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Lewy bodies (LBs)are found throughout the brain stem, limbic and neocortical areas in Parkinson's disease. Lewy bodies are also associated in these areas with dementia and the substrate of 'dementia with Lewy bodies' is thought to include Lewy body pathology in limbic and neocortical areas with or without Alzheimer-type changes. In order to determine whether dementia with Lewy bodies is characterised primarily by cortical or limbic LB pathology, we have measured the density of Lewy bodies, neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in 12 neocortical, limbic and brain stem sites in 10 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) (64.7 +/- 2.7 years). The mean LB density in limbic areas (3.00 +/- 0.61/mm2) was significantly greater than that of neocortical areas (1.13 +/- 0.22/mm2, P < 0.001). The greatest density of LBs was found in the amygdala (4.1 +/- 0.7/mm2) and the lowest in the occipital cortex (0.3 +/- 0.1/mm2). In limbic areas, LB formation positively correlated with neuritic plaque formation (r = 0.51, P < 0.01) but not with neurofibrillary tangle densities. These data indicate that dementia with Lewy bodies is characterised primarily by limbic, and secondly by neocortical, LB pathology. It remains to be determined why limbic areas are selectively vulnerable to LB pathology in dementia with Lewy bodies.
Utilization of tissue digestion techniques has demonstrated the presence of large numbers of asbestos bodies within lungs of persons after occupational exposure to asbestos, and smaller numbers in the vast majority of persons with no identifiable exposure. Because of the wide variability in results of such studies among different observers, the presence of more than one asbestos body on light microscopy has been recommended recently as one of the morphologic requirements (together with peribronchiolar fibrosis) for the tissue diagnosis of asbestosis. However, data that correlate the occurrence of asbestos bodies in paraffin-embedded tissue sections with the quantification of asbestos bodies by tissue digestion techniques have not been available. The authors counted the asbestos bodies in multiple paraffin-embedded sections of lung tissues stained for iron, and compared those numbers with the asbestos body counts determined by hypochlorite digestion of wet formalin-fixed lung tissue in six cases of asbestosis or asbestos-associated neoplasia. When adjustments were made for asbestos body orientation in tissue sections, shrinkage of sections during processing, and conversion of lung volume to wet weight, the agreement between the two techniques was excellent (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). An average of two asbestos bodies on 2 X 2 cm (4 cm2) iron-stained tissue sections 5 microns thick is equivalent to approximately 200 asbestos bodies per gram of wet fixed lung tissue.
The aim of the present study was to identify components of the Lewy body, which is a characteristic neuronal lesion in idiopathic Parkinsonism, using histochemical methods that selectively stain the Mallory body, a characteristic lesion of the hepatocyte in alcoholism. Our observation that Lewy bodies stain with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin, the dye originally used for demonstrating alcoholic hyaline (Mallory bodies), promoted this study. The material consisted of formalin-fixed, brain stem tissue from Parkinsonian subjects, and of similarly preserved liver tissues from alcoholic individuals. The methods selected were Roque's chromotrope 2R-aniline blue, and Liisberg's rhodamine B, which stains Mallory bodies due to its affinity for sites of tissue keratinization. Hence, skin was also included in this study as control tissue. Our results showed that Lewy bodies in the brain, Mallory bodies in the liver and stratum corneum in the skin have identical staining properties with the dyes used, indicating the presence of histochemically similar components. Taking into account the reactions of these dyes with model substances, we suggest that the similar components shared by Lewy bodies and Mallory bodies are arginine-rich proteins and lipids associated with keratinization. Similar findings in both, a toxin-induced lesion of the liver, and a spontaneous lesion of the brain may offer clues for understanding the latter's mode of formation.
A person's energy requirement is defined as the metabolizable energy intake (MEI) consumed over a period of body weight stability. Controversy exists regarding whether resistive exercise training (RT) influences the energy requirement of older people. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of RT on the energy requirement of older people. The subjects were 11 men (M) and 17 women (W); age range, 55 to 78 years. During a 14-week precisely controlled diet study, each subject consumed foods and beverages portioned to provide sufficient MEI to match their energy requirement and to keep body weight stable at +/- 0.5 kg of their starting weight. MEI was determined from bomb calorimeter analyses of the gross energy (GE) content of food, urine, and feces samples collected during 4-day intake-balance periods at study weeks 2, 8, and 14 (baseline, week RT6, and week RT12, respectively). MEI = GE(food)-GE(urine) - GE(feces). Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured using an indirect calorimeter. From study weeks 3 to 14, 10 subjects (4 M, 6 W) remained sedentary (SED), 9 subjects (4 M, 5 W) performed lower body RT (LBRT) 3 times/week, and 9 subjects (3 M, 6 W) performed whole body RT (WBRT) 3 times/week. Body weight was not different among the SED, LBRT, and WBRT groups at baseline and were not changed over time or influenced by RT. At baseline, MEI was not different among the 3 groups. From weeks RT1 to RT12, MEI had to be increased by 17% +/- 5% (mean +/- SEM), 14% +/- 7%, and 12% +/- 7% in the SED, LBRT, and WBRT groups, respectively, to maintain stable body weights. At week RT12, the MEI required to maintain stable body weight was not significantly different among the SED, LBRT, and WBRT groups (9.45 +/- 0.95, 9.40 +/- 0.83, and 8.64 +/-0.53 MJ/d, respectively). At week RT12, the MEI and MEI/REE ratio were higher in men versus women, independent of group assignment. These data suggest that RT, whether performed using the lower body only or the whole body, does not increase the energy requirement of older people. Also, these data show that the energy requirement of older men is greater than that of older women.
Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been used extensively as a heterologous eukaryotic system to study the intracellular targeting of proteins to different organelles. The lipid bodies in yeast have not been previously subjected to such studies. These organelles are functionally equivalent to the subcellular storage oil bodies in plant seeds. A plant oil body has a matrix of oils (triacylglycerols) surrounded by a layer of phospholipids embedded with abundant structural proteins called oleosins. We tested whether plant oleosin could be correctly targeted to the lipid bodies in transformed yeast. The coding region of a maize (Zea mays L.) oleosin gene was incorporated into yeast high copy and low copy number plasmids in which its expression was under the control of GAL1 promoter. Yeast strains transformed with these plasmids produced oleosin when grown in a medium containing galactose but not glucose. The oleosin produced in yeast had a molecular mass slightly higher than that of the native protein in maize. Oleosin accumulated concomitantly with the storage lipids during growth of the transformed yeast, and it was not secreted. Subcellular fractionation of the cell extracts obtained by two different cell breakage procedures revealed that the oleosin was largely restricted to the lipid bodies. Oleosin apparently did not affect the lipid contents and composition of the transformed yeast lipid bodies but replaced some of the native proteins associated with the organelles. Immunocytochemistry of the transformed yeast cells showed that the oleosin was present mostly on the periphery of the lipid bodies. Oleosin isolated from maize or transformed yeast strain, alone or in the presence of phospholipids or SDS, did not bind to the yeast lipid bodies in vitro. We conclude that plant oleosin is correctly targeted to the lipid bodies in transformed yeast and that yeast may be used as a heterologous system to dissect the intracellular targeting signals in the oleosin.
Monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3C9, an antibody generated to the lamellar body of rat lung type II pneumocytes, specifically labels the luminal face of the lamellar body membrane. To follow the retrieval of lamellar body membrane from the cell surface in these cells, MAb 3C9 was instilled into rat lungs. In vivo, it was endocytosed by type II cells but not by other lung cells. In type II cells that were isolated from rat lungs by elastase digestion and cultured on plastic for 24 h, MAb 3C9 first bound to the cell surface, then was found in endosomes, vesicular structures, and multivesicular bodies and, finally, clustered on the luminal face of lamellar body membranes. The amount internalized reached a plateau after 1.5 h of incubation and was stimulated with the secretagogue ATP. In double-labeling experiments, internalized MAb 3C9 did not completely colocalize with NBD-PC liposomes or the nonspecific endocytic marker TMA-DPH, suggesting that lamellar body membrane is retrieved back to existing lamellar bodies by a pathway different from that of bulk membrane and may be one pathway for surfactant endocytosis. The lamellar body membrane components are retrieved as subunits that are redistributed among the preexisting lamellar bodies in the cell.
PURPOSE: In this study, we created a whole body fusion image of PET and MRI using automated software for fusion imaging, and assessed the accuracy of the software. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with abnormal FDG-PET findings underwent whole body MRI. Images from both modalities were automatically fused in two ways using software (Fusion Viewer, Nihon Medi-Physics Co., Ltd., Nishinomiya, Japan) with a registration algorithm based on maximum mutual information. One was to create a whole body fusion image at once, named whole body fusion (WBF). The other was to create fusion images of the head and body separately, named partial body fusion (PBF). Two radiologists measured the misregistration between PET and MRI in the fusion images at nine landmarks (brain, cervical spine, chest, heart, liver, right kidney, left kidney, vertebra, base of bladder). RESULTS: When fusion images were created using WBF at once, misregistration was observed in the head and neck area in approximately half of the cases, whereas almost no misregistration was observed in the body. When fusion images were created using PBF, the misregistration in the head and neck areas was significantly smaller than in those using WBF, and misregistration in the body was very small. CONCLUSION: The PBF technique that creates highly accurate whole body PET/MRI fusion images is easy to use and may provide clinically useful information.
Previous studies have assessed the ability of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate body composition cross-sectionally, but less is known about the ability of BIA to detect changes in body composition longitudinally over the adolescent growth period. Body composition was assessed by isotopic dilution of H(2)(18)O and BIA in 196 initially nonobese girls enrolled in a longitudinal study. Two prediction equations for use in our population of girls were developed, one for use premenarcheally and one for use postmenarcheally. We compared estimates from our equation with those derived from several published equations. Using longitudinal data analysis techniques, we estimated changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and percentage body fat (%BF) over time from BIA, compared with changes in FFM and % BF estimated by H(2)(18)O. A total of 422 measurements from 196 girls were available for analysis. Of the participants, 26% had one measurement of body composition, 43% had two measurements of body composition and 31% had three or more measurements of body composition. By either H(2)(18)O or BIA, the mean %BF at study entry was 23% (n = 196) and the mean %BF at 4 y postmenarche was 27% (n = 133). In our cohort, the best predictive equations to estimate FFM by BIA were: PREMENARCHE: FFM = -5.508 + (0.420 x height(2)/resistance) + (0.209 x weight) + (0.08593 x height) + (0.515 x black race) - (0.02273 x other race). POSTMENARCHE: FFM = -11.937 + (0.389 x height(2)/resistance) + (0.285 x weight) + (0.124 x height) + (0.543 x black race) + (0.393 x other race). Overall, we found that BIA provided accurate estimates of the change in both FFM and %BF over time.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of body weight on body image. METHODS: The study was carried out in severely obese patients and in postobese subjects, having attained and maintaining a normal or nearly normal weight following biliopancreatic diversion; body image was assessed by self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: The obese patients' scores were different from those of postobese subjects. In postobese individuals with adult-onset obesity, body image was very similar to that of controls, whilst in those with early-onset obesity it was abnormal. DISCUSSION: In the adult-onset obese patients, since the weight normalization causes a sharp improvement of body image, its alterations could be accounted for by a body shape far different from that socially acceptable. In the early-onset obese patients, being the postoperative findings similar to those of the obese patients and different from those of never-obese controls, the body image disparagement might reflect inner feelings, independent of body weight.
Previous studies using current or recent adult body weight and body mass index are inconclusive as to a possible effect of increased body mass on premenopausal breast cancer incidence. Only five studies have presented data on early adult body mass, and no study has reported these data for premenopausal bilateral breast cancer. Because premenopausal bilateral breast cancer is assumed to be partly genetic and partly environmental in origin, it is crucial to identify possible modifiable risk factors for this cancer. We present data on early adult body weight and body mass (Quetelet Index, QI) from a case-control study of 142 premenopausal bilateral breast cancer cases from Los Angeles County, California, Connecticut, and Quebec, Canada, and 229 sister controls. The odds ratio (and 95% confidence interval) of premenopausal breast cancer adjusted for age, education, alcohol consumption, and oral contraceptive use was 0.7 (0.3-1.4) for women in the highest tertile of QI at age 18. The results do not suggest that elevated body mass index at a young age increases the risk of premenopausal bilateral breast cancer, but lend only weak support to the hypothesis of an inverse association between body mass index and premenopausal breast cancer.
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is associated with weight gain and visceral obesity. We examined the relationship between regional fat distribution and serum levels of leptin, cortisol and insulin. Twenty-three consecutive patients with recently diagnosed CS (18 with pituitary adenoma, 5 with adrenal tumor), where compared to obese controls, matched for age, sex and Body Mass Index (BMI). Serum insulin, leptin, cortisol, C-peptide and body composition determined by DEXA were measured. Serum leptin levels were significantly increased in patients with CS (36.9+/-3.8 vs 18.9+/-2.4 ng/ml, p<0.001; women: 40.1+/-4.6 vs 21.7+/-2.9 ng/ml, p<0.01; men: 27.9+/-5.7 vs 10.9+/-2.3 ng/ml; p<0.05), the same were fasting insulin levels (178+/-30 vs 81+/-10 pmol/l; p<0.01) and C-peptide (1.51+/-0.12 vs 0.77+/-0.07 nmol/l; p<0.001). In a subgroup of 12 patients, truncal fat mass was significantly elevated when compared to obese controls (19.2 kg vs 14.7 kg, p<0.01, and 42% vs 36% in percentage of truncal body tissue, p<0.05), whereas total fat mass was insignificantly increased. Serum leptin correlated positively to total body fat (%) as in patients with CS (r=0.94, p<0.001) as in controls (r=0.68, p<0.01). The correlation to truncal body fat (%) was also significant in both groups (CS: r=0.84, p<0.001; controls: r=0.63, p<0.01). Multiple regression showed that percent total body fat was the predictor of leptin concentrations among patients with CS (r2=0.88, p<0.001) whereas insulin did not contribute significantly to the variance in leptin concentrations. In controls, both leptin and insulin (r2=0.65, p<0.001) contributed significantly to the variations in leptin levels. Controlled for the differences in total body fat, patients with endogenous CS have significantly increased serum leptin levels, compared to BMI-matched obese controls. This suggests that hyperleptinemia in CS not primarily reflects changes in body composition, but is the result of different hormonal influences on adipose tissue.
Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) is a noninvasive method for estimating fat free mass (FFM) in live animals. In this study, we have evaluated the use of the Em-Scan SA-3000, which is claimed by the manufacturers to perform better than earlier analysers. Previous studies in rats using these earlier versions of the TOBEC analyser have always used anaesthesia to minimise movement artefacts. As repeated anaesthesia also has the potential to induce artefacts by disrupting food intake, for example, we have also attempted to determine if this TOBEC analyser can be used to predict body composition in conscious adult weight-stable female Wistar rats. A simplified cafeteria diet was used to produce large variations in body composition (40-350 g fat/carcass) and a full chemical body composition analysis was performed to generate a TOBEC calibration equation. The TOBEC parameter was more strongly correlated to FFM (r(2)=.785) than it was to body weight (r(2)=.669) or other body composition parameters. Using the TOBEC calibration equation to predict fat mass on these data, there was an excellent correlation with the value obtained by chemical analyses (r(2)=.952, slope=0.958). To determine if the TOBEC calibration equation derived from this calibration study would then be useful for the routine estimation of body composition an additional, validation study was performed. This validation study was performed 6 months later, used an independent group of obese female Wistar rats and was undertaken by different TOBEC operators. This validation study, again, showed a good correlation between the TOBEC- and chemical-derived fat mass (r(2)=.918, slope=1.003) indicating stability of the calibration equation with time and independence from operator. We therefore conclude that it is possible to meaningfully estimate body fat changes in conscious rats using this TOBEC analysis system.
Opposite effects of gentle handling on body temperature and body weight in rats. PHhe aim of this study was to measure the body weight set point when rats are being handled gently and thus experience emotional rise in body temperature. Wistar male rats were used in this experiment, and each rat was its own control. Body weight set point was estimated from the rat's food hoarding behavior. The set point is the intersection of the regression line for hoarding with the X axis. During hoarding sessions the experimenter handled the rat and took its colonic temperature six to eight times, an action sufficient to arouse emotional fever. On alternate days the rats were not handled. Thus, body weight set point was obtained for each rat without handling and with handling. In sessions with handling, rats raised their body temperature, ate less, and defecated more than in control sessions. When handled, the body weight set point declined from 388 +/- 44 g to 366 +/- 47 g (p = 0.048, t = 2,39). The decline in the set point induced by gentle handling is believed to result from an elevation of the hypothalamic CRH.
OBJECTIVES: To examine the sex difference in anthropometric measures of body fatness and to explore the possibility that diet may have differential effects on body fatness in men and women. DESIGN: Prospective study design. SETTING: The first and second China Health and Nutrition Survey conducted in 1989 and 1991, respectively. SUBJECTS: 1449 men and 1683 women age 20-35 y at the baseline (1989) survey. METHODS: Anthropometric measures of body fatness in men and women were compared. Statistical methods were used to explore the potential difference in the effect of dietary fat on body fatness in men and women. RESULTS: Measures of body fatness, especially peripheral fatness, differed markedly between men and women in this study sample. Statistical analysis suggested that the effect of dietary fat on body fatness may be different in men compared to women. CONCLUSIONS: Sexual dimorphism in body fatness has important implications for both clinical and epidemiologic research of obesity. The possibility that diet may have differential effect on body fatness in men and women needs to be investigated.
BACKGROUND: Sensory factors are important determinants of appetite and food choices but little is known about the relationship between body weight and sensory capabilities. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between measured body weights, misreporting of body weight and sensory capabilities. DESIGN: In a cross-sectional sensory study, body weight was assessed by measured and self-reported body weight in healthy men (n=130) and women (n=181). Sensory capabilities were assessed as odour detection and identification, and detection for salty, sweet, sour and bitter taste. RESULTS: Odour detection, odour identification and taste perception scores were lower in subjects with a BMI >or=28 kg/m(2) than in subjects with a BMI <28 kg/m(2) in the age group <65 years whereas in subjects >or=65 years scores were higher in subjects with a BMI >or=28 kg/m(2) than in subjects with a BMI <28 kg/m(2) (BMI*age group: P=0.015, 0.053 and 0.015, respectively). Independent of age, scores were highest in under reporters of body weight (P=0.008, 0.001 and 0.017). Differences in taste perception could be attributed to sour (P=0.015) and bitter (P=0.026) perception, but not to salty or sweet perception. CONCLUSION: Relationship between sensory capabilities and body mass is age dependent. Compared to overweight subjects, the sensory capabilities of normal weight individuals appear to be higher (<65 years) and lower (>or=65 years). At any age, however, subjects who under reported their body weight show higher sensory capabilities.
OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between functional limitations and body composition indices, including percentage of body fat, muscle mass, and body mass index (BMI). DESIGN: A cross-sectional, population-representative sample. SETTING: All noninstitutionalized people living in the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Data were collected between 1988 and 1994. PARTICIPANTS: One thousand five hundred twenty-six women and 1,391 men aged 70 and older. MEASUREMENTS: Independent variables included BMI, muscle mass, and percentage of body fat; the latter two were assessed using predictive equations. The dependent variable, functional limitations, was defined as difficulty in performing at least three of five functional living tasks, such as carrying a 10-pound bag of groceries. RESULTS: Women in the highest quintile for percentage of body fat and women with a BMI of 30 or greater were two times more likely to report functional limitations than women in the comparison groups. Similar, but weaker, relationships were found among men; men in the highest quintile for body fat and men with a BMI of 35 or greater were 1.5 times more likely to report limitations. Low muscle mass (sarcopenia) and sarcopenia in combination with high percentage of body fat (sarcopenic obesity) were not associated with a greater likelihood of reporting functional limitations. CONCLUSIONS: Prevention of excessive accumulation of body fat and maintenance of a BMI in the normal range may reduce the likelihood of functional limitations in old age.
Our study investigated body composition and body fat distribution in healthy centenarians. Body composition, body fat distribution, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were studied in 40 adult subjects aged < 50 y, 35 aged subjects > 75 y, and 15 healthy centenarians aged > 100 y. Body composition was determined by bioimpedance analysis, body fat distribution was calculated as waist-hip ratio (WHR), and RMR was calculated by using the Arciero-Poehlman formula. Healthy centenarians had a cognitive impairment and degree of disability greater than aged subjects. Despite such differences, fat-free mass (FFM) and RMR were not different in centenarians compared with aged subjects but were lower than in adult subjects. In contrast, healthy centenarians had a WHR lower than that of aged subjects but not different from that of the adult subjects. After the level of physical activity and degree of disability were adjusted for, FFM (44 +/- 2.7 and 40 +/- 1.1 kg; P < 0.05) and RMR (6757 +/- 761 and 5891 +/- 723 kJ/24 h; P < 0.05) were significantly higher in healthy centenarians than in aged subjects, respectively. Independent of age, sex, body weight, degree of disability, level of physical activity, and fasting plasma triiodothyronine, there was a strong correlation between RMR and FFM (r = 0.50, P < 0.05) in healthy centenarians. In conclusion, healthy centenarians had a lower FFM and higher body fat content than aged subjects. Level of physical activity and degree of disability seem to be the major determinants for explaining such differences.