botulism↗
PubMed1993

[Botulism in Ammassalik].

Botulism is a rare and serious form of food poisoning and was diagnosed for the first time in the East Coast of Greenland. Historical reports suggest that outbreaks of this condition have occurred previously in this region. In 1990, however, the presence of Clostridium botulinum type E could be confirmed with certainty. Eight individuals partook of a meal which consisted of raw seal meat and raw seal intestines. Four of these developed symptoms of botulism and two of these required assisted ventilation. On the basis of this experience, the medical officers of health in Greenland recommend that all hospitals in Greenland should maintain a supply of antitoxin.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

[Botulism in cattle in a loose housing following the use of litter from a broiler farm (author's transl)].

An outbreak of type C botulism in cattle is reported, which was caused by the fact that litter from a broiler farm, in which a large number of toxic carcases had been present, had been used as a bedding in the cubicles. There is evidence to suggest that there is a relationship with the large number of cases of type C botulism in waterfowl in the Netherlands in recent years.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1996

Botulism with sensory symptoms diagnosed by neuromuscular transmission studies associated with edrophonium responsiveness.

A 43-year-old female patient developed bilateral ophtalmoplegia, bulbar paresis and weakness of the respiratory and extremity muscles. Additionally she had decreased sensation on the left half of the body. Repetitive nerve stimulation (RNS) test confirmed the diagnosis of botulism and edrophonium injection caused a reduction in the decremental response. When in doubt, RNS testing can provide the definitive results in the diagnosis of botulism.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Botulism. Summary based on six cases].

Botulism is a rare neuroparalytic disease caused by neurotoxins of Clostridium species. In Hungary it most commonly occurs as a foodborne illness with ocular and bulbar paralysis, muscle weakness and gastrointestinal symptoms. Six cases of botulism were observed by the authors, first in 1993 five members of a family, then in 1997 a patient with sporadic illness. The diagnosis was confirmed by toxin tests in addition to the symptoms and food history. Recognition of the epidemiologic associations proved very useful in the confirmation of outbreak-related cases. The illness was moderately serious at three patients and mild at two patients. One of the patients had a cirrhosis of the liver, and her status became critical because of the repeated bleeding from oesophagus varicose vein. The patient with sporadic illness had a serious gastric dilatation and palsy of bowels causing paralytic ileus at the start of the illness. The symptoms regressed slowly, roughly in three weeks, at all patients. Death did not happened. After the case reports the authors review the disease-microorganism, toxin, clinical entities, incidence, symptoms, diagnosis, differential-diagnosis, and finally the treatment.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1998

[Clinical wound botulism in injecting drug addicts].

Wound botulism among drug abusers was first described in the USA in 1982. From 1988 to 1995, 46 laboratory confirmed cases were reported in California. The condition occurred for the first time in Norway in 1997 when three cases of suspected wound botulism among drug users who injected heroin subcutaneously or intramuscularly were reported. Two of these cases are presented here with neurophysiological findings and differential diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

[Botulism after intake of half-fermented fish].

From 1975 to 1997, 21 cases of foodborn botulism have been reported in Norway. Half-fermented fish is the major cause. We describe one patient with botulism following intake of home-prepared half-fermented fish. Seven people had eaten fish from the same bucket, but only two developed symptoms. The fish was initially stored at 13 degrees C; this probably explains why toxin developed. Type E toxin in moderate concentrations was found in fish samples. The patient was treated with specific antitoxin and made a gradual recovery. He returned to work after eight months.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Botulism in a dog--first confirmed case in New Zealand.

During an outbreak of suspected botulism in waterfowl on Hamilton Lake an eight year old entire male dog was admitted to a Hamilton veterinary clinic. The dog was unable to stand upon admission and showed a partial lower motor neuron dysfunction characteristic of botulism. Treatment consisted of antibiotics and intensive supportive therapy. Complications resulted in the dog being destroyed ten days after commencement of treatment. Analysis of a serum sample taken antemortem, confirmed the presence of Clostridium botulinum type C toxin.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Intestinal toxemia botulism in two young people, caused by Clostridium butyricum type E.

Two unconnected cases of type E botulism involving a 19-year-old woman and a 9-year-old child are described. The hospital courses of their illness were similar and included initial acute abdominal pain accompanied by progressive neurological impairment. Both patients were suspected of having appendicitis and underwent laparotomy, during which voluminous Meckel's diverticula were resected. Unusual neurotoxigenic Clostridium butyricum strains that produced botulinum-like toxin type E were isolated from the feces of the patients. These isolates were genotypically and phenotypically identical to other neurotoxigenic C. butyricum strains discovered in Italy in 1985-1986. No cytotoxic activity of the strains that might explain the associated gastrointestinal symptoms was demonstrated. The clinical picture of the illness and the persistence of neurotoxigenic clostridia in the feces of these patients suggested a colonization of the large intestine, with in vivo toxin production. The possibility that Meckel's diverticulum may predispose to intestinal toxemia botulism may warrant further investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Botulism in Norway.

Botulism is a severe neuroparalytic disease caused by toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic spore-forming bacillus. Physicians in Norway are required to notify the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) of cases of botulism immediately

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Botulism in the United Kingdom.

Clostridium botulinum is a spore forming bacterium that grows in the absence of oxygen and is responsible for three main epidemiological categories of disease: foodborne, infant, and wound botulism. Foodborne botulism is an intoxication caused by ingestio

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

Botulism in the European Union.

Botulinum toxin was first described as a potent neurotoxin in the late eighteenth century. Currently three main distinct clinical and epidemiological botulism syndromes are described - foodborne botulism, which results from the ingestion of food contamina

Journal Article↗
PubMed1965

HUMAN BOTULISM DUE TO COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS.

Two cases of botulism occurred in Montreal following the ingestion of commercially canned liver paste. A toxigenic, proteolytic strain of Clostridium botulinum type B was isolated from the paste in which type B toxin was also demonstrated by animal protection tests. One patient died undiagnosed about 45 hours after eating several liver-paste sandwiches. The second developed diplopia, dysphagia, speech difficulty and weakness 18 hours after ingestion of three bites of a sandwich. All symptoms progressed until admission to hospital where he was treated with 160,000 units of divalent botulinum AB antitoxin over a 72-hour period. Recovery was complete. The need for readily available supplies of both diagnostic and therapeutic botulinum antitoxin to meet such an emergency is stressed.

Adolescent↗