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PubMed1997

Comparison of socially accepted and rejected children with mental retardation.

The influence of social behavior and social cognitive skills on social status of children with mental retardation was investigated by comparing socially accepted and socially rejected children. A sociometric survey conducted with 764 children in 34 regular education classrooms identified 20 socially accepted and 20 socially rejected students with mental retardation. Accepted children displayed a higher level of social behavior and a lower level of sensitive-isolated behavior. The two groups also differed in their social cognitive skills. In response to social problems, accepted children chose friendly-submissive goals and generated a low rate of positive outgoing strategies, whereas rejected children chose friendly-assertive goals and generated a high rate of positive outgoing strategies. Findings point to the value of examining differences between children with mental retardation who are accepted and rejected in inclusive settings and underscore the importance of social behavior and social cognitive skills in the acceptance-rejection process.

Child↗
PubMed1996

Significance of M-cells in the panautoprotection of the body.

Life consists of continuous acceptance, adequate processing and appropriate use of energy-carriers present in and around the body, along with effective elimination of those of them which invade the organism from outside, or appear inside, thus threatening its existence. It is clear that all cells making up the organism are naturally involved in its protection. Since no "extracorporal bodyguards" have been detected so far, recently I introduced the concept of panautoprotection in the human organism, which was subsequently expanded to comprise perhaps the broadest and most sufficiently exhausting paradigm on the essence of life and other known events in the Universe. The M-cells emerging during the evolution of birds and mammals are highly specialized immunocompetent cells, functioning non-stop throughout the individual's entire life as antigen receptors. Penetrating mainly through the nose and mouth, alien antigens, which I perceive mainly as mediators of biointegration, trigger the mechanisms of acquired or adaptive immunity through the M-cells. Through them, the environment models the body of each individual so as to transform it into its integral part. Jointly with Prof. Mogi, we studied the M-cells in the nasal tonsil of SCID-mice and found them to appear definitely differentiated, suggesting that the relevant information is genetically coded. The typical pores of the basal lamina are probably M-cell induced.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Data organization for soil metabolism and soil degradation studies with microsoft Excel spreadsheets.

Certain steps for soil metabolism and soil degradation studies are repetitive and must transpire for each study. These steps are the data on initial combustion of soil, the extraction data, volatile-recovery data, and postextraction soil combustion data. A summary page that includes all these data has been developed and used successfully to document all the raw data associated with these steps on one form. Weights, volumes, and liquid scintillation data can then be entered into an Excel spreadsheet formatted to accept and process these raw data to provide the calculated data required for reporting. This information is centrally located for each sampling time period, which facilitates and streamlines quality assurance (QA) review of this study file. An explanation of the process and examples of the forms is provided.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

Apoptosis in murine cardiac grafts.

Apoptosis, or the induction of programmed cell death, is a mechanism commonly used by cytotoxic T cells to cause target cell lysis. We evaluated the frequency and distribution of apoptotic cells in DBA/2-->DBA/2 heterotopic cardiac isografts, acutely rejecting DBA/2-->C57BL/6 cardiac allografts, and accepted, 60 day DBA/2-->C57BL/6 allografts from mice treated with anti-CD4 Mab (GK1.5) or gallium nitrate (GN). Apoptosis was identified in histologic sections via TUNEL analysis of nuclear DNA fragmentation. We observed the following. (1) Cardiac isografts display no detectable TUNEL+ cells. (2) Rejecting cardiac allografts display rare (<1% of nucleated cells/field), diffuse TUNEL+ cells, peaking on day 3 and declining to 50% of peak by the day of rejection (approximately day 10), and TUNEL+ cells were localized to regions of cellular infiltrate rather than myocyte regions. (3) Accepted cardiac allografts display relatively high numbers of TUNEL+ cells localized in and around the large cardiac arteries (about 20% of nucleated cells/periarterial field). These arteries often showed evidence of transplant vascular sclerosis characteristic of chronic allograft rejection. While a few TUNEL+ cells were found in the arterial tissue, most were observed in the periarterial cellular infiltrate. Similar frequencies and distributions of TUNEL+ cells were observed in grafts that were accepted due to treatment with the anti-CD4 mAb GK 1.5 or gallium nitrate. In general, apoptosis did not correlate with graft failure or parenchymal cell damage, suggesting that cytotoxic T cell-mediated destruction of graft tissues is rare in cardiac allografts. While apoptosis does not appear to be indicative of acute rejection, the characteristic periarterial clustering of apoptosis in accepted grafts may be indicative of immunoregulatory processes that maintain graft acceptance or repair processes that promote chronic vascular remodeling.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Proposal for establishing structure and process in the development of implicit chiropractic standards of care and practice guidelines.

With the advent of health care's "era of accountability", the chiropractic profession is now faced with generating implicit standards and guidelines for care or having it done for us by outside agencies. Already we see chiropractic groups in individual states and provinces being pressured into naive efforts of guideline development. Current knowledge and experience are available through recent health care literature that clearly defines the structure and process of guideline development and offers suggestions on how to measure outcomes of those processes. In addition, the United States Congress has directed a new federal agency to oversee this activity and monitor outcomes of quality improvement programs. The time has come for the chiropractic profession to define its exact role in health care delivery and develop implicit standards of care and practice guidelines. This sentinel effort should be managed by a commissioned body of empaneled experts that generally represent the academic and clinical chiropractic profession. A protocol for selection of these panelists and the panel chairperson needs to be developed and memorialized. Appropriate methodology (with definitions) needs to be developed for the process of standards/guideline development. Adherence to the accepted structure and process of guideline development will ensure the continuity of this dynamic process in the coming generations. This proposal offers a preliminary definition of the structure and process, including a "seed" policy statement and decision flow chart, specific to guideline development. Once the structure and process of guideline development for chiropractic are defined, the profession can then present this product to federal and state agencies, private sector health care purchasers, patient advocacy groups and other stakeholders of chiropractic care.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Chiropractic↗
PubMed1996

Accuracy of machine milling and spark erosion with a CAD/CAM system.

A method for manufacturing crowns and fixed partial dentures based on CAD/CAM has been developed as an alternative to the lost wax technique and the casting of an alloy. In this process two steps are included: milling and spark erosion. The computer-assisted design (CAD) relies heavily on the accuracy of the milling and spark erosion processes to achieve a clinically acceptable restoration. These two processes must be able to produce the crown data generated in the CAD files. This study evaluated the accuracy of the Procera CAD/CAM system in creating specific geometric bodies that were compared with the known dimensions in the CAD files for these bodies. The manufacturing errors of milling (ellipse +/- 6.5 microm, square +/- 3.4 microm, and cylinder +/- 5.8 microm) and spark erosion (ellipse +/- 8.6 microm and square +/- 10.4 microm) were determined. The accuracy of this manufacturing process demonstrated that this system was capable of producing a crown with a clinically accepted range for marginal opening gap dimension of less than 100 microm.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1990

The role of serotonin in cardiovascular diseases and their treatment.

Serotonin (5HT), discovered in the 1950s, has been the subject of renewed interest for several years, in particular due to the subdivision of 5HT receptors into various types. Concomitantly, several more or less selective agonists and antagonists for these various receptor subtypes have been developed. Although the physiologic relevance of 5HT remains largely unknown, its role in certain pathologic processes is widely accepted. Certain symptoms of the carcinoid syndrome, thromboembolic processes at the level of the microcirculation, and possibly also coronary spasm and peripheral vascular disease are likely to be associated, at least in part, with endogenous 5HT and serotonergic mechanisms. However, a primary and causative role for such mechanisms in essential hypertension seems unlikely. The blockade of peripheral 5HT2 receptors with drugs may offer advantages, in particular in those disorders where an interaction between predamaged blood vessels and platelets is involved. Such a therapeutic approach seems to be a more generally applicable principle than the lowering of blood pressure as such, which appears not to be a general phenomenon provoked by 5HT2-receptor blockade.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Thermodynamics of fatty acid transfer.

There is continuing controversy about the mechanism for transfer of fatty acids (FA) between plasma and the interior of cells and vice versa. One view is that this is a spontaneous process. The generally accepted view is that each step of the process is facilitated by a specialized protein. Whether uptake is spontaneous or facilitated, the components of the uptake system, e.g., albumin, water, FA, plasma membrane, and putative transport proteins of the plasma membrane, must behave according to the rules of the physical chemistry of the system. We review these features to illustrate the constraints they impose on the design of experiments to adduce the mechanism of uptake. Analysis of the literature in the context of the physical chemistry of the uptake system indicates that arguments for a facilitated mechanism of uptake for FA are not supported by any data extant. By contrast, comparison of the rates for individual steps of the pathway traversed by FA moving from albumin to the inside of a cell (or vesicles of a model system) with rates of uptake of FA of tissues in the steady state shows that the rates of the former are sufficient to account for the rate of the latter.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sterilizable syringes: excessive risk or cost-effective option?

In recent years, many poorer countries have chosen to use disposable instead of sterilizable syringes. Unfortunately, the infrastructure and management systems that are vital if disposables are to be used safely do not exist. WHO estimates that up to 30% of injections administered are unsafe. The traditional sterilizable syringe had many disadvantages, some of which have been minimized through better design and the use of modern materials; others have been overcome because staff are able to demonstrate that they have performed safely. For example, the time-steam saturation-temperature (TST) indicator has enabled staff to demonstrate that a sterilizing cycle has been successfully completed. Health facility staff must be able to sterilize equipment, and the sterilizable syringe remains the least costly means of administering an injection. Data from countries that have acceptable systems for processing clinical waste indicate that safe and environmentally acceptable disposal, destruction and final containment cost nearly as much as the original cost of a disposable syringe. By careful supervision of staff behaviour and good management, some countries have demonstrated that they are able to administer safe injections with sterilizable syringes at a price they can afford.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Coronary artery disease: an inflammatory or infectious process.

It is well accepted that coronary artery disease is linked to an inflammatory process. It is unknown which agents may cause or accelerate coronary artery disease. An inflammation of the vessel wall may be caused by a number of mechanisms such as accumulation of glycosylated proteins in diabetic patients, oxidised LDL in patients with hypercholesterolemia or infectious agents. Among the possible infectious agents Chlamydia pneumoniae is the most likely microorganism involved in atherosclerosis. The arguments in favour of Chlamydia pneumoniae result from seroepidemiologic studies and from detection of chlamydial DNA in atherosclerotic plaques by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition this microorganism is the only one that could be isolated from atherosclerotic tissue. This review summarises the present understanding of the role of an inflammatory process in the development or progression of coronary artery disease.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗
PubMed2002

Evidence for a limited contribution of immune regulation to cardiac allograft acceptance.

We have used donor-reactive DTH responses to study the immune regulation that is displayed by C57BL/6 mice after they accept DBA/2 cardiac or renal allografts. This regulation is expressed by splenocytes from the allograft acceptors, and involves their alloantigen-induced production of the anti-inflammatory cytokines transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) and/or interleukin-10 (IL-10) at DTH challenge sites, and presumably within accepted allografts. In cardiac allograft acceptors the production of these cytokines depends on a population of CD25(+) splenocytes. During these studies, we have encountered several situations in which allograft acceptance does not correlate with DTH-detectable immune regulation: (1) splenocytes from cardiac or kidney allograft acceptors lose TGFbeta-mediated inhibition of donor-reactive DTH responses by 150 days post-transplant, although they retain ongoing allograft function; (2) cardiac allograft acceptors rapidly reject donor-matched skin allografts, retain good cardiac allograft function, but lose DTH-detectable immune regulation; (3) Balb/c mice accept C57BL/6 cardiac allografts when treated with anti-CD40L mAb (MR1), but fail to express DTH-detectable immune regulation; and (4) infusion of C57BL/6 mice with peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) that were educated ex vivo to DBA/2 alloantigens in the presence of IL-10 and TGFbeta, causes them to exhibit DTH-detectable immune regulation mediated by both TGFbeta and IL-10, but they fail to accept DBA/2 cardiac allografts. These observations suggest that the process of allograft acceptance, as it is studied in murine transplant models, is metastable, and does not necessarily reflect the achievement of allograft tolerance. Further, the development of allograft tolerance probably requires more than regulatory T cells, representing a coordinated evolution of multiple immune processes over a prolonged period of time.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Effects of processing methods on the quality and acceptability of melon milk.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of melon milk samples prepared from toasted, autoclaved, boiled and germinated melon seeds were determined. The germinated melon milk (GMM) had higher protein and ash contents but lower pH and viscosity than the other treated milk samples. Toasting the melon seeds improved the ash, protein, total solids and soluble solids of melon milk more than the boiling and autoclaving processes. The mean sensory scores showed that the GMM was rated lower than the other types of processed milk samples for all the sensory attributes evaluated. The toasted melon milk (TMM) had higher sensory ratings for color, mouthfeel and flavor and was generally preferred to the other treated melon milk samples.

Color↗
PubMed1983

A scanning electron microscopic study of the odontoblast process in human coronal dentine.

It is generally accepted that the odontoblast process occupies the dentinal tubules only in the inner part of the dentine, extending approx 0.7 mm from the pulp in both animals and man. Twenty-three premolars, molars and third molars from subjects aged 11-24 yr, all caries-free or only slightly decayed, were processed immediately after extraction by one of four methods. (I) Teeth were split in liquid nitrogen and then fixed, dehydrated in ascending ethanol, and dried by critical point drying (CPD). (II) Teeth were fractured by use of a mallet and a chisel and then prepared as in Method I. (III) The root was cut off using a diamond disk or a mallet and a chisel and the crown was then fixed, fractured in liquid nitrogen, dehydrated and CPD. (IV) As Method III but following fixation the teeth were freeze-dried. All specimens were examined in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). In specimens prepared by Methods II, III or IV the odontoblast process was limited to the inner third of crown dentine. However in all the specimens prepared by Method I the odontoblast process extended to the dentine-enamel junction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Views and approaches toward risks and benefits among doctors who become patients.

OBJECTIVE: To understand how views and approaches concerning risks and benefits may be affected by dynamic contexts and processes related to clinical roles and relationships. METHODS: We conducted two in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 50 doctors who became patients due to serious illnesses, concerning their experiences before and after diagnosis. RESULTS: As patients, these doctors gained critical new insights into the processes and contexts of communication about risks and benefits. Doctors and patients often varied in how they viewed and weighed risks and benefits (e.g., as "good' or "bad"). These data suggest a model in which patients undergo several dynamic processes: seeking statistics, accepting doctors' framing of statistics, being influenced by media hype, seeing statistics as relevant or not, over-valuing risks, weighing the importance of risks and benefits, interpreting statistics as good or bad, accepting or denying statistics and odds, and making treatment decisions. These processes are affected by external factors (e.g., doctors ordering tests, framing statistics, and often over- versus under-valuing risks), and internal factors (e.g., depression, denial of illness, optimism versus pessimism, magical thinking--that doctors are immune to disease--and rationalizations). CONCLUSIONS: Doctors and patients are engaged in complex, dynamic processes that shape patients' approaches toward risks and benefits. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: These data highlight the need for increased attention toward these issues in medical educational and care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2001

Photoimmunology and nucleotide excision repair: impact of transcription coupled and global genome excision repair.

Ultraviolet (UV) light generates damage to DNA which is removed by a versatile mechanism called nucleotide excision repair (NER). There are two subpathways for NER: the transcription coupled repair (TCR) pathway which removes DNA damage from actively transcribed genes and the global genome repair pathway which removes damage throughout the genome. Most types of DNA lesions are processed more rapidly by TCR than by GGR. It is widely accepted that immunological processes play a pivotal role in the generation of skin tumours induced by exposure to ultraviolet light and first evidence is emerging that GGR and TCR play different roles in skin reactions such as erythema and delayed type hypersensitivity. The relationship between UV-induced responses of the skin and the two NER subpathways is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The function of hydrophobic residues in the catalytic cleft of Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase. Kinetic characterization of mutant enzyme forms.

Streptococcus pneumoniae hyaluronate lyase is a surface antigen of this Gram-positive human bacterial pathogen. The primary function of this enzyme is the degradation of hyaluronan, which is a major component of the extracellular matrix of the tissues of vertebrates and of some bacteria. The enzyme degrades its substrate through a beta-elimination process called proton acceptance and donation. The inherent part of this degradation is a processive mode of action of the enzyme degrading hyaluronan into unsaturated disaccharide hyaluronic acid blocks from the reducing to the nonreducing end of the polymer following the initial random endolytic binding to the substrate. The final degradation product is the unsaturated disaccharide hyaluronic acid. The residues of the enzyme that are involved in various aspects of such degradation were identified based on the three-dimensional structures of the native enzyme and its complexes with hyaluronan substrates of various lengths. The catalytic residues were identified to be Asn(349), His(399), and Tyr(408). The residues responsible for the release of the product of the reaction were identified as Glu(388), Asp(398), and Thr(400), and they were termed negative patch. The hydrophobic residues Trp(291), Trp(292), and Phe(343) were found to be responsible for the precise positioning of the substrate for enzyme catalysis and named hydrophobic patch. The comparison of the specific activities and kinetic properties of the wild type and the mutant enzymes involving the hydrophobic patch residues W292A, F343V, W291A/W292A, W292A/F343V, and W291A/W292A/F343V allowed for the characterization of every mutant and for the correlation of the activity and kinetic properties of the enzyme with its structure as well as the mechanism of catalysis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Conversion of pancreas allograft rejection to acceptance by liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Liver allografts of PVG(RT1c)-->DA(RT1a) are spontaneously accepted, whereas pancreas, heart, and kidney allografts are rejected. Our previous studies have shown that simultaneous liver and pancreas transplantation prevents pancreas allograft rejection. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of liver transplantation on subsequent pancreas allografts and on ongoing pancreas rejection. METHODS: Heterotopic, duct-ligated segmental pancreas grafts were transplanted into streptozotocin-induced diabetic recipients (60 mg/kg body weight i.p.) with or without orthotopic liver grafting at different times. Experimental design was as follows. Group 1 received PVG-->PVG pancreas syngrafts (n=6); group 2, PVG-->DA pancreas allografts (n=7); groups 3-5, PVG-->DA pancreas allografts followed by liver transplantation on day 2 (n=6), on day 4 (n=5), and on day 6 (n=5), respectively, group 6, PVG-->DA pancreas allografts after liver transplantation at 4 weeks (n=6). RESULTS: The results showed that pancreas allografts in group 2 were rejected from postoperative day 7 to 13. Liver transplantation prevented subsequent pancreas allograft rejection in group 6. Ongoing pancreas rejection was reversed by liver transplantation with subsequent graft acceptance in groups 3-5. Significant graft-infiltrating lymphocyte apoptosis was demonstrated at 2 weeks in pancreas transplants associated with liver grafting. Graft-versus-host disease was not detected in the pancreas recipients. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that pancreas allografts in the PVG-->DA combination are rejected rapidly with median survival time of 9 days. Liver transplantation can protect subsequent pancreas grafts from rejection and reverse ongoing pancreas graft rejection with subsequent pancreatic acceptance. Graft-infiltrating lymphocyte apoptosis may be associated with the process of graft acceptance.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Decision making in critically ill patients with hematologic malignancy.

Hematologic neoplasms that were previously considered fatal are now potentially curable with techniques such as bone marrow transplantation. Such therapies also carry significant morbidity and mortality. With the increasing application of these therapies, a growing number of physicians are using medical decision making regarding critical care for these patients. The process by which ethical decisions are reached for these critically ill patients may be baffling because of several factors: rapidly evolving treatments, uncertain probabilities of the cure of the malignant disorder, the relatively young age of many of these patients, and the poor prognosis with critical illness. I discuss a process to reach acceptable decisions, providing a case example of the application of the process. This process is derived from the ethical principles that drive decision making in general medicine and attempts to maximize patients' autonomy. It involves a consideration of accurate information regarding the disease process and the prognosis, a clear delineation of the goals of the medical care, and communication with patients. Appropriate, ethical, and consistent decisions regarding the critical care of patients with hematologic malignancy can be reached when these considerations are addressed.

Adult↗