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PubMed1988

Identification of common houseplants in the emergent care setting.

One of the many bonds shared by poison center and emergency medicine staffs is the fear of plant misidentification. Although serious plant ingestions are uncommon, with all plant exposures totaling 8.3% of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' (AAPCC) 1985 data, it remains advisable to evaluate the ability of emergency medicine health care personnel to identify common houseplants and their toxic principles. Comparison of popular (based on sales) common houseplant lists obtained from two local nurseries and AAPCC 1985 reported plant exposure data enabled formulation of a 12-plant test vehicle. Specimens were photographed and the color slides viewed by the participants in a 40-minute presentation. Fifty-six health care professionals from 2 teaching institutions were tested. None of the participants (0%) were correct on all 12 specimens presented. Only 17% of the plants were identified correctly by common name. A mere 13% were correctly identified as being toxic or nontoxic. Although fewer females were tested (N = 14), they did better proportionately than males in visual identifications (28% vs 12% of all data points correct). Overall study results indicate a significant need for further staff education in medical botany and phytotoxins.

Emergencies↗
PubMed1987

Compositae and Frullania phytodermatitis.

Clinical features, botany, phytochemistry, patch testing and ecology of Compositae and Frullania (liverwort) allergic contact phytodermatitis are discussed. Allergic contact dermatitis from Compositae continues to attract world-wide attention owing to spread of noxious weeds in India, Europe, Japan and Australia.

Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium↗
PubMed1987

From Osler to Olafson. The evolution of veterinary pathology in North America.

Most branches of biological science in North America developed first in the United States, and later were taught and practiced in Canada. An exception was veterinary pathology, which as a discipline taught in veterinary colleges and as a field of research, developed first in Canada, and from there crossed the border to the United States. Pathology was first taught at the Montreal Veterinary College, founded in 1866 by Duncan McEachran, a graduate of the Edinburgh Veterinary College. From the outset, he formed a close association with the medical faculty of McGill University, permitting his students to attend the same classes in the basic subjects with the medical students. Eventually, the Montreal Veterinary College became formally affiliated with McGill University, as the Faculty of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science. The McGill veterinary faculty was forced to close for economic reasons in 1903, but it left an enduring legacy, particularly in the field of veterinary pathology. The legacy, a novel concept in the 1870's, was that pathology was the cornerstone of a veterinary education; the place where anatomy, physiology, chemistry and botany met with the clinical subjects, and gave the latter meaning. This tradition was formed at the Montreal Veterinary College by the world renowned physician William Osler, North America's leading medical teacher, whom McEachran had invited to teach at the College in 1876 in addition to his duties in the faculty of medicine. Osler had studied with Virchow in Berlin and applied his methods of autopsy technique and of scientific inquiry to his teaching of both human and veterinary pathology at McGill. Osler also undertook investigations into various diseases of domestic animals, at the request of McEachran, who doubled as Chief Veterinary Inspector for the Dominion Department of Agriculture. Osler left McGill University in 1884. Only after that year did other North American veterinary schools adopt pathology as a discipline of instruction. However, by 1884, Osler had already left his indelible imprint on the students (both medical and veterinary) he had taught in Montreal, one of whom took over the teaching of pathology in the veterinary college. Another, who followed Osler's example and also studied in Berlin with Virchow, wrote the first book in the English language on veterinary post mortem technique in 1889.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1979

[Centuries-old community involvement of South African physicians].

Involvement in community affairs is an honoured tradition among South African medical practitioners. The so-called old doctor belonged to an era when dedication to the arts, botany, zoology and nature in general was often combined with the practice of medicine. They were colourful individuals and their names are worth remembering in this eventful year.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1979

[Goethe's personal testimony on his work with "organic creatures". II. Letters (1776-1817)].

Once more following the Sophien-Ausgabe of Weimar, Author gives an extract from GOETHE's Letters to literati, scientists, and princes of his time, concerning notices on his employment about sciences without botany. The GOETHE's own words reflect his engagement better than any description from a second hand. Anatomists may take an especial interest in the letters No 1903 to HERDER and No 1904 to CHARLOTTE v. STEIN (both dated the March 27, 1784) which demonstrate the discoverer's mirth in finding out the human os intermaxillare.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1974

Boerhaave: author and editor.

The many facets of Herman Boerhaave's life are presented. He was a renowned teacher, physician, author, and editor. Discussed here are his activities as cataloger of the Vossius Collection, author of books on chemistry, botany, and medicine, and as editor of works by Vesalius and early Greek medical writers. Printing and bookselling in Leiden during Boerhaave's era are described.

Authorship↗
PubMed1983

On medications for burns in classical antiquity.

Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and early Byzantine medical pharmaceutical works show a fairly sophisticated array of simple and compound remedies for burns and scalds. Chief among ancient writings that provide specific botany, minerals, and similar substances used in burn treatment are several Egyptian papyri, the Hippocratic On Wounds, and writings by Celsus, Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder, and Paul of Aegina. Over 70 plants and minerals are identified according to modern nomenclatures. The ancients sought especially those ingredients that would promote rapid healing with a minimum of scarring.

Burns↗
PubMed1980

The use of inferential statistics in health and disease: A warning.

Community health is an increasingly important subject in the curricula of medical students. The roots of this discipline can be traced to public health and social and preventive medicine. Definition of its boundaries is being sought. Within these boundaries are epidemiology and biostatistics. Community health has reached into the social sciences and adopted their research methodology as a tool for the study of variables influencing disease in communities. This adoption has brought advantages to the practice of community health. It has also brought with it the controversy surrounding the use of the agricultural-botany paradigm in the study of human problems. With the incorporation of social science research methodology into community health, cognizance must be taken by medical educators and community health practitioners of the criticisms surrounding the use of inferential statistics.

Epidemiologic Methods↗
PubMed1995

Maize DNA polymerase 2 is a phosphoprotein with increasing activity during germination.

DNA replication is a late event during maize germination and DNA polymerase activity increases as germination proceeds. A replicative alpha-type DNA polymerase has been purified from maize seeds (DNA polymerase 2) and has been shown to be a multisubunit complex [Coello, P., Rodríguez, R., García, E. & Vázquez-Ramos, J. M. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20, 1159-1168; Coello, P., García, E. & Vázquez-Ramos, J. M. (1994) Can. J. Botany 72, 818-822]. DNA polymerase 2 activity increased several fold during maize germination, with no apparent change in either the amount of holoenzyme or in any of the individual subunits. However, the level of phosphorylation of the 90-, 70-, 55- and 45-kDa polypeptides changed in a cyclic fashion with their highest levels occurring at 11-14 h and 45-48 h of germination. Phosphate incorporated into the different polypeptides in the 11-14-h period remained stable for at least the next 10 h (to 24 h of germination), the period of maximal enzyme activity. However, DNA polymerase 2 processivity was very similar in freshly prepared 3-h and 24-h enzymes, and no evidence was found that polymerase activity was modified by in vitro phosphorylation. The significance of these results is discussed.

DNA Polymerase II↗
PubMed1994

A study in Renaissance psychotropic plant ointments.

Various historical sources from the Renaissance--including transcripts of trials for witchcraft, writings on demonology and textbooks of pharmaceutical botany--describe vegetal ointments prepared by women accused of witchcraft and endowed with marked psychoactive properties. Here, we examine the botanical composition and the possible pharmacological actions of these ointments. The results of our study suggest that recipes for narcotic and mind-altering salves were known to Renaissance folk healers, and were in part distinct from homologous preparations of educated medicine. In addition, our study reveals an unexpected connection of these vegetal psychotropes with archaic chtonic beliefs, confirming the tight association between rituals and cults entered on the Underworld and the image of the Medieval witch.

Europe↗
PubMed1994

Ethnobotany and research on medicinal plants in India.

Vast ethnobotanical knowledge exists in India from ancient time. Since the 1950s the study of ethnobotany has intensified; 10 books and 300 papers have been published. Our work over four decades, both in the field and literary studies, has resulted in a dictionary of Indian folk-medicine and ethnobotany that includes 2532 plants. India has about 45,000 plant species; medicinal properties have been assigned to several thousand. About 2000 figure frequently in the literature; indigenous systems commonly employ 500. Despite early (4500-1500 BC) origins and a long history of usage, in the last two centuries Ayurveda has received little official support and hence less attention from good medical practitioners and researchers. Much work is now being done on the botany, pharmacognosy, chemistry, pharmacology and biotechnology of herbal drugs. The value of ethnomedicine has been realized; work is being done on psychoactive plants, household remedies and plants sold by street drug vendors. Statistical methods are being used to assess the credibility of claims. Some recent work in drug development relates to species of Commiphora (used as a hypolipidaemic agent), Picrorhiza (which is hepatoprotective), Bacopa (used as a brain tonic), Curcuma (antiinflammatory) and Asclepias (cardiotonic). A scrutiny of folk claims found 203 plants for evaluation. Less well known ethnomedicines have been identified that are used to treat intestinal, joint, liver and skin diseases.

India↗
PubMed1994

[CADISO (Cardiovascular Diseases and Stability of the Organism): 10 years of integrated research on natural substances at the Charles University Pharmacy School in Hradec Králové].

The research project CADISO (Cardiovascular Diseases and Stability of the Organism--Phytotherapeutical Possibilities) is an alliance board associating approximately 20 professional institutions, its centre and coordinating laboratory being the Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové. It aims at the prevention (additives in food industry) and therapy of diseases of the circulatory apparatus using phytotherapeutic agents and substances isolated from higher plants and fungi. The project is divided into three systems of investigation: ADAPRETE, i.e. the substances increasing the nonspecific resistance of the organism (adaptogenes of plant origin, immunostimulants), DIACORD, dealing with the substances acting on the cardiovascular system in a mediated way, i.e. treating the diseases the eventual action of which alters the heart and vessels (antihypercholesterolemics, antihyperlipidemics, antidiabetics, anti-oxidants and quenchers of free radicals, hepatoprotectives, anti-aggregating agents), and CORCORAN studying the taxons and substances isolated from them which act directly on the circulatory system (cardiotonic, anti-arrhythmic and vasodilating agents). To achieve a real purpose of the project, the linking-up of the phytochemical, pharmacological-toxicological, pharmaceutical-technological fields, production of raw materials and legislation is ensured.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1996

["Spoils of war"--losses of the Berlin Veterinary Medicine Library in 1945].

All the German veterinary libraries suffered heavy losses during World War II and its aftermath, but the Berlin Veterinary Faculty, whose library was known until 1945 as the biggest veterinary book collection of the world, was exceedingly affected. The reports on the damage during these years note losses of up to 35,000 or 43,000 of nearly 60,000 books. Actually, diverse papers did mention this fact but they concealed the underlying causes of the losses or simply referred to effects of war. However, new evidence allows to claim, that most of the losses have been caused by a very different measure: the confiscation of parts of the library by units of the Soviet Army in May and June 1945 as spoils of war. Eye witnesses and unpublished official as well as unofficial reports show that the choice as to what books should be seized was purposefully made according to special criteria: the most modern specialists' literature (journals and books) and the rare books of bibliophilic value. The library lost important parts of its stock: medical books, parts of the irreplaceable historical collection in veterinary medicine, the foreign language books, the biggest part of the natural science literature (physics, chemistry, biology with botany and zoology) and books on adjacent fields of interest (geography and travel literature, belles lettres, history, philosophy and so on). This contribution deals with the events during the weeks before and after VE day and the course of measures taken in selecting and expropriating the books mentioned above. It is intended to invite additional contemporary witnesses who might bei knowledgeable about these events to help in specifying them more precisely and clearing open questions, which still remain.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Who discovered the lymphatic system.

The 17th century saw several emerging and almost simultaneous discoveries in the field of lymphology by Asselli, Pecquet, Bartholin and possibly Joliffe. However, Olof Rudbeck (1630-1708) of Sweden, a true scientific genius, who mastered botany, chemistry, physics, mathematics, astronomy, music, drawing, architecture and engineering, and became the Rector of the Faculty of Upsala, was probably the first anatomist to consider correctly the lymphatic circulation as an integrated system of the whole body.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1998

[The pharmacist-nutritionist: myth or necessity?].

Nutrition has taken on great importance in the health considerations of the general population. To meet expectations many fields have been called to contribute. With his multi-disciplined training the Pharmacist can and should have an important role to play. Upstream, the agro-food industry has many opportunities to offer. Our knowledge of Genetics, Molecular Biology and Botany can be a great advantage. Nutriceuticals are at the interface of nutrition and medicine. They concerns foods which have preventative or curative properties for certain illnesses. Are we going to be able to integrate into this new concept? Administered in pharmacological doses certain nutriments are indeed drugs. The Pharmacist should have a better training in Nutrition in order to be able to do his job properly. In hospitals the Pharmacist dispenses and sometimes prepares solutions for parenteral nutrition, while the biologist participates in denutrition diagnosis.

France↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medicine and enlightenment in New Spain].

Fundamental ideas of the cultural movement of Enlightenment were drawn up and encouraged in England by John Locke and introduced into continental Europe by Voltaire. The essence of this movement was defined by I. Kant in 1784. These new ideas were projected into the field of medicine initially with the systematization of anatomical studies by Winslow, Vicq d' Azyr and Sénac in France, by S. Th. Sömmerring and von Haller in Germany, and by Paolo Mascagni and other anatomists in Italy. This movement settled in Spain toward the middle of the XVIII century, due to Father Feijóo and his pupils such as Piquer and Casal. In New Spain, which maintained cultural and scientific relationship with the Old World, the leaders of the movement were José Antonio Alzate in the field of biology and José Ignacio Bartolache in that of medicine. These were the founders of the first scientific journals: the "Diario Literario" (Literary Journal) by Alzate (1768) and the "Mercurio Volante" (Flying Mercury) by Bartolache (1772). Latter this physician had to face the great epidemic outbreak of smallpox in 1779. Due to that, he attributed great importance to the psychological aspect of the problem and supported the variolization proceeding introduced into Mexico by Doctor Henri Morel. Moreover, two scientific expeditions, which reached New Spain at the end of the XVIII century, allowed to systematize the study of the American vegetables and to acknowledge the usefulness of botany and chemistry as auxiliary sciences of medicine.

History, 18th Century↗