Trends in the development of representional play in infants from one to three years--an observational study.
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Age Factors↗
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Results for “Attachment representation”
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Levels of object representation in anaclitic and introjective depression.
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Adolescent↗
Links between vision and somatosensation. Vision can improve the felt position of the unseen hand.
During reaching movements, sensory signals must be transformed into appropriate motor commands. Anatomical, electrophysiological, and neuropsychological evidence suggest that there is no single, supramodal map of space that is used to guide reaching. Instead, movements appear to be planned and controlled within multiple coordinate systems, each one attached to a different body part. Recent neuropsychological investigations demonstrating that somatosensory impairments can be ameliorated by visual cues, and visual impairments by proprioceptive cues, have been interpreted as evidence that arm-centered representations may exist in humans. A critical difference between the findings obtained in the monkey and in humans, however, is that in the latter case, vision of the limb appears be critical for visual somatosensory binding. Here, we report a case study of a patient (C.T.) recovering from unilateral somatosensory impairment, including tactile extinction, who executed reaches toward visually defined or proprioceptively defined locations. We demonstrate that when the target location of a reach was defined proprioceptively, by passively positioning our patient's impaired hand beneath the table surface, vision of the workspace immediately adjacent to the unseen hand dramatically increased the endpoint accuracy of her reaching movements, even though such cues could not possibly signal the position of the target directly.
Aged↗
Event representations, narrative development and internal working models.
In this article I summarize the theoretical framework of experientially based event representations as the basis for early cognitive development. Further work on representational levels, in particular the level of extended discourse such as narratives that incorporate new understandings of the personal, social and cultural world, is discussed. Parallels with the concept of internal working models from attachment theory, and differences between these two theoretical approaches are then laid out, with implications for further interchange between the two.
Adolescent↗
Finite-element modeling of the normal and surgically repaired cat middle ear.
In this work, three-dimensional finite-element models of the normal and surgically repaired cat middle ear were developed. The normal middle-ear model was formed by adding explicit representations for the footplate and cochlear load to an existing model of the cat eardrum. The footplate was modeled as a thin plate with a thickened rim. The cochlear load was represented by springs attached along the footplate's periphery. The model is valid for frequencies below 1 kHz and for physiological sound levels. Eardrum and manubrium displacement, and out-of-plane displacements of the footplate's center, were found to compare well with experimental results. The normal model was modified to simulate the effects of two types of middle-ear surgery, both of which are used to repair a discontinuous ossicular chain. Bulging of the footplate was found to occur when a prosthesis made direct contact with the footplate. The location of the prosthesis along the manubrium did not affect the motion of the footplate as long as the joints were all rigid. When the joints were flexible, the largest displacements occurred when the prosthesis was positioned near the upper end of the manubrium.
Animals↗
Transference in social perception: the role of chronic accessibility in significant-other representations.
Research has shown that the activation and application of a significant-other representation to a new person, or transference, occurs in everyday social perception (S. M. Andersen & A. Baum, 1994; S. M. Andersen & S. W. Cole, 1990). Using a combined idiographic and nomothetic experimental paradigm, two studies examined the role of chronic accessibility of significant-other representations in transference. After learning about 4 fictional people, 1 of whom resembled a significant other, participants' recognition memory was assessed. Both studies showed greater false-positive memory in the significant-other condition, relative to control, even in the absence of priming. Study 2 showed that although the effect was greater when the significant-other representation was concretely applicable to the target information, it occurred even when no such applicability was present. Results implicate the chronic accessibility of significant-other representations in transference.
Adolescent↗
Relationship testing after the loss of a parent.
In this study of adults presenting with symptoms of pathological grief after the death of a parent, there was a frequent pattern of strain on a current love relationship. The attempt to master negative views of the self, precipitated by loss of the parent, through reenactment with the significant other was prominent. Psychotherapy offered an opportunity to rework the feared representation of the self.
Adult↗
The Nazi's daughter: the therapist as Jewish mother.
The article gives an inside look at a case where posttraumatic stress is intertwined with disturbances in object relations and ego-identity. The patient was a victim of a brutal authoritarian father who had abused her sexually. The trauma left her powerless and isolated. The treatment was aimed at enabling the patient to achieve connection and empowerment. Hypnotherapy, psychoanalytic psychotherapy and hypnosis allowed the patient to understand and overcome symptoms and underlying conflicts in the context of the therapeutic relationship. In spite of regressions and resistances during the course of treatment, therapy yielded the following results: 1. Symptoms were in remission at the end of treatment, and at one- and two-year follow-ups. 2. During the course of psychotherapy the patient was able to process traumatic events cognitively and affectively. 3. There were corrective changes in relatedness modes. 4. Modifications in object internalization and representation were made.
Adult↗
Assessment of children's object-representations with the Rorschach.
The recent emphasis on object relations theory as an explanatory model for personality development has been paralleled in the psychological test literature by measures that assess the quality of object-representations. The author reviews one such measure--the Mutuality of Autonomy (MOA) scale--in its research applications with adults and children. He then extends the scale to the psychotherapy of children and suggests that Rorschach object-representation scores can be of heuristic value in understanding the treatment process.
Adolescent↗
Children's strategies for coping with adverse home environments: an interpretation using attachment theory.
The coping strategies of four groups of maltreated children were compared with those of adequately reared children. The children were videotaped in a brief play session with their mothers, then in the Strange Situation, and finally during free play while the parent(s) were being interviewed. The coded videotapes of mother-child interaction yielded four scores for the children: cooperation, compulsive compliance, difficultness, and passivity. The coded videotapes of the Strange Situation yielded ten patterns of child attachment to the mother. The coded observations of play during the interview were analyzed in terms of seven child behaviors. The results indicated that abused, and abused-and-neglected children were difficult or compliant in interaction with their mothers, avoidant under stress, and aggressive with siblings; neglected children were cooperative in play with the mother, anxious under stress, and aggressive with siblings; adequately reared children were cooperative with both their mothers and siblings and secure under stress. Older children who had experienced abuse were less difficult and more compulsively compliant. Both marginally maltreated and adequately reared 1-year-olds were more difficult than either older or younger children from those groups but at all ages cooperation was the dominant pattern. The coherencies in the children's coping strategies were interpreted in terms of underlying internal representational models of relationships.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Exploring scale-dependent correlations between cancer mortality rates using factorial kriging and population-weighted semivariograms.
This paper presents a geostatistical methodology which accounts for spatially varying population size in the processing of cancer mortality data. The approach proceeds in two steps: (1) spatial patterns are first described and modeled using population-weighted semivariogram estimators, (2) spatial components corresponding to nested structures identified on semivariograms are then estimated and mapped using a variant of factorial kriging. The main benefit over traditional spatial smoothers is that the pattern of spatial variability (i.e. direction-dependent variability, range of correlation, presence of nested scales of variability) is directly incorporated into the computation of weights assigned to surrounding observations. Moreover, besides filtering the noise in the data the procedure allows the decomposition of the structured component into several spatial components (i.e. local versus regional variability) on the basis of semivariogram models. A simulation study demonstrates that maps of spatial components are closer to the underlying risk maps in terms of prediction errors and provide a better visualization of regional patterns than the original maps of mortality rates or the maps smoothed using weighted linear averages. The proposed approach also attenuates the underestimation of the magnitude of the correlation between various cancer rates resulting from noise attached to the data. This methodology has great potential to explore scale-dependent correlation between risks of developing cancers and to detect clusters at various spatial scales, which should lead to a more accurate representation of geographic variation in cancer risk, and ultimately to a better understanding of causative relationships.
Journal Article↗
Confirmation of the Mukerjee term in an extended Corrin-Harkins relation using an anionic amphiphilic drug.
The amphiphilic behavior of the S-enantiomer of 3(S)-[(2-carboxyethyl)sulfanyl]-3-[2-(8-phenyloctyl)phenyl] propionic acid disodium salt (C26H32O4S.2Na) has been investigated as a function of the ionic strength, mu (buffer and simple electrolyte). The linearity predicted by the Corrin-Harkins relation (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 683-688) is observed at low buffer concentrations, and it is verified that the nature of the buffer is of less importance than the concentration of the counterion. At high counterion concentrations, the salting-out effect predicted by Mukerjee in 1965 (J. Phys. Chem. 1965, 69, 4038-4040) and 1967 (Adv. Coll. Interf. Sci. 1967, 1, 241-275) manifests itself, and a more complete equation resulting from attaching a salting-out term to the Corrin-Harkins relation, as used recently by Mukerjee and Chan (ACS Abstracts of Papers 1993, 206, COLL 164; Ph.D. Thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1993), gives a better representation of the experimental data. It is shown that the parameter values obtained from this equation are reasonable and predict self-association in the form of micelles rather than as small aggregates.
Anions↗
Discordance of spatial representation in ensembles of hippocampal place cells.
The extent to which small ensembles of neighboring hippocampal neurons alter their spatial firing patterns concurrently in response to stimulus manipulations was examined in young adult rats as well as in aged rats with and without memory impairment. Recordings from CA1 and CA3 cells were taken as rats performed a spatial radial-maze task that employed prominent distal visual stimuli attached to dark curtains surrounding the maze and local cues on each maze arm provided by inserts with distinctive visual, tactile, and olfactory stimuli. To test the influence of the different stimulus subsets, the distal and local cues were rotated 90 degrees in opposite directions (a Double Rotation). In response to this manipulation, place fields could maintain a fixed position to room coordinates, rotate with either the local or the distal cues, disappear, or new fields could appear. On average 79% of the cells within an ensemble responded in the same way, but only 37% of all ensembles were fully concordant. Typically discordant ensembles had place fields that rotated with one set of cues, whereas the other fields disappeared or new fields appeared. Ensembles in which the place fields rotated in two opposite directions were less frequent in young rats than would be expected by the occurrence of the individual responses, indicating selective competition between directly conflicting representations and ultimate suppression of one. These findings indicate that hippocampal neurons independently encode distinct subsets of the cues in a complex environment, although processing within the hippocampal network may actively reduce the simultaneous representation of conflicting orientation information. This kind of population activity might reflect the higher-order organization of new memories within an established knowledge framework or schema. Concordance was higher in aged memory-impaired rats than in young rats, and the suppression of conflicting representations was absent in these rats. These findings suggest that age-related memory impairment is at least in part associated with a decrease in the scope of information coded and in the coordination of encoded representations.
Animals↗
Chaos game representation of protein structures.
Chaos game representation (CGR) was proposed recently to visualize nucleotide sequences as one of the first applications of this technique in the field of biochemistry. In this paper we would like to demonstrate that representations similar to CGR can be generalized and applied for visualizing and analyzing protein databases. Examples of applications will be presented for investigating regularities, and motifs in the primary structure of proteins, and for analyzing possible structural attachments on the super-secondary structure level of proteins. A further application will be presented for testing structure prediction methods using CGR.
Computer Simulation↗
Parental care and intrusiveness as predictors of the abilities-achievement gap in adolescence.
In this study we examined relations between adolescents' perception of parental care and intrusiveness and the abilities-achievement gap. Cognitive abilities and academic achievement were assessed for 200 Israeli 10th graders. Representations of maternal and paternal care and intrusiveness and externalizing and internalizing symptoms were self-reported. Gender differences were found for the abilities-achievement gap. Boys' achievement in mathematics and language was significantly lower than could be expected from abilities in these domains. Representations of maternal care predicted achievement while aptitude and socioemotional symptoms were controlled and moderated the relations of abilities and achievement. Paternal representations were unrelated to abilities or achievement. Among boys, maternal intrusiveness had a unique contribution to the prediction of achievement, above and beyond abilities, socioemotional symptoms, and maternal care. The relevance of the findings to cognitive and attachment perspectives on adolescent achievement is discussed.
Achievement↗
Splitting dynamics, self-representations and boundary phenomena in the group psychotherapy of borderline personality disorders.
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Borderline Personality Disorder↗
Object representations and symptomatology: preliminary findings in young adult psychiatric inpatients.
This study was designed to contribute to the empirical clarification of the object representation construct by assessing the relationships (a) among the levels of cognitive representation of four distinct and relevant individuals; and (b) among those cognitive object representations and dimensions of symptomatology. Subjects were 30 long-term inpatients of a private psychiatric hospital in Connecticut. Cognitive-developmental level of object representation was assessed according to the system described by Blatt, Brenneis, Schimek, and Glick (1976) and symptom dimensions via the SCL-90. Object representations all were interrelated significantly and tended to be related to depressive, but not other, symptomatology. Results could not be accounted for by variation in subjects' verbal production. Findings are discussed in terms of expected developmental increases in object-representation consistency; the potential influence of psychotherapy on object representations; the relative salience of different objects; unknown test-retest reliability of the instrument; and methodological and sampling issues. It is recommended that future empirical research investigate more systematically the nature of developmental level of object representation.
Adjustment Disorders↗
Cognitive and affective representations of people and MCMI-II personality psychopathology.
Hibbard, Hilsenroth, Hibbard, and Nash (1995) found that affective, but not cognitive, dimensions of object representations were related to the severity of psychopathology among outpatients. In this study, the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale (Western, Barends, Leigh, Mendel, & Silbert, 1990) developed for interview data (Relationship Episodes; Luborsky, 1990) was used to assess the object representations of 33 men and 38 women entering psychotherapy. The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II was used to assess the personality traits of the 71 participants. The results support earlier findings that only affective dimensions of object representations are related to outpatient personality pathology.
Adult↗