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PubMed1997

Effect of weight loss on body fat distribution in obese children.

The intra-abdominal visceral fat to subcutaneous fat ratio (V/S ratio) has been reported to be strongly related to disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism, and hypertension. It is a matter of concern as to whether weight loss causes an improvement of the V/S ratio or not in obese children. Changes in body fat distribution during weight loss in 23 obese children were quantified by weight, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and computed tomography (CT scan of the abdomen). Twenty-three patients were divided into two groups; six were in the inpatient group and 17 were in the outpatient group. Bodyweight, body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat were significantly higher in the inpatient group than in the outpatient group before weight loss. Whereas the V/S ratio was almost equal between the two groups before weight loss. Bodyweight, body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat and visceral fat were found to decrease significantly during weight loss in the two groups. The V/S ratio of the outpatient group did not change after weight loss. In contrast, the V/S ratio of the inpatient group decreased significantly during weight loss. These preliminary findings suggest that a large amount of body fat and a high obesity rate are not always accompanied by a high V/S ratio in obese children. The fat pattern changes during weight loss with strict dietary therapy and therapeutic exercise. A larger sample of obese children should be studied to test this conjecture.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1995

Correlates of body fat distribution. Variation across categories of race, sex, and body mass in the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. The Atherosclerosis Risk in communities (ARIC) Study Investigators.

Though central adiposity is a strong, independent risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality, relatively little is known about its determinants. To characterize the association of central adiposity with several of its possible determinants, while describing variability in these associations across sex, race, and level of body mass index, we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 15,800 white and African-American men and women ages 45 to 64 years participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities baseline survey, 1987 to 1989. After adjustment for other possible determinants, African Americans had markedly larger subscapular skinfold thickness and subscapular/triceps ratios than did whites, while whites had larger waist/hip ratios. Large, statistically significant variations in waist/hip ratio associations with age, percent of weight gained after age 25, smoking, and physical activity in the workplace existed across categories of sex, race, and body mass index. Based on our findings, we concluded that major variation exists in the waist/hip ratio and in its associations with its possible determinants across categories of race, sex and obesity.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

Body fat distribution and risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population: are there differences between men and women? The MONICA/KORA Augsburg cohort study.

BACKGROUND: It remains controversial whether body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), or waist-hip ratio (WHR) is a better risk predictor of type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the sex-specific relevance of WC, WHR, and BMI to the development of type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: The prospective population-based cohort study was based on 3055 men and 2957 women aged 35-74 y who participated in the second (1989-1990) or third (1994-1995) MONICA (Monitoring Trends and Determinants on Cardiovascular Diseases) Augsburg survey. The subjects were free of diabetes at baseline. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9.2 y, 243 cases of incident type 2 diabetes occurred in men and 158 occurred in women. Multivariable-adjusted HRs across quartiles of BMI were 1.0, 1.37, 2.08, and 4.15 in men and 1.0, 3.77, 4.95, and 10.58 in women; those of WC were 1.0, 1.15, 1.57, and 3.40 in men and 1.0, 3.21, 3.98, and 10.70 in women; those of WHR were 1.0, 1.14, 1.80, and 2.84 in men and 1.0, 0.82, 2.06, and 3.51 in women. In joint analyses, the highest risk was observed in men and women with a high BMI in combination with a high WC and a high WHR. CONCLUSIONS: Both overall and abdominal adiposity were strongly related to the development of type 2 diabetes. Because there was an additive effect of overall and abdominal obesity on risk prediction, WC should be measured in addition to BMI to assess the risk of type 2 diabetes in both sexes.

Abdominal Fat↗
PubMed1995

Genetic variation on chromosome 1 associated with variation in body fat distribution in men.

BACKGROUND: Interindividual variation in fat deposition in swine is determined by loci on porcine chromosome 4, which are contained in a region that is syntenic with part of the long arm of human chromosome 1. We hypothesized that genomic variation of chromosome 1q would be associated with variation in the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference in male North American Hutterites, a genetic isolate characterized by significant relatedness and sharing of environmental factors. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 316 male Hutterites, we tested for phenotype-genotype association of two DNA polymorphisms on chromosome 1q and the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference. We included control loci on 10 other chromosomes in the multivariate model. We observed that DNA variation on chromosome 1q was significantly associated with variation in the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference in men (P = .0029). CONCLUSIONS: The association of DNA variation chromosome 1q with the ratio of waist-to-hip circumference in male Hutterites suggests that there are important structural elements in this genomic region that have a functional impact on body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Internalized racism, body fat distribution, and abnormal fasting glucose among African-Caribbean women in Dominica, West Indies.

The current study examined the relationship of internalized racism to glucose intolerance in a population of Afro-Caribbean women aged 18 to 55. Also of interest was whether this relationship would be differentially influenced by the type of body fat distribution or confounded by the level of hostility. A total of 244 women were selected from a systematic sample of households on the island of Dominica, West Indies. Demographic data together with information on internalized racism were collected by questionnaire. Anthropometric information and fasting blood glucose were also measured. Women with high levels of internalized racism exhibited an increased risk of elevated fasting glucose compared to those with low levels of internalized racism (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1-5.5). There was no difference in mean body mass index (BMI) by level of internalized racism. However those with high internalized racism had a significantly larger waist circumference after adjusting for age, education, hostility, and elevated fasting glucose status. In multivariate analyses controlling for age, education, hostility, and either weight or BMI, internalized racism remained independently associated with elevated fasting glucose. However, once waist circumference was included in the model, the relationship of internalized racism to elevated fasting glucose was not statistically significant. This study demonstrates a significant relationship between internalized racism and abnormal levels of fasting glucose which may be mediated through abdominal fat. The exact nature of the relationship of internalized racism to glucose intolerance may be an important area of future study.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Phenotypic heterogeneity in body fat distribution in patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy caused by mutations in the AGPAT2 or seipin genes.

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy (CGL) is a rare autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by extreme paucity of adipose tissue since birth, acanthosis nigricans, severe insulin resistance, marked hypertriglyceridemia, and early-onset diabetes mellitus. Recently, we reported mutations in the 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 (AGPAT2) gene in CGL pedigrees linked to chromosome 9q34 (CGL1 subtype), and mutations in the Seipin gene were reported in pedigrees linked to chromosome 11q13 (CGL2 subtype). Whether the two subtypes have differences in body fat distribution has not been investigated. We, therefore, compared whole-body adipose tissue distribution by magnetic resonance imaging in 10 CGL patients, of whom seven (six females, one male) had CGL1 and three (two males, one female) had CGL2. Both subtypes had marked lack of metabolically active adipose tissue located at most sc, intermuscular, bone marrow, intraabdominal, and intrathoracic regions. Paucity of mechanical adipose tissue in the palms, soles, orbits, scalp, and periarticular regions was noted in CGL2, whereas it was well preserved in CGL1 patients. We conclude that CGL patients with Seipin mutations have a more severe lack of body fat, which affects both metabolically active and mechanical adipose tissue, compared with patients with mutations in the AGPAT2 gene.

1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase↗
PubMed2005

The relation between body fat distribution and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has recently become a concern for physicians treating schizophrenic patients. Obesity is associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus. In this pilot study, we investigate which anthropometric measurement, body mass index or waist circumference, is a better predictor of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia. METHOD: This cross-sectional study, conducted from January 2001 to January 2002, examined body fat distribution and its relation to cardiovascular risk factors in 62 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV) recruited from an outpatient psychiatric clinic. RESULTS: Chi-square analysis revealed that an increased waist circumference was associated with dyslipidemia (p < .01), hypertension (p < .05), and abnormal serum glucose (p < .05), whereas an increased body mass index was only associated with dyslipidemia (p < .05). In logistic regression analysis, after controlling for age, gender, race, ethnicity, smoking, and body mass index, increased waist circumference remained significantly associated with dyslipidemia (odds ratio = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.15, p < .05) and hypertension (odds ratio = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.17, p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Waist circumference revealed a stronger correlation than body mass index to cardiovascular risk factors in patients with schizophrenia. We propose the measurement of waist circumference as a screening tool for cardiovascular risk factors in this population. Waist circumference measurement can provide an opportunity for primary prevention of coronary heart disease and diabetes mellitus in patients with schizophrenia.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1989

Relative contribution of obesity and body fat distribution to alterations in glucose insulin homeostasis: predictive values of selected indices in premenopausal women.

Obesity and fat topography are risk factors for hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus. The relative contribution of obesity and body fat distribution indices to fasting and oral glucose-stimulated C peptide, insulin, and glucose concentrations were determined in 33 healthy premenopausal women. Obesity level was assessed by hydrostatic weighing and fat topography by computerized tomography-derived intraabdominal fat area, waist to hip ratio, subscapular skinfold thickness and the ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold thickness. Both fat mass and regional fat distribution indices were associated closely with changes in insulin secretion. Fat topography indices were more closely correlated (p less than 0.001) to insulin response than were fat mass indices (p less than 0.01). The subscapular skinfold thickness had the greatest integrity for reflecting fat mass and fat distribution as they relate to the metabolic profile. The subscapular skinfold thickness may help identify individuals at risk for noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

The relation of body fat distribution, as assessed by six girth measurements, to diabetes mellitus in women.

Independently of the amount of adipose tissue, certain patterns of fat distribution increase the risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Although the ratio of waist to hip (WHR) circumferences has been consistently related to diabetes mellitus, it is possible that only two measures do not completely characterize fat topography. The current study, therefore, examines the cross-sectional relation of six girths (waist, hip, neck, bust, wrist, and ankle) to diabetes mellitus in 43,595 women. As compared with non-diabetics, Quetelet index (kg/m2) and all circumferences were elevated among diabetics. Stratified analyses showed that WHR, and waist, neck, and bust girths were consistently related to diabetes independently of the degree of overweight. As estimated from a logistic regression model that simultaneously controlled for age and all anthropometric variables, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus was positively related to Quetelet index, and to the waist, bust, and neck girths, with odds ratios (ORs) ranging from 1.4 to 2.6. However, diabetes was inversely related to hip (OR = 0.61) and ankle (OR = 0.73) girths; p less than 0.005 for each association. Although cross-sectional in nature, these results suggest that an adverse body fat distribution is not limited to the abdominal region, but that a relative preponderance of adipose tissue in various regions of the upper body is associated with diabetes mellitus in women.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1992

The effect of body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factors in the population of the Czech Republic.

A study of cardiovascular risk factors including anthropometry was performed as part of the MONICA project in 1988 in the population of six districts of the Czech Republic. In addition to probands' weight and height, the circumferences of waist and hips were measured to calculate the index of body fat distribution given as WHR (wast/hip ratio). In the age group of 25-64 years, WHR was significantly higher in men (0.936) than in women (0.836 - p < 0.001); in either sex, its value rose with increasing age. WHR values were statistically significantly higher in this group than those found in a Finnish population where males aged 25-64 years had a mean WHR value of 0.90 (p < 0.001), and women of the same age group had a mean WHR of 0.78 (p < 0.001). An analysis of the relationship between abdominal obesity and some cardiovascular risk factors revealed significant correlations between WHR and total cholesterol (men: r = 0.112, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.122, p < 0.001), HDL cholesterol (men: r = -0.184, p < 0.001; women = -0.23, p < 0.001); atherogenic index, i.e., total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (men: r = 0.183, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.345, p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (men: r = 0.295, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.263, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (men: r = 0.32, p < 0.001; women: r = 0.237, p < 0.001). The closest correlation was demonstrated between WHR and BMI (men: r = 0.525, p < 0.001; women r = 0.345, p < 0.001). The authors believe WHR is an important parameter for cardiovascular risk assessment and should be determined on a routine basis. The frequent prevalence of abdominal obesity, as suggested by the high values of WHR, contributes to the high cardiovascular risk of the population of the Czech Republic.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Body fat distribution in relation to serum lipids and blood pressure in 38-year-old European men: the European fat distribution study.

A study on 512 38-year-old European men selected from 6 different towns was conducted. There were significant differences between the centers in averages of anthropometric variables (except for thigh circumference), serum lipids (except for LDL-cholesterol), and blood pressure. In the pooled material, body mass index (BMI) as well as waist circumference, waist/hip ratio and waist/thigh ratio and subscapular skinfold were positively correlated to serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and blood pressure and negatively with HDL-cholesterol. After adjustment for BMI, waist, waist/hip, and waist/thigh were all still significantly correlated with serum triglycerides (P less than 0.001). In addition, waist/hip and waist/thigh ratio showed significant partial correlations with total cholesterol (r = 0.16, P less than 0.001, r = 0.10, P less than 0.05 respectively), and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.10, P less than 0.05, r = 0.09, P less than 0.05 respectively). In addition, waist/hip was, independently of BMI, correlated to LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.12, P less than 0.01), and waist/thigh ratio with HDL-cholesterol (r = -0.12, P less than 0.01). The partial association between waist/thigh with HDL cholesterol became insignificant after adjustment for smoking habits and physical activity. Adjustment for differences in anthropometric measurements did not explain the differences in serum lipids and blood pressure between the centers. The authors conclude that indicators of body fat distribution are associated with unfavorable risk profiles for cardiovascular disease in European men covering a large geographical and cultural variety and a wide range of body measurements and cardiovascular risk factors.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Body fat distribution, serum leptin, and cardiovascular risk factors in men with obstructive sleep apnea.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: s: To determine whether traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and regional fat distribution, especially the central obesity type and increased parapharyngeal fat pads, are associated with the degree of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). To determine whether there are interrelationships between body fat, serum leptin levels, and the degree of OSA. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective mono-center cross-sectional study in a university hospital in Germany. PATIENTS: Eighty-five consecutive male patients who were referred for evaluation of suspected OSA. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: The major dependent outcome variable was the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), the average number of apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep, determined by overnight polysomnography. Independent measures were anthropometric data, body composition analysis (bioelectrical impedance analysis [BIA]), cardiovascular risk factor evaluation (smoking, hypertension, serum lipoproteins, diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, uric acid, fibrinogen), and leptin. Adipose tissue quantification of the abdominal and neck regions was performed by nuclear MRI (NMR). Significant linear relationships of AHI with fasting blood glucose, uric acid, fibrinogen, body weight, body mass index (BMI), sum of fat skin folds, and percentage of body fat could be established, whereas there was no correlation with age. The presence of OSA was independent of smoking, hypertension, and lipoproteins. NMR scans showed that AHI was significantly correlated with intra-abdominal fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat, whereas subcutaneous fat in the neck region and parapharyngeal fat in the airway vicinity were not correlated. Leptin concentrations correlated with AHI and with biochemical markers of the metabolic syndrome (lipoproteins, glucose) but were not dependent on AHI. Logistic regression analysis found percentage of body fat (BIA) and BMI as good predictors of AHI > 10 with a sensitivity of 95.5% but a low specificity (46.2%). Multiple regression analysis identified the sum of fat skin folds, body weight, and BMI as good predictors for the degree of OSA. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that OSA is independent from most traditional risk factors for CVD. Regional body fat distribution predicts the presence and degree of OSA, but fat accumulation in the neck and parapharyngeal region are of minor importance. Leptin concentrations when controlled for body fat are not related to the degree of OSA.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

An android body fat distribution in females impairs the pregnancy rate of in-vitro fertilization-embryo transfer.

To assess if the waist:hip ratio (WHR) is associated with the pregnancy rate (PR) in in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer, waist and hip girths, in addition to height, weight, body mass index (BMI), indications for IVF, PR and other related variables, were measured in 220 women undergoing IVF-embryo transfer. Three variables were significantly negatively associated with PR; high age, smoking and WHR >0.80. Women with WHR between 0.70-0.79 had a PR of 29.9% as compared to 15.9% in women with WHR >0.80 [odds ratio 0.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.2-0.9, P = 0.03]. There were no correlations between BMI and PR, nor were there any significant differences for the indications for IVF-embryo transfer, number of oocytes or oocyte fertilization rate, cleavage rate and number of embryos transferred. The association between a low PR and WHR >0.80 remained unchanged after adjustment for age, BMI, smoking, indication for IVF, parity and number of embryos transferred. In IVF-embryo transfer, fertilization is a laboratory and clinically controlled process, until the embryo is transferred to the uterus. Possible reasons for our finding of a decreased PR in women with an android body fat distribution include a different endocrinological and biochemical milieu for the oocyte in the growing follicle, oocytes of poor quality, or endometrial changes due to hormonal dysfunction.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

Dietary composition affects regional body fat distribution and levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: To compare effects of a high carbohydrate (high-CHO) and a monounsaturated fat diet (high-MUFA) on body fat distribution and sex hormones in post-menopausal women with Type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: Randomised cross-over with no washout. SETTING: Geelong Hospital outpatient. SUBJECTS: Thirty four women were recruited, 30 completed the study, and data are presented for 21 women compliant to the high-CHO diet. INTERVENTIONS: Women followed a high-CHO diet (20% energy (%E) from fat, 60%E from carbohydrate and a high-MUFA diet (40%E from fat, half as monounsaturated fat, 40%E from carbohydrate) in random order for 12 weeks each. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary compliance was measured by change in linoleic acid (C18:2,omega-6) in plasma cholesteryl esters. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Fasting concentrations of glucose and insulin were measured in plasma. Steroid hormones and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) were measured in serum. RESULTS: On the high-CHO diet C18:2,omega-6 in plasma cholesteryl esters declined by 5.4% (95% confidence intervals (CI), -2.5% to -8.4%, P=0.0015). Fat was lost mainly from the lower body (lower body loss -0.71 kg, 95%CI, -0.43 to -1.00 kg, P=0.001; upper body loss -0.15 kg, 95%CI, -0.76 to +0.46 kg, P=0.6). Yet on the high-MUFA diet, lower body fat loss was minimal (-0.22 kg, 95%CI, +0.11 to -0.55 kg, P = 0.2). By general linear modelling (GLM), differences in lower body fat loss were significantly related to diet (P = 0.04). After adjustment for age, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS) concentrations after the high-CHO diet were related to levels of lower body fat (r = 0.394, P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In women with Type 2 diabetes following a high-CHO diet for 12 weeks the disproportionate loss of lower body fat is related to a decline in DHEAS.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

The effect of hormone replacement therapy on body composition, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

PURPOSE: After menopause, women gain abdominal fat and become less sensitive to insulin. We sought to determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) reduced intraabdominal and sc abdominal fat and improved insulin sensitivity in early menopausal women. METHODS: Seventy-six postmenopausal women, age 51.6 +/- 3.9 yr with body mass index of 24.9 +/- 3.2 kg/m2, were randomized to conjugated estrogens (0.625 mg) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (2.5 mg) or placebo daily. Women received a computed tomography scan at the L4-L5 vertebral disk space, a dual x-ray absorptiometry scan, and a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp at baseline, 6 months, 1 yr, and 2 yr. RESULTS: Fifty-one women completed the trial and were analyzed (n = 26 on HRT and n = 25 on placebo). Intraabdominal fat, sc abdominal fat, total fat, percent fat, fat-free mass, and weight did not differ between treatment groups by time. Insulin sensitivity did not change in the placebo group, but decreased by 17% in the HRT group by 6 months and persisted at 2 yr (P < 0.01 for treatment by time effect). One year after the trial, insulin sensitivity increased by 25% in women who had taken HRT (P = 0.006 for treatment by time effect), to a level similar to those women in the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Conjugated estrogens plus medroxyprogesterone acetate reduce insulin sensitivity in menopausal women without affecting body composition or body fat distribution. The reduction in insulin sensitivity is reversible after discontinuing HRT.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1986

Altered body fat distribution in patients with glucocorticoid treatment and in patients on long-term dialysis.

Fat distribution was assessed by computed tomography in normal volunteers (n = 42), patients on long-term dialysis (n = 18), and patients on glucocorticoids [renal transplant patients (n = 49), other diseases (n = 17)]. Patients on glucocorticoids had higher mediastinal (deep) and identical or increased posterior cervical, buccal, and midthigh (superficial) fat areas when compared with normal subjects. The pattern of fat distribution in dialysis patients mimicked the distribution observed in patients taking glucocorticoids. Healthy females had higher ratios of superficial to deep fat than healthy male subjects. Patients on prednisone or on dialysis lost this sex-associated difference in fat distribution. Since patients on prednisone exhibit increased or normal thigh fat depots in the presence of increased mediastinal fat, the current concept that glucocorticoids induce redistribution of body fat from peripheral to central fat compartments has to be revised. Furthermore, disease states and/or glucocorticoids abrogate sex-associated differences in body fat distribution.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2006

[Body fat distribution and blood pressure according to anthropometric change in Korean patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)].

PURPOSE: This study was done to identify fat distribution and blood pressure according to anthropometric change patterns between NIDDM patients and control subjects. METHODS: Cross-sectionally 167 NIDDM patients and 87 controls were studied. Previous maximal body weight and acute weight loss was obtained. Current height, body weight, BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR), skinfold thicknesses(abdomen, subscapular and triceps), and blood pressure was measured. Three anthropometric change patterns were categorized by BMI changes from the maximum lifetime's BMI to the current time (obese-obese, obese-nonobese and nonobese-nonobese: obese: BMI > or =25 kg/m2, nonobese: BMI<25 kg/m2). The data was analyzed by Chi2, t-test, age adjusted ANCOVA and Least Squares Means (LSM) for multiple comparison. RESULT: Acute body weight loss (p=0.01), anthropometric change types (p=0.001), WHR (P=0.05), and skinfold thickness (p=0.002) of NIDDM were significantly higher than those of the controls. The mean arterial pressure, WHR and skinfold thicknesses were greater in both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects compared with both nonobese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects. (all p's<0.05). CONCLUSION: NIDDM patients had more central and upper body adiposicity. Also both obese-obese and obese-nonobese NIDDM and control subjects had higher mean arterial pressures and central body obesity.

Adult↗