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At least 361 records · Page 20Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Signum, a new fungicide with interesting properties in resistance management of fungal diseases in strawberries.

Signum, a new fungicide developed by BASF, was applied during 6 successive years against fungal diseases in strawberries. The product is formulated as a water dispersible granule, containing 6.7 % pyraclostrobin and 26.7 % boscalid. Pyraclostrobin is similar in chemistry to other strobilurin fungicides like kresoxim-methyl and trifloxystrobin, registered for fruit disease control. Boscalid belongs to the class of carboxyanilides. Both components in the premix formulation combine two different biochemical modes of action in the fungal cell respiration. Therefore, this co-formulation gives a broad-spectrum activity and also a reduced resistance risk for different target pathogens. Botrytis cinerea is the most important disease on strawberry-fruits and thus the control of fruit rot is mainly focused on this fungus. In average over 6 years, Signum has not only given a very good control against Botrytis fruit rot, but it has also shown a high performance in the control of Colletotrichum. Besides, Signum provides good control of powdery mildew (Podosphaera aphanis) and limits the shift to other fruit rots like leather rot (Phytophthora cactorum and leak (Rhizopus, Mucor). The availability of several categories of fungicide families with a different mode of action gives opportunities in alternating different fungicides and is the best guarantee for a sustainable control of fruit rot in all kinds of strawberry production methods. Signum should be integrated in an overall disease management program. Trials, in which the applications of Signum were timed on disease forecasting, based on environmental factors favorable for Botrytis development, were very promising. This tool can also help in establishing the IPM-concept in the production of strawberries.

Fragaria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Collagenolytic activity in several species of deuteromycetes under various storage conditions].

The ability of deuteromycetes of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Botrytis to retain collagenolytic activity was studied after both 2 and 10 years of storage on a Czapek medium under a layer of mineral oil at 4 degrees C, as well as in silica gel granules at 20 and -60 degrees C. The enzymatic activity of several species, including Botrytis terrestris, Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum, was retained under both conditions of storage. Aspergillus repens retained enzymatic activity only if stored under a layer of mineral oil. The viability of conidia and the collagenolytic activity of Botrytis terrestris, P. janthinellum, P. chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum, maintained on silica gel for 10 years, depended on the storage temperature. The viability of the test strains improved after storage on a silica gel at -60 degrees C. A strain of Aspergillus repens lost its ability to dissolve collagen at various storage temperatures on the silica gel. The index of lysis for three strains of Penicillium deuteromycetes (Penicillium janthinellum, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Penicillium citrinum) increased after a 10-year storage on silica gel at -60 degrees C.

Collagen↗
PubMed2003

Resveratrol content of Palomino fino grapes: influence of vintage and fungal infection.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of certain factors on the resveratrol content of Palomino fino grapes, cultivated in the Jerez-Xérèz-Sherry area, at the moment of harvest. The results show that the resveratrol content is highly influenced by the climatic conditions prior to the period of maturation of the fruit. On the other hand, the gray mold pressure in the vineyard, a fungal infection caused by Botrytis cinerea, increased the resveratrol contents at the early stages of fungal development. When Botrytis development was extensive, the resveratrol content tended to decrease in the juice but tended to increase in the skin. Physiological stress of the plant leads to increases in the resveratrol content, caused as much by the climatic conditions of the vintage as by biotic factors. In this case resveratrol is present mainly in the glycosylated form.

Botrytis↗
PubMed2003

Antifungal clerodane diterpenes from Macaranga monandra (L) Muell. et Arg. (Euphorbiaceae).

Hexane and ethyl acetate phases of the methanol extract of Macaranga monandra showed fungal growth inhibition of Colletotrichum acutatum, C. fragariae and C. gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum, Botrytis cinerea, Phomopsis obscurans, and P. viticola. Bioassay-guided fractionation led to the isolation of two active clerodane-type diterpenes that were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (1D-, 2D-NMR, and MS) as kolavenic acid and 2-oxo-kolavenic acid. A 96-well microbioassay revealed that kolavenic acid and 2-oxo-kolavenic acid produced moderate growth inhibition in Phomopsis viticola and Botrytis cinerea.

Acetates↗
PubMed1999

Deficiency in phytoalexin production causes enhanced susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to the fungus Alternaria brassicicola.

The phytoalexin-deficient Arabidopsis mutant pad3-1, which is affected in the production of the indole-type phytoalexin camalexin, has previously been shown not to display altered susceptibility to either the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae (Glazebrook & Ausubel 1994; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91: 8955-8959) or the biotrophic fungi Peronospora parasitica (Glazebrook et al. 1997; Genetics, 146: 381-392) and Erysiphe orontii (Reuber et al. 1998; Plant J. 16: 473-485). We now show that this mutant is markedly more susceptible than its wild-type parental line to infection by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola, but not to Botrytis cinerea. A strong camalexin response was elicited in wild-type plants inoculated with either Alternaria brassicicola or Botrytis cinerea, whereas no camalexin could be detected in pad3-1 challenged with these fungi. Hence, PAD3 appears to be a key determinant in resistance to at least A. brassicicola. The induction of salicylate-dependent and jasmonate/ethylene-dependent defense genes was not reduced in Alternaria-challenged pad3-1 plants compared to similarly treated wild-type plants. Camalexin production could not be triggered by exogenous application of either salicylate, ethylene or jasmonate and was not, or not strongly, reduced in mutants with defects in perception of these defense-related signal molecules. Camalexin-production appears to be controlled by a pathway that exhibits little cross-talk with salicylate-, ethylene- and jasmonate-dependent signalling events.

Alternaria↗
PubMed2006

Leaf hairs influence phytopathogenic fungus infection and confer an increased resistance when expressing a Trichoderma alpha-1,3-glucanase.

The leaf surface of a very large number of plant species are covered by trichomes. Non-glandular trichomes are specialized unicellular or multicellular structures that occur in many different plant species and function in xenobiotic detoxification and protecting the plant against pest attack. By analysing the susceptibility of trichome mutants, evidence is provided that indicates the influence of leaf trichomes on foliar fungal infections in Arabidopsis thaliana, probably by facilitating the adhesion of the fungal spores/hyphae to the leaf surface. A decreased trichome number in the hairless Arabidopsis mutant gl1 enhances tolerance against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. By contrast, the try mutant shows an increased susceptibility to both fungal infection and accumulation. Trichome density does not influence infection by the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. In addition, the influence of trichomes on foliar infection is supported by targeting the high-level expression of the Trichoderma harzianum alpha-1,3-glucanase protein to the specialized cell structures. Trichome expression of this anti-fungal hydrolase shows a significant resistance to infection by the foliar pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Resistance to this fungus is not dependent on the constitutive induction of the salicylic or jasmonic defence signalling pathways, but the presence of the alpha-1,3-glucanase protein in trichomes.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2003

Nonspecific lipid-transfer protein genes expression in grape (Vitis sp.) cells in response to fungal elicitor treatments.

Nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (nsLTPs) are small, basic cystein-rich proteins believed to be involved in plant defense mechanisms. Three cDNAs coding nsLTPs from grape (Vitis vinifera sp.) were cloned by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and PCR. The expression of nsLTP genes was investigated in 41B-rootstock grape cell suspension, in response to various defense-related signal molecules. Ergosterol (a fungi-specific sterol) and a proteinaceous elicitor purified from Botrytis cinerea strongly and rapidly induced the accumulation of nsLTP mRNAs. Jasmonic acid, cholesterol, and sitosterol also promoted nsLTPs mRNA accumulation, although to a lesser extent, whereas salicylic acid had no effect. High performance liquid chromatography analysis indicated that the amounts of three LTP isoforms (previously named P1, P2, and P4) were increased by ergosterol. None of the four isoforms displayed any significant antifungal properties, with the exception of the P4 isoform, which reduced Botrytis mycelium growth in vitro, but only in calcium-free medium. The results are discussed in the context of plant-pathogen interactions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Growth and sporulation of some pathogenic fungi in the presence of grapefruit extract.

Development of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cyclaminis, F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, Botrytis cinerea and B. elliptica in the presence of grapefruit extract (GE) was evaluated. Amendment of potato-dextrose agar with 40 micrograms of GE/cm3 inhibited linear growth of tested species at least in 50%. Addition of 40 micrograms of GE/cm3 of medium inhibited spore germination of F. oxysporum f.sp. cyclaminis about 34% whereas germ tube growth was suppressed in 87%. In case of Botrytis species, B. cinerea spores were more susceptible on GE than B. elliptica. They did not germinate, however, at 200 micrograms of GE/cm3. Drenching of peat, artificially infested with F. oxysporum f. sp. dianthi, with GE at conc. 165 micrograms/cm3 resulted in drastical decrease of colony forming unit numbers and this suppressive effect was observed at least 35 days.

Botrytis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Systemic acquired resistance in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to infection by Botrytis cinerea in the leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was induced following cotyledon inoculation with B. cinerea or treatment with abiotic inducers. Salicylic acid (SA), benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic S-methyl ester (BTH), 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) or EDTA protected sunflower plants against Botrytis infection, that was revealed by a reduction in the number and area of the necrotic lesions in upper leaves after challenge inoculation with the pathogen. SA and BTH were more potent inducers than INA, EDTA or pre-inoculation with the fungus. In addition to resistance to B. cinerea, the upper leaves have also developed resistance to maceration by a mixture of cell wall-degrading enzymes. Calcium nitrate inhibited both the protective effect and the resistance of leaf discs to cell-wall degrading enzymes. All the tested chemicals increased the synthesis and excretion of sunflower phytoalexins--coumarins scopoletin and ayapin and induced the PR-proteins chitinase and 1,3-beta-glucanase, being the inducer effect of each activator correlated with the level of protection against B. cinerea (BTH > SA > INA > EDTA). Thus, SAR induction is mediated by general increase of plant defence responses. This is the first report on SAR in sunflower.

Anti-Infective Agents↗
PubMed2000

A robust cysteine-deficient chitinase-like antifungal protein from inner shoots of the edible chive Allium tuberosum.

From the inner shoots of the chive Allium tuberosum, a single-chained protein with a molecular weight of 36 kDa and an N-terminal sequence manifesting resemblance to chitinases but lacking in cysteine residues characteristic of a cysteine-rich domain present in chitinases of other Allium species, was purified. The isolation procedure entailed affinity chromatography on Affi-gel blue gel, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Mono S, and gel filtration on Superdex 75. The protein was unadsorbed on DEAE-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and Mono S. It exhibited antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum, Coprinus comatus, Mycosphaerella arachidicola, and Botrytis cinerea. The IC(50) for its antifungal effect against Botrytis cinerea was 0.2 microM. The antifungal activity was stable after 1 h at pH 1.6 and 12.3, and up to 60 degrees C for 5 min. Incubation of the protein with trypsin or chymotrypsin at an enzyme:substrate ratio of 1:100 and pH 7.6 up to 150 min did not affect its antifungal activity. The protein did not exhibit antibacterial activity. The protein inhibited cell-free translation in a rabbit reticulocyte system with an IC(50) of 0.8 microM, but did not affect the proliferation of mouse splenocytes. It exerted some cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells and was inhibitory toward HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Allium↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of some mushroom and earthy off-odors microbially induced by the development of rot on grapes.

Grape rot is one of the major causes of degradation of many grape components and, thus, of deterioration in wine quality. In particular, the association of Botrytis cinerea with other, less visible, fungi frequently leads to the development of organoleptic defects in grapes and sometimes in wines. This study examines the nature of the volatile compounds responsible for mushroom, mossy, or earthy odors detected by gas chromatography-olfactometry in organic extracts of rotten grapes and musts. 2-Methylisoborneol, (-)-geosmin, 1-octen-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, and 2-heptanol were identified or tentatively identified. Their concentrations in musts were determined, and the impact of alcoholic fermentation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was studied. The ability of fungi isolated from rotten grapes (Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species including P. brevicompactum, P. expansum, P. miczynskii, P. pinophilum, P. purpurogenum, and P. thomii; Aspergillus section nigri; Rhizopus nigricans; and Coniothyrium sp.) to produce some of the identified compounds was evidenced.

Food Microbiology↗
PubMed1998

Fungal pathogens of Euphorbia heterophylla and E. hirta in Brazil and their potential as weed biocontrol agents.

A two-year survey of the fungi associated with two important congeneric pantropical weeds, Euphorbia heterophylla and E. hirta, was conducted in part of their native range in southern Brazil. Sampling was concentrated mainly in Rio de Janeiro State and ten species were identified as pathogens of these weeds. Two taxa, Botrytis ricini and Uromyces euphorbiae, were common to both weed hosts. Alternaria euphorbiicola, Bipolaris euphorbiae, Melampsora sp., Oidium sp. and Sphaceloma poinsettiae were recorded only from E. heterophylla, whereas Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Sphaceloma sp. and Sphaerotheca fuliginea were restricted to E. hirta. Botrytis ricini and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides are new records for E. hirta, and Alternaria euphorbiicola and Sphaerotheca fuliginea are new host records for Brazil. Bipolaris euphorbiae, previously identified as Helminthosporium sp., is considered to be the correct name for the causal agent of a major disease of E. heterophyllum in Brazil. The potential of these pathogens as biocontrol agents is discussed and the mycobiota associated with both these weeds worldwide is reviewed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Antifungal properties of surangin B, a coumarin from Mammea longifolia.

The natural product electron transport inhibitor surangin B was examined for its ability to inhibit in vitro mycelial growth and spore germination in several species of fungi. As an inhibitor of mycelial growth, surangin B showed strongest activity against Rhizoctonia solani (IC50 = 3.8 microM) and Botrytis cinerea (IC50 = 11.2 microM). Inhibitory effects were less pronounced in Alternaria dauci, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium sp. (IC50 values > 30 microM) and absent in Trichoderma harzianum. Surangin B reduced the level of spore germination in Fusarium oxysporum (IC50 = 2.3 microM) and Botrytis cinerea (IC50 = 1.4 microM), although Alternaria dauci was considerably more tolerant of this coumarin (IC50 = 500 microM). Our results indicate that surangin B may have potential as an antifungal agent.

Antifungal Agents↗
PubMed2004

A dynamic binomial sequential sampling plan for Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) on broccoli and cauliflower in Australia.

Binomial sequential sampling plans have been used widely for monitoring invertebrate pest populations. Such plans are typically based upon a single action threshold (AT), which represents the level of infestation that the grower is prepared to accept before using a control measure. For many cropping systems this acceptable infestation level is likely to vary, being dependent on factors such as the growth stage of the crop and the value or demands of the destination market (e.g., local or high-quality export). We developed and validated a computer-assisted plan that uses a dynamic AT. The plan has been developed for monitoring diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) on broccoli (Brassica oleracea variety botrytis L.) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea variety botrytis L.), but the concepts and methodologies could be readily applied to other systems.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The effects of some polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors on growth and morphology of phytopathogenic fungi.

We have studied the effects of two polyamine biosynthetic inhibitors, alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) and alpha-difluoromethylarginine (DFMA), and of polyamines (PAs), alone and in combination, on mycelial growth and morphology of four phytopathogenic fungi: Botrytis sp, B. cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani and Monilinia fructicola. The inhibitors were added to a Czapek agar medium to get final concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mM. DFMO and DFMA, suicide inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and arginine decarboxylase (ADC) respectively, inhibited mycelial growth strongly; the effect was generally more pronounced with DFMA than with DFMO, but each fungus had its own response pattern. The addition of the PAs putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) to the culture medium resulted in a promotion of growth. In Botrytis sp and Monilinia fructicola exposed to inhibitors plus PAs, mycelial growth was actually increased above control values. Mycelial morphology was altered and cell size dramatically reduced in plates containing inhibitors alone, whereas with PAs alone, or in combination with inhibitors, morphology was normal, but cell length and diameters increased considerably. These results suggest that PAs are essential for growth in fungal mycelia. The inhibition caused by DFMA may be due to its arginase-mediated conversion to DFMO.

Arginine↗
PubMed2001

A Brassica oleracea gene expressed in a variety-specific manner may encode a novel plant transmembrane receptor.

The species Brassica oleracea includes several agricultural varieties characterized by the proliferation of different types of meristems. Using a combination of subtractive hybridization and PCR (polymerase chain reaction) techniques we have identified several genes which are expressed in the reproductive meristems of the cauliflower curd (B. oleracea var. botrytis) but not in the vegetative meristems of Brussels sprouts (B. oleracea var. gemmifera) axillary buds. One of the cloned genes, termed CCE1 (CAULIFLOWER CURD EXPRESSION 1) shows specific expression in the botrytis variety. Preferential expression takes place in this variety in the meristems of the curd and in the stem throughout the vegetative and reproductive stages of plant growth. CCE1 transcripts are not detected in any of the organs of other B. oleracea varieties analyzed. Based on the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encompassing the complete coding region, we predict that this gene encodes a transmembrane protein, with three transmembrane domains. The deduced amino acid sequence includes motifs conserved in G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) from yeast and animal species. Our results suggest that the cloned gene encodes a protein belonging to a new, so far unidentified, family of transmembrane receptors in plants. The expression pattern of the gene suggests that the receptor may be involved in the control of meristem development/arrest that takes place in cauliflower.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Characterization of debilitation-associated mycovirus infecting the plant-pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

It was previously reported that three dsRNA segments, designated L, M and S, were isolated from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum strain Ep-1PN and that the M dsRNA segment was coincident with hypovirulence and debilitation of the fungal host. Here, the complete nucleotide sequence of the M dsRNA of 5419 nt, excluding the poly(A) tail, was determined. Sequence analysis revealed the occurrence of a single open reading frame (nt 93-5195) encoding a protein with significant similarity to the replicases of the 'alphavirus-like' supergroup of positive-strand RNA viruses. The M dsRNA-encoded putative replicase protein contained the conserved methyl transferase, helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) domains characteristic of the replicases of potex-like plant viruses (flexiviruses) and Botrytis virus F (BVF), a flexuous rod mycovirus infecting the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, convincing evidence is presented showing that ascospore descendents derived from the debilitated strain Ep-1PN were devoid of dsRNA and exhibited normal colony morphology. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the debilitation phenotype was transmitted from the parental debilitated strain to its normal ascospore progeny via hyphal anastomosis. These results suggest that the M dsRNA from strain Ep-1PN is derived from the genomic RNA of a positive-strand RNA virus, which we designated Sclerotinia sclerotiorum debilitation-associated RNA virus (SsDRV). Although phylogenetic analysis of the conserved RdRp motifs verified that SsDRV is closely related to BVF and to the allexiviruses in the family Flexiviridae, SsDRV is distinct from these viruses, mainly based on the lack of coat protein and movement protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

A functional S locus anther gene is not required for the self-incompatibility response in Brassica oleracea.

The self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica involves recognition of self-pollen by the papillar cells of the stigma and is mediated by the products of genes localized at the S (self-incompatibility) locus. Two S locus genes, SRK and SLG, are thought to encode components of a receptor complex present in the female partner. The putative gene product of SLA, a third S locus-linked gene that is expressed specifically in anthers, is a candidate for the male component of the SI recognition system. The identification of a mutant SLA allele, interrupted by a large insert resembling a retrotransposon, in self-compatible Brassica napus initially suggested that SLA played an essential role in the SI response. In this study, we have characterized an SLA allele from a self-compatible B. oleracea var acephala line and show that it too is interrupted by a large insert. However, analysis of seven B. oleracea var botrytis lines exhibiting both self-compatible and self-incompatible phenotypes showed that these lines carry an S allele very similar or identical to that of the B. oleracea var acephala line and that the SLA gene is interrupted by an insert in all seven lines. The insertion of the putative retrotransposon was shown to interfere with gene expression, with no SLA transcripts being detected by RNA gel blot analysis in a self-incompatible B. oleracea var botrytis line carrying an interrupted SLA gene. These data indicate that a functional SLA gene is not required for the SI response in Brassica.

Amino Acid Sequence↗