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PubMed2001

Effects of hot bath immersion on autonomic activity and hemodynamics: comparison of the elderly patient and the healthy young.

Hot bathing has been associated with sudden death and so the present study investigated its effects on autonomic activity and hemodynamics in the elderly patient and the healthy young by analyzing heart rate variability (HRV). Subjects were 9 elderly men (mean age, 75 years) and 9 young men (mean age, 27 years), who were immersed up to shoulder level while in a sitting position for 10min with the bath temperature at 40 degrees C. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. BP in the young decreased during bathing (p<0.01), whereas in the elderly BP had a maximum value just at the start of immersion (p<0.05) with a slight decline at 4 min after the start of immersion. Although HR in the young increased (p<0.01), in the elderly there was an abrupt increase in HR just at the start of immersion (p<0.05), followed by a decrease in HR. With regard to HRV, the high-frequency (HF) component in the young men was suppressed during immersion (p<0.01), but was unaffected in the elderly. The LF (low frequency)/HF ratio in the elderly decreased at 4 min (p<0.05). In conclusion, hypotensive syncope may cause sudden death by drowning during hot bathing, and is a consequence of the decrease in sympathetic tone that develops approximately 4min after immersion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[The effect of immersion baths on the length of childbirth labor].

The objectives of this experimental, randomized, controlled trial study were to evaluate the effect of immersion baths on the length of the first stage of childbirth labor and on the frequency and length of the uterine contractions. Data were collected in a philanthropic public maternity hospital of the city of São Paulo whose month average is 1,100 births. The sample was comprised of 108 women in labor--54 in the control group and 54 in the experimental group that had immersion baths. The results showed that immersion baths did not have any influence on the length of labor and on the frequency of uterine contractions. However, the length of contractions was statistically shorter in the experimental group (experimental 41.9 versus control 44.6 min). The conclusion was that immersion baths are an alternative for the woman's comfort during labor, since it provides relief to her without interfering on the labor progression or jeopardizing the baby.

Baths↗
PubMed2006

[Understanding the gap between practice and the technical-scientific evolution of the bed-bath].

The objectives of this qualitative study were to understand the experience of the nursing dependent person for the bed-bath and develop a theoretical model of this experience. The Symbolic Interactionism perspective and Grounded Theory methodology were used to develop the study. Observation and interview were the strategies used for data collection. Based on data analysis, a phenomenon was identified: learning to assess life and nursing when the patient becomes dependent on nursing care for the bed-bath. The theoretical model shows the meaning of the patient experience in the bed-bath, integrated by the core category--proposing a nursing model for the bed-bath according to the patient assessment process, as opposed to the technical-scientific evolution of this procedure.

Baths↗
PubMed1980

A preliminary survey of the association of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with commercial whirlpool bath waters.

Conditions in commercial whirlpool baths were investigated and populations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surveyed. Conditions generally favored growth, and P. aeruginosa was demonstrated in 62.5 per cent of 24 samples of bath waters surveyed. Serotype 11, implicated in outbreaks of skin rash among bathers at whirlpool baths, was demonstrated most frequently, being isolated from 30 per cent of the 24 survey samples, and from 70 per cent of 20 additional samples from a single bath sampled on two days.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1995

Effects of bathing in hot water on portal hemodynamics in healthy subjects and in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis.

Bathing in hot water induces vasodilatation of the peripheral vessels and alteration of blood distribution. Using a Doppler flowmeter, we evaluated the effect of bathing in hot water on portal hemodynamics. Eight controls and 8 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis remained immersed in hot water at 42 degrees C for 5 minutes. Portal flow significantly decreased from 811 +/- 141 (ml/min) at the baseline to 530 +/- 98 in the controls and from 855 +/- 308 to 642 +/- 208 in cirrhotics immediately after bathing. This decrease (25%) in cirrhotics was significantly less than that (35%) in controls because vessel diameter did not decrease as rapidly as it did in controls. Portal flow after 30 minutes returned to the baseline values in controls but remained low in cirrhotics. These findings suggest that cirrhotics have a lower hemodynamic response to bathing in hot water compared with that in controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Foil bath PUVA in the treatment of prurigo simplex subacuta.

Prurigo simplex subacuta is a chronic pruritic condition of unknown aetiology. The skin lesions respond to topical corticosteroids, UV-A and UV-B therapy only to a limited degree. Ten patients suffering from prurigo simplex subacuta were treated with foil bath PUVA at a concentration of 0.5 mg 8-methoxypsoralen/l. Using the foil bath method the volume of the psoralen/bath-water solution is restricted to 10 l with the aid of polyethylene foil. The group required a median of 13 (95% CI: 9-19) baths for clearance. The total UV-A dose for the whole group was 19 (95% CI:5-30) J/cm2. Bath PUVA is a safe and well-tolerated therapy in the treatment of prurigo simplex subacuta.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Warm tub bath during labor. Effects on plasma catecholamine and beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity concentrations in the infants at birth.

In this study 13 women bathed in a warm tub bath during the first stage labor after a strictly normal pregnancy. The control group consisted of 9 women who did not want warm tub bath. Apgar scores at 1 and 5 minutes were recorded and plasma adrenalin, noradrenalin were measured in umbilical arterial blood at birth, together with pH, pCO2 and base excess and beta-endorphin-like immunoreactivity in umbilical venous blood. No differences were found between the groups. No beneficial effect was found on infant condition of a warm tub bath during labor.

Baths↗
PubMed2004

Assaultive behavior in Alzheimer's disease: identifying immediate antecedents during bathing.

To identify immediate antecedents of bathing-related physical assaults against caregivers by nursing home residents with Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, videotapes of nursing home residents who physically assaulted nursing assistants during baths were analyzed. Caregiver behaviors that occurred significantly (p < .01) more often during the 5 seconds preceding an assault included: calling the resident by name, confrontational communication, invalidation of the resident's feelings, failure to prepare the resident for a task, disrespectful speech, any touch, absence of physical restraint, and hurried pace of bath. Assaults were significantly more likely when caregivers sprayed water without a verbal prompt; the resident's feet, axilla, or perineum were touched; residents exhibited signs of temperature discomfort; and multiple caregivers were present. Improved caregiver training and individualized, gentler bathing methods should be investigated as methods of reducing assaults.

Aged↗
PubMed1983

Effect of occupational therapy intervention on bathing independence of disabled persons.

This study was done to demonstrate whether or not occupational therapy intervention increases bathing independence for disabled persons. The bathing section of the Klein-Bell Activities of Daily Living Scale was administered to 19 physically disabled subjects before and after bathing training was completed by occupational therapists. All 19 subjects showed improvement in their ability to bathe themselves.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1998

How occupational therapists teach older patients to use bathing and dressing devices in rehabilitation.

OBJECTIVE: This article describes the methods occupational therapists use to teach bathing and dressing device use to older patients in rehabilitation programs. The relationship of three patient characteristics to five aspects of assistive device instruction was examined. METHOD: The study sample included 86 patients and 19 occupational therapists who provided the assistive device training. Patients were 55 years of age or older and in rehabilitation for an orthopedic deficit, cerebrovascular accident, or lower limb amputation. Therapists recorded information on teaching methods, perceptions of patient knowledge, and expectations for future device use after each treatment session. RESULTS: Patients received an average of three dressing and two bathing devices for home use. Therapists devoted an average of two and a half sessions (10 min average duration) to teach dressing device use and an average of one session (9 min average duration) to teach bathing device use. Teaching occurred mostly in the clinic setting through oral instruction and demonstration. At discharge, patients who evaluated devices positively and were evaluated as having a positive affect were perceived by the therapists as "having greater knowledge of device use." More time was spent teaching those patients with lower Functional Independence Measure scores, less positive evaluations of devices, and lower affect scores. Family caregivers were involved in one or more dressing sessions for 26% of patients and one or more bathing sessions for 36% of patients. CONCLUSION: Assistive device training in rehabilitation centers consists largely of simulated sessions in the occupational therapy clinic, and patients in the study described the instruction they received as "satisfactory." More research is needed to study the long-term effectiveness of assistive device training after patients return home.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1999

Using the towel bath to give tender care in dementia: a case example.

Using the "towel" bath to clean the skin for such residents as Helen results in a reduction of agitation and an increase in comfort as the skin is cleansed. The "towel" bath is a very useful technique which should be incorporated into educational training programs for any care provider who will be working with persons with dementia. It is a procedure that can be adapted to the care of the most challenging resident and will help staff begin to display person-centred care for the resident who is afraid of care procedures and responds negatively as a result. The procedure itself addresses the issues of water temperature and privacy in a way that traditional basin bathing makes difficult. The "towel" bath should be included in the practice repertoire and used on a regular basis by all practitioners who work in this area of geriatric specialty.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

[Crisis and decline of bath houses].

For centuries bath-houses and barber-surgeons formed such an integral part of public life that one is mystified by their vanishing from modern view with hardly any trace left. Previous authors have offered a variety of reasons for this disappearance: the bath-houses' notorious reputation, developing fuel-shortage, the "new" fashion of taking the waters and the outbreak of previously unknown contagious diseases are among those mentioned most frequently. While these factors may be valid reasons for a crisis afflicting the "hot-houses" they would hardly explain why fate overtook the barber-surgeons' entire trade. Judging from the sources available one cannot help but feel that the philosophers of the Enlightenment were largely responsible for such a dramatic change of society. Sceptical philosophy discarded the wisdom of the ancient medical authorities replacing traditional steam-bathing with "modern" cold-bathing. Society itself was subject to equally revolutionary changes: the local masters of the trade had to make room for surgeons educated at medical schools setting the stage for a new reality which has become "normal" to us.

Balneology↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Carbonate mineral baths in the combined treatment at a piedmont health resort of patients operated on for rheumatic heart defects].

The response of the cardiovascular system of 64 patients operated for rheumatic heart disease to mineral carbon dioxide baths was studied in the course of rehabilitation in low-mountain health resort. It was found that the above baths have a training effect on the cardiac muscle, improve myocardial metabolism. They are an essential factor in combined sanatorium treatment of patients after surgical correction of valvular defects. Baths-induced changes in the central and peripheral hemodynamics depend on cardiovascular function. Therefore, they require an individual approach. If the exposition increases to 15 minutes, mineral carbon dioxide baths have more potent training effect on the myocardium and raise effectiveness of the sanatorium treatment.

Baths↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effects of the combination of nitrogen baths and physical training on physical performance and extrasystole in patients with coronary heart disease with intraventricular blocks].

99 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), stable angina pectoris (functional class I-II), intraventricular blocks (IVB) took a course of general artificial nitrogen baths. Of them, 31 patients took the baths alone; 35 patients, in addition, exercised on veloergometer; 33 patients took baths and continued physical training up to 6 months. The results of the treatment were assessed with spiroveloergometry, ambulatory Holter ECG monitoring. Those who took baths and exercised for 6 months benefited from the treatment most as their muscular performance and coronary heart reserve increased; mean daily number of ventricular extrasystoles reduced by 73.3%, supraventricular extrasystoles--by 72.2%; intraventricular conduction was not damaged.

Angina Pectoris↗
PubMed1992

[Status of public baths in northwestern Saxony].

This paper characterizes the present situation in public baths in the district of Leipzig from the aspects of civil engineering (building construction and water hygiene). Out of 59 existing baths, 8 are closed mainly for building construction reasons. 29 baths had considerable faults. Only 27 public baths have a work circulation plant. The poor building-technical situation has an important influence on the quality of the water, a fact illustrated by the high rates of contaminated and hence rejected water samples.

Baths↗
PubMed1991

[Blood flow changes on bathing in patients with myocardial infarction: studies by Doppler echocardiography].

We studied the influence of bathing on cardiac function and hemodynamics in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) using Swan-Ganz catheter, and using Doppler echocardiography noninvasive indices to assess the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure or pulmonary capillary wedge pressure during bathing were also studied. Fifty-four patients with MI (mean age 56.0 years) were examined (19 with extensive anterior MI, 13 with anterior, 17 with inferior and 5 with anterior and inferior MI). Bathing was conducted with patient in the supine position using tap water at 42 degrees C for 5 min in the Hubbard tank. The patients were classified into 2 groups; one with an increase in the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (delta PCWP) above 10 mmHg (Group A), and the other with pressure below 10 mmHg (Group B). The hemodynamic data and echocardiographic indices such as peak velocities of blood flow (PV) at the right and left ventricular outflow tracts (RVOT and LVOT) and blood flow pattern at the left ventricular inflow tract (LVIT) were compared between these 2 groups using Doppler echocardiography. In Group A, extensive anterior MI was more frequent (p < 0.05). The exercise duration time was significantly short (6.3 +/- 1.6 min vs 10.2 +/- 2.8 min, p < 0.001) in the exercise tolerance test by bicycle ergometer. The left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly high (17.8 +/- 8.2 mmHg vs 14.8 +/- 4.4 mmHg, p < 0.05) and the left ventricular ejection fraction was lower (39.8 +/- 19.6% vs 56.2 +/- 16.8%, p < 0.01) in cardiac catheterization. This indicated that they had cardiac dysfunction. In Group A, there were marked increases in pulmonary arterial pressure and right atrial pressure during bathing. PV at the RVOT was significantly increased in both Groups A and B (110.3 +/- 5.8%, 112.7 +/- 11.8%, both, p < 0.001). The ratio between 2 peak velocities (A and R) (A/R) at the LVIT in Group A was significantly increased compared with Group B (110.0 +/- 24.5% vs 98.1 +/- 14.5%, p < 0.01), while PV at the LVOT decreased significantly in Group A (92.0 +/- 14.6%, p < 0.01) and increased in Group B (115.0 +/- 17.7%, p < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Health risks associated with pollution of coastal bathing waters.

A number of bacterial, viral and other diseases can be contracted by man through exposure to sewage-polluted bathing-water or beach sand. The increasing use of the sea for recreation has led to major concern regarding health hazards to both local and tourist populations. Epidemiological studies attempting to correlate microbiological water quality with health effects have produced different results, leading to a wide variation in recreational water quality criteria and standards applied, and to considerable controversy regarding their implementation. The Mediterranean provides a good example of a problem region where health risks are accentuated as a result of high utilization of bathing areas coupled with long exposure periods. Coastal pollution by sewage is still a major concern and control measures vary considerably. A number of microbiological/epidemiological studies have been carried out since 1953 in an attempt to define the levels of risk following exposure to different concentrations of bacteria in bathing waters. Most of these have been prospective studies whose design involved subject recruitment on the beach itself, classification of swimmers on the basis of immersion of the head in the water, and follow-up interviews after 7-10 days, together with a system for validation of gastrointestinal symptomatology. Practically all studies showed higher morbidity among bathers as compared to non-bathers, but correlation between specific symptoms and bacterial indicator concentrations varied considerably. On the basis of the 1972-1978 Cabelli Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) study in the United States of America, later developed by EPA into a recommended health-effects criterion for marine recreational waters, one would expect 25-40 gastrointestinal cases per 1,000 persons exposed to seawater containing 100 enterococci per 100 ml. Extrapolation of these figures to annual bathing populations indicates the potential magnitude of the problem. Much more work is needed however before a satisfactory dose-response relationship is obtained, principally because of confounding factors inherent in all studies carried out so far, which still require a solution.

Bacterial Infections↗
PubMed1990

[Transmission of "barber's itch" by bathing?].

Pathogenic fungi find a favourable environment in baths for multiplication and distribution. So diseases caused by dermatophytes are often observed in connection with a visit of a bath. With regard to transmission of a "barber's itch" caused by fungi in consequence of the visit of a bath, there have still no results been published. Considering previous knowledge about epidemiology, mechanism of invasion, living, and multiplication of pathogenic fungi it seems unlikely that a transmission of the germs of "barber's itch" takes place due to the visit of a public bath. The expression "barber's itch" is not uniformly used; thus, if visitors make complaints about this affection, an etiological differentiation is required.

Arthrodermataceae↗