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PubMed2001

Psocoptera spp. (book louse): a new major household allergen in Mumbai.

BACKGROUND: Exposure and sensitization to indoor allergens of house dust mites and insects is well established. However, there are no reports on the allergenicity of Psocoptera spp. (book louse). These insects are known to inhabit various terrestrial habitats such as tree bark (bark lice), old papers, books, stored food products, etc and gain entry into human dwellings through these modes. They have the potential to sensitize individuals with an occupational exposure to them. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to use clinical and immunologic techniques to evaluate the extent of sensitization to Psocoptera in patients with nasobronchial allergy. We also have the objective to determine the extent of Psocoptera infestation in houses in Mumbai (Bombay). METHODS: An entomologic analysis of dust samples in houses in Mumbai was carried out and Psocoptera found in these samples was mass-cultured. Two hundred patients were checked for allergy to the Psocoptera extracts using skin test. Total IgE and specific IgE to Psocoptera in sera from Psocopotera-sensitive patients' sera were estimated by enzyme immunoassay. IgE-binding proteins of Psocoptera were determined by immunoblotting experiments. RESULTS: Among the 75 house dust samples from Mumbai analyzed for the presence of Psocoptera, 25% were found to be infested by Psocoptera. Strong skin sensitivity to Psocoptera was found in 20% of patients. Total IgE levels >150 IU/mL were found in these patients and high levels of specific IgE to Psocoptera were detected by ELISA. Immunoblot analysis revealed 67, 59, 43, and 27 kD proteins as major allergens of Psocoptera. CONCLUSIONS: Psocoptera is an important allergen in Mumbai as it causes IgE mediated responses in 20% of the allergic population studied.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1993

Joint picture-book reading correlates of early oral language skill.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relation between joint picture-book-reading experiences provided in the home and children's early oral language skills. Subjects were 41 two-year-old children and their mothers. Measures included maternal report of the age at which she began to read to the child, the frequency of home reading sessions, the number of stories read per week, and the frequency of visits by the child to the local library. Measures of language skill used were the child's receptive and expressive scores on the revised Reynell Developmental Language Scales. Multiple regression analyses indicated that picture-book reading exposure was more strongly related to receptive than to expressive language. Age of onset of home reading routines was the most important predictor of oral language skills. Directions of effect, the importance of parental beliefs as determinants of home reading practices, and the possible existence of a threshold level for reading frequency are discussed.

Child Language↗
PubMed1991

Representational demands in mothers' talk to preschool children in two contexts: picture book reading and a modelling task.

Shared book reading is considered to be an influential factor in language and literacy development and has been associated with more complex and demanding forms of tutorial language use. The present study seeks to examine mothers' discourse in joint picture book reading in terms of the level of representational demand which it places on the child, that is the extent to which it requires the child to engage in abstract thought. This was compared with the language used in another interactive, but more product oriented task, modelling a clown using play-doh. Twenty-four mother child dyads (in which the mean age of the children was 4;2) were videotaped while engaged on these tasks and the conversation was analysed for representational demand (levels of abstraction), interactive features and communicative function. The mother's conversation was found to be at a higher level of abstraction in reading than in play-doh modelling. The accuracy of child responses to high level requests for information was superior for reading, while responses to low level requests were similar in both situations. The interactive categories were more utterance-based and less attention-based than in the modelling task.

Attention↗
PubMed2006

The use of nouns and verbs by Japanese children and their caregivers in book-reading and toy-playing contexts.

Japanese provides a valuable contrast for crosslinguistic studies of noun and verb dominance in early child language, and the effect of input on the early lexicon. In this study, 31 Japanese children between 1;0 and 2;0 and their caregivers were recorded in two contexts: joint bookreading and play with toys. Context had the largest effect, as nouns were much more frequent in the book context. Noun dominance was constant across development in the book context, but in the toy context there was a shift away as children developed from single words through the presyntactic stage to the syntactic stage. Caregiver language was verb dominant in a number of respects across development in the toy context, and thus was not closely related to child lexical balance. We conclude that in early lexical development, all children have a conceptual disposition to learn nouns. With vocabulary growth and the emergence of grammar, the proportion of verbs increases substantially, and at this stage properties of the input language may influence development.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2000

Caregiver input in English and Korean: use of nouns and verbs in book-reading and toy-play contexts.

This study investigates structural and pragmatic aspects of caregiver input in English and Korean that relate to the early development of nouns and verbs. Twenty mothers in each language were asked to interact with their one-and-a-half-year-old children in two contexts: book-reading and toy-play. Overall, English-speaking mothers use more nouns than verbs, and focus more on objects than on actions. In contrast, Korean-speaking mothers provide a balanced treatment of nouns and verbs, and focus on objects and actions to a similar degree. A significant context effect indicates that whereas English-speaking mothers emphasize nouns in both contexts, Korean-speaking mothers do so only in the Books context. In the Toys context, they provide more verbs and focus more on actions. These data suggest that systematic comparisons of caregiver input within and across different contexts provide a richer and more accurate account of the variability that can occur across languages and cultures.

Caregivers↗
PubMed2003

Analytical methods for calculating the capacity required to operate an effective booked admissions policy for elective inpatient services.

In the UK, hospitals are being encouraged to introduce booked admissions policies for elective inpatient services whereby patients are given a date for hospital admission months in advance rather than being put on a waiting list and then informed of their admission date at short notice. We address the question of what level of capacity is required to operate such a system if cancellations of booked elective patients are to be kept to a low level. Methods are presented for quantifying the day to day variation in bed demand due to emergency admissions, patient initiated cancellations and variable lengths of stay amongst patients.

Admitting Department, Hospital↗
PubMed2002

[The SGB IX, book 9 of the German social code--reformatory approach, innovations, initial implementations].

Effective as of July 1, 2001, the new Book 9 of the German Social Code is designed to bring about fundamental improvements in the situation of people with disabilities or at risk of being disabled, to be realized by replacing welfare and provision by the notion of participation: By making available the social services and supports needed, people with disabilities are to be enabled to participate in the life of the community and, notably, in working life. Focussing on people with disabilities, the author outlines some of the reformatory approaches and innovations in Book 9 and describes the steps taken by the various rehabilitation carriers over the last few months in order to implement the legislator's intentions, hence to improve the situation of people with disabilities.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Book 9 of the German social code - an interim balance].

Book 9 of the German Social Code, effective as of July 1, 2001, was designed to bring about fundamental improvements in the situation of people with disabilities or at risk of being disabled. Somewhat more than two years after having come into force an extensive hearing on political level took place concerning the translation into action of this code. At the same time the legislator is planning first amendments to the Code. The author draws an interim balance concerning the translation into action of Book 9 of the German Social Code. The main emphasis of this statement is on the establishment of common service points as well as on the state of the arrangement of common recommendations at the Federal Rehabilitation Council.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The Blue Book oral health program: a collaborative partnership with statewide implications.

ISSUE ADDRESSED: Basic oral health knowledge and skills are essential for parents and child health professionals to promote good oral health and the prevention of dental disease in young children. The aim of the Blue Book Program was to provide accurate and appropriate oral health information to all parents of newborn babies and young children in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, and child health professionals to address the serious issue of early childhood caries (ECC) and to increase general health involvement in oral health promotion. METHODS: Oral health information sheets were developed based on a review of current literature plus input from paediatric dental specialists. Information was pre-tested with child and family health nurses and their clients. Two hundred and forty child health professionals, predominately child and family health nurses, attended in-service education in early childhood oral health in 2004. Following this, a trial run of 40,000 oral health information sheets were printed and distributed to participating nurses. RESULTS: The NSW Department of Health approved the request for inclusion of oral health information in the Blue Book for the 2006 print run. A precondition for re-inclusion was the development of oral health guidelines for child health professionals. The Centre for Oral Health Strategy NSW has begun work on these guidelines and has incorporated this strategy into a new and comprehensive plan for a statewide Early Childhood Oral Health Program. CONCLUSION: The methods used in this program support a collaborative partnership approach between oral health professionals, health promotion experts, child and family health nurses and NSW regulatory bodies. This approach is essential to address the serious issue of early childhood caries.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Books helpful to patients with sexual and marital problems: a bibliography.

The aim of this project was to develop a current, problem-focused list of books helpful to patients with sexual and/or marital problems. Survey forms requesting respondents to list books helpful to patients with specific marital/sexual problems were sent to all members of the Society for Sex Therapy and Research (SSTAR) and the clinical members of the Society for the Scientific Study of Sex (SSSS). Of 933 forms, 170 (18%) were returned. Responses were verified for accuracy and a full citation was developed for each. Tabulations of responses were calculated and a bibliography developed.

Humans↗
PubMed2000

Socioeconomic barriers to safe motherhood among booked patients in rural Nigerian communities.

This study examines the socioeconomic barriers to safe motherhood in booked patients in the Ife-Ijesha health administrative zone, Nigeria. During the period of study (January 1998 to December 1998), 161 booked patients of Ife State Hospital, Ile-Ife and Wesley Guild Hospital, Ilesha presented with an avoidable obstetric emergency, Seventeen (10.6%) presented during the antenatal period, while 89 (55.3%) and 55 (34.2%) presented in labour and postpartum respectively. The patients presented with obstetric complications such as obstructed labour (24.2%), postpartum haemorrhage (21.1%), puerperal sepsis (24.2%), imminent eclampsia and eclampsia (15.5%), retained second twin (9.3%). Three maternal deaths occurred (MMR 1467/100 000 births) and the perinatal mortality rate was 290/1000 total births. The adduced reasons for late presentation included, financial constrains (85.1%), poor access to hospital/transportation difficulties (33.5%), objection to hospital admission by relatives (23.0%), aversion to caesarean section (21.7%) and attitude to hospital staff (8.1%). The patients were of the opinion that reducing the economic burden associated with hospital fee, provision of transportation, encouraged family support and reduction of operation rate would lead to reduction in late presentation.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Determinants of mission house delivery among booked patients in a Nigerian teaching hospital.

This study examines the determinants of Mission House Delivery among booked patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. During the 12 months of the study (1 May 199930 April 2000) 196 booked patients at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife who delivered at mission houses were analysed. All ages and parity groups, educational level and social classes were involved. The majority (73%) were of low socio-economic class. The reasons for mission house delivery included financial constraints (41%), fear of possible caesarean section (46%), industrial action by health-care workers (39%), transport difficulty at night (26%), previous deliveries in mission houses (16%) and communal feud (12%). Four maternal deaths occurred (MMR 978/100 000 births) and 20 perinatal deaths (PNMR 118/1000 total births). Reduction of hospital user fees, provision of transportation and efficient telecommunication facilities at all times, conflict resolution and proper remuneration of health care workers are urgent needs to be addressed. Legislation against delivery in unsafe places and establishment of appropriate facilities by churches interested in maternity services is highly recommended.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

Stability of open-book pelvic fractures using a new biomechanical model of single-limb stance.

OBJECTIVE: A new biomechanical model of single-limb stance was developed to test the stability of intact, injured, and internally fixed pelves. DESIGN: Single-limb stance was simulated by applying muscle forces and body mass loading to cadaver pelves. We created a rotationally unstable "open-book" pelvic injury in nine embalmed pelves by dividing the ligaments of the pubic symphysis, pelvic floor, and anterior and interosseus sacroiliac joint. All pelves were devoid of gross structural abnormalities. INTERVENTION: Two methods of internal fixation of the pubis symphysis were compared: (a) a curved six-hole 3.5-millimeter reconstruction plate across the superior pubic symphysis, and (b) the same six-hole 3.5-millimeter reconstruction plate plus a perpendicularly oriented four-hole 3.5-millimeter reconstruction plate placed across the anterior symphysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: We measured vertical shear displacement at the public symphysis and horizontal displacement at the anterior sacroiliac joint. The results for the injured and fixed specimens were compared with each other and with the results for the intact specimens. RESULTS: The injured unfixed specimens showed marked instability that was prevented by both methods of fixation of the pubic symphysis. No significant differences could be demonstrated between single and double plating of the disrupted pubic symphysis when using this single-limb stance model. CONCLUSION: This model of single-limb stance suggests that a single symphyseal plate across the pubic symphysis can stabilize the open-book injury under short-term quasi-static loads.

Aged↗
PubMed1977

Brightness changes during book retinoscopy.

Book retinoscopy involves the observation of fundus reflex changes that are said to be related to the reading levels or interpretive levels at which persons are functioning. Recent investigations have shown that increasing the cognitive demand on a person can result in accomodative changes in his eye that increase the luminance of the fundus reflex. Since the ability of observers to distinguish such changes is not known, this experiment was designed to determine the minimum detectable increase in luminance. The experiment involved a 2-alternative forced-choice procedure in which observers were required to indicate during which of 2 designated intervals the reflex from a schematic eye became brighter. The luminance of the reflex had to increase by at least 11% beforeit could be detected. A reduction in the lag of accommodation and dilation of the pupil probably account for the changes observed during book retinoscopy.

Accommodation, Ocular↗
PubMed1986

Cleft lip surgery in Anglo-Saxon Britain: the Leech Book (circa A.D. 920).

The Leech Book, the oldest known Anglo-Saxon herbarium, probably written in Winchester, circa A.D. 920, by Cyril Bald or at his special request, contains a short chapter on the surgical treatment of the cleft lip; this chapter apparently represents the first record in a medical manuscript of this treatment. The original Anglo-Saxon text is presented together with transcriptions into more modern English. The general value of the Leech Book is briefly studied.

Cleft Lip↗
PubMed2003

The pitch of maternal voice: a comparison of mothers suffering from depressed mood and non-depressed mothers reading books to their infants.

BACKGROUND: Research suggests that storybook reading promotes language development and that there is a relationship between maternal affective responses in relation to infant affect and language development. The purpose of this study is to relate maternal paralinguistic and verbal behaviour during storybook reading to maternal mood state. METHOD: Mothers (n = 32) reporting depressed mood (as measured by the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) were matched on age of baby (mean age = 6 months, mean age = 10 months), sex of baby, educational status of mother and parity with 32 non-depressed mothers. They were video- and audio-taped in their homes while reading a picture-book to their infants. Maternal textual and extra-textual utterances were transcribed and analysed in terms of mean length utterance (MLU), fundamental frequency and pitch modulation. RESULTS: There was an interaction between psychological well being and age group with regard to MLU for text read. Non-depressed mothers had a smaller MLU for younger babies in comparison with older babies, while depressed mothers showed no difference in their MLU. There was a main effect of psychological well being with depressed mothers speaking with a higher mean pitch and more modulations in their pitch, in comparison with non-depressed mothers. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction of the psychological well being of the mother and the mean fundamental frequency used when reading the text and when speaking to their child during the picture-book session. CONCLUSIONS: These differences in maternal speech indicate that mothers who are depressed are less attuned to their infants which might force the infant into self-regulatory patterns that eventually compromise the child's development.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Direct booking colposcopy clinic -- the Portsmouth experience.

We present 2 years data on direct booking in our colposcopy clinic. The new booking system has improved our efficiency and helped us to achieve the national quality standards on clinic waiting time. The non-attendance (DNA) rate has also improved.

Colposcopy↗
PubMed2005

The Kenneth Fitzpatrick Russell Memorial Lecture: 'Of books and libraries: a reflection inspired by surgeon William Bland's copy of Manec's Treatize on the Ligature of Arteries'.

Kenneth Russell, bibliophile, anatomist, surgeon and historian helped to acquire Leslie Cowlishaw's historical library for the College, and subsequently cared for and catalogued the collection. One book in the collection is especially interesting as it bears the name of every owner since 1656; another belonged to William Bland of Sydney, sometime surgeon, convict, educator and legislator, whose surgical ability and inventive mind stimulated this reflection on libraries and book lovers. Bland was almost certainly Australia's first vascular surgeon.

Australia↗