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PubMed2000

Pediatric emergency medicine education in emergency medicine training programs. SAEM Pediatric Education Training Task Force. Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The educational goal of emergency medicine (EM) programs has been to prepare its graduates to provide care for a diverse range of patients and presentations, including pediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methods used to teach pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) to EM residents. METHODS: A written questionnaire was distributed to 118 EM programs. Demographic data were requested concerning the type of residency program, number of residents, required pediatric rotations, elective pediatric rotations, type of hospital and settings in which pediatric patients are seen, and procedures performed. Information was also requested on the educational methods used, proctoring EM received, and any formal curriculum used. RESULTS: Ninety-four percent (111/118) of the programs responded, with 80% of surveys completed by the residency director. Proctoring was primarily performed by PEM attendings and general EM attendings. Formal means of PEM education most often included the EM core curriculum (94%), journal club (95%), EM grand rounds (94%), and EM morbidity and mortality (M&M) conference (91%). Rotations and electives most often included the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and the emergency department (ED) (general and pediatric). CONCLUSIONS: Emergency medicine residents are exposed to PEM primarily by rotating through a general ED, the PED, and the PICU, being proctored by PEM and EM attendings and attending EM lectures and EM M&M conferences. Areas that may merit further attention for pediatric emergency training include experience in areas of neonatal resuscitation, pediatric M&M, and specific pediatric electives. This survey highlights the need to describe current educational strategies as a first step to assess perceived effectiveness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

African AIDS research center to open in Cote d'Ivoire.

The World Foundation for AIDS Research and Prevention inaugurated an AIDS research center on April 17, 1996, in the Ivory Coast of Africa. The Cote d'Ivoire Center for Bioclinical Research on AIDS in Abidjan, the capital, will be equipped with a laboratory capable of performing cell cultures on site instead of sending samples abroad. The center will train African physicians and scientists to form a core of pan-African AIDS researchers, the UN Scientific, Educational and Cultural Organization said. The center will treat out-patients who have not yet developed AIDS symptoms and perform research on the African strain of HIV. "This is a first step toward strengthening AIDS research in Africa and finding appropriate solutions for this continent involving African researchers rather than having them go abroad to find training and well-equipped laboratories," said Pierluigi Vagliani, the AIDS foundation's executive secretary. The Abidjan center will join a network of research units that will soon include centers in Thailand, Japan, and the US. The first center opened in Paris, France, in February 1996. More that 70% of AIDS patients worldwide are in sub-Saharan Africa. Ivory Coast is one of the hardest-hit with almost 15% of the population HIV positive, the statement said.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Design and rationale of controlled study of long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment in children with ADHD.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the rationale, methodology, and sample characteristics of a dual-site treatment study (New York and Montreal) of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) conducted between 1990 and 1995. The hypotheses were that (1) methylphenidate combined with comprehensive multimodal psychosocial treatment was superior to methylphenidate alone in improving multiple functions and (2) the efficacy of the psychosocial intervention resulted from its specific components and not from nonspecific treatment effects. METHOD: One hundred three children with ADHD (ages 7-9), free of conduct and learning disorders, who responded to methylphenidate, were randomized for 2 years to (1) methylphenidate treatment alone; (2) methylphenidate combined with multimodal psychosocial treatment that included parent training and counseling, academic assistance, psychotherapy, and social skills training; or (3) methylphenidate plus attention control treatment that excluded specific aspects of the psychosocial intervention. Children were switched to single-blind placebo after 12 months; methylphenidate was reinstituted when clinically indicated. Assessments included ratings by parents, teachers, children, and psychiatrists; school observations in academic and gym classes; and academic performance tests. Almost 80% of families completed the 2-year study. Companion papers present treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive 2-year psychosocial treatment was delivered successfully to children with ADHD and their families.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed2006

Information-seeking behavior and use of information resources by clinical research coordinators.

PURPOSE: The study sought to understand the literature searching experiences and skills of clinical research coordinators at a large academic medical center. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS/RESOURCES: The Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh, conducted a survey of clinical research coordinators at the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center to solicit their perceived use and knowledge of the library's electronic resources. BRIEF DESCRIPTION: The University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a "high volume IRB" that monitors human subject research at both the University of Pittsburgh and the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. More than 3,500 human research studies and clinical trials are active at any given time. Many studies entail more than minimal risk to human subjects, with the majority evaluating or including a drug or medical device. Clinical research coordinators are involved in most of these studies or trials. Their roles and responsibilities focus on managing many aspects of the study or clinical trial. As a first step in understanding the literature searching experiences and skills of these research coordinators, baseline data were gathered from this group in November 2004. RESULTS/OUTCOME: The data from this survey indicate that clinical research coordinators are a population who would benefit from training by academic medical center librarians in how to use electronic library resources and services. EVALUATION METHOD: A Web-based survey solicited participants' information (gender, education, job title) and role in the IRB process (job responsibilities, number studies they manage). The majority of the survey questions focused on the use of specific electronic library resources, the type of information wanted, and the types of problems encountered.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1995

Abortion training to be required in standard Ob / Gyn curriculum.

On February 15, (1995) the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education announced that it will now require medical schools seeking accreditation to provide abortion training for all residents in obstetrics and gynecology. The new "Program Requirements for Residency Education in Obstetrics and Gynecology," approved unanimously, will take effect on January 1, 1996. According to the Council, the newly issued standards are the first to refer specifically to abortion. The language states, "Experience with induced abortion must be part of residency training, except for residents with moral or religious objections .... Experience with management of complications of abortion must be provided to all residents." The Council also mandates that if a medical school itself has "a religious, moral or legal" objection to teaching the procedure, it must "ensure that residents ... who do not have a religious or moral objection receive education and experience in performing abortion at another institution." Other revisions provide for expanded resident education in "primary and preventive care," due to the fact that many women rely on their obstetricians and gynecologists as their primary care physicians, as well as additional training experience in family planning, including "all reversible methods of contraception" and sterilization. In order to be certified by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ob/gyns must graduate from an accredited residency program. In addition, teaching hospitals must be accredited to secure federal reimbursements for the medical services patients receive from residents. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education operates under the aegis of the American Medical Association, the American Board of Medical Specialties, the American Hospital Association, the Association of American Medical Colleges, and the Council of Medical Specialty Societies. Both the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists support the Council's revised standards.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Laparoscopic Pomeroy tubal ligation as a teaching model for residents.

We reviewed our preliminary experience with laparoscopically directed bilateral midtubal resection for tubal ligation (endoscopic Pomeroy) as a potential teaching tool for the acquisition of endoscopic skills during residency training. Thirty-five laparoscopic Pomeroy and 206 banding procedures were reviewed. Age, parity and weight were similar in the two groups. The operative time for banding was reduced slightly after experience with > 10 procedures. In contrast, the operative time for laparoscopic Pomeroy procedures decreased dramatically after individual experience with only a few (< or = 5) procedures. The mean operative time for the Pomeroy group approached that of the more traditional banding technique at five procedures. Our data indicate that laparoscopic Pomeroy sterilization can be an effective teaching tool for operative laparoscopy, allowing residents to repeatedly perform an easy and safe procedure that incorporates basic techniques. Advanced operative endoscopic procedures could then be taught more efficiently after the acquisition of basic skills.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of emergency medicine ultrasound training with guidelines of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To compare the current state of emergency medicine residency ultrasound training with guidelines for that training from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM). METHODS: A brief questionnaire was sent to program directors from 119 emergency medicine residency programs in the United States. Responses were compared with the SAEM guidelines for clinical experience (150 total ultrasounds) and didactic experience (40 hours of didactic instruction). RESULTS: The overall response rate was 92%. Seventy-six (69%) of the programs own an ultrasound machine (ownership defined as 24-hour availability and complete discretion over use). Of these, 12 (16%) indicated that their average 1998 graduate had done at least 150 total ultrasound scans during residency, although none of the programs had average numbers that exceeded the minimum guidelines for all 4 procedure categories. Information on didactic curriculum was available from 74 ultrasound-owning programs: the duration was 0 to 20 hours in 49 (66%), 20 to 40 hours in 19 (26%), and 40 to 100 hours in 6 (8%). Only 1 program's average graduate met or exceeded the SAEM guidelines for both didactic and clinical training. CONCLUSION: Most emergency medicine residency programs own at least 1 ultrasound machine, with more than half of these obtaining their first machine within the past 3 years. Only 1 program currently meets SAEM training guidelines.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Collaboration in the field of public health in South Eastern Europe].

INTRODUCTION: Southeastern Europe faces shortage of interest in modern program of public health education and research, and in mutual cooperation and cooperation with countries of European Union. In 2000, Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe has initiated a project: "Academic Programmes for Training and Research in Public Health in South Eastern Europe". The project named "Agreement on Collaboration of the Public Health Consortium for South Eastern Europe (PH-SEE) provides many opportunities to advance the cooperation and student exchange during post graduate studies. ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES FOR TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN PUBLIC HEALTH IN SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE: Academic programs include education of how to use Internet material in regard to public health from relevant areas and select skilled coordinatiors. 10 appropriate curricula have been developed with many models and most can be expanded. AGREEMENT ON COLLABORATION OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH CONSORTIUM FOR SOUTH EASTERN EUROPE: This document has the objective of establishing a formal agreement between the members of the Network enabling cooperation and student exchange programs during postgraduate studies. It supports the mobility of postgraduate students in their scientific or practical work, awards student scholarships or acquiring diploma at foreign universities. Each member of this network will support progress in the frame of mutual research and identify program priorities based on unilateral and multilateral cooperation in public health. CONCLUSION: Work on the project "Academic Programmes for Training and Research in Public Health in South Eastern Europe" has to be considered continual, including some colleagues who have interest in preventive medicine and in other areas. Agreement on Collaboration offers younger generations an opportunity for scientific training. According to recently signed Bologna Declaration, we are free to create a school of public health, and it becomes also our obligation.

Europe, Eastern↗
PubMed1988

Postdoctoral research training of full-time faculty in academic departments of medicine.

This report shows the results of a survey of 5604 faculty in departments of medicine, 4200 of whom had postdoctoral research training. As a follow-up to a previous study of research activity in the same population, this retrospective survey focused on location of training, source of funding, structure of the training program, impact of the training experience on career development, and respondents' recommendations for changes in training programs. A predominant finding is that most postdoctoral training occurred in medical schools, and the primary source of funding was the National Institutes of Health. For faculty members with the MD degree, being an active researcher and principal investigator for a peer-reviewed research grant were associated with length of training. The average length of time between the end of postdoctoral research training and obtaining the first peer-reviewed research grant was 24 months, regardless of length of training, source of training support, training site, or type of academic degree (MD, MD-PhD, or PhD). The results of this survey suggest a tentative formula to be a successful researcher in academic medicine: 2 or more years of postdoctoral research training, including formal course work in the fundamental sciences pertinent to biomedical research; 2 to 3 years of full research support from the academic institution until the first extramural grant is obtained; and commitment of at least 33% of time to research activities. The results also suggest directions for change and improvement in future research training programs.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed2002

Changes in biological anthropology: results of the 1998 American Association of Physical Anthropology Membership Survey.

In response to the results of the 1996 survey of the membership of the American Association of Physical Anthropology (AAPA), the Executive Committee of the Association sponsored a follow-up survey designed to assess gender and specialty differences in training, employment, academic status, mentoring, and research support. A total of 993 questionnaires was analyzed, representing approximately 62% of the 1998 membership of the Association. There has been a marked shift in the number of males and females in the discipline from the 1960s to the 1990s. While 51.2% of all respondents are female and 48.8% are male, 70% of the students are female. Chi-square tests indicate significant differences between males and females by highest degree, age, status, obtaining a tenure-track position, receiving tenure, and taking nontenure-track employment before receiving a tenure-track position. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of females in the ranks of assistant and associate professors; however, this is not true for the rank of professor. There are also significant differences between males and females by specialty within the discipline: researchers in primatology, human biological variation, skeletal biology, and paleopathology are primarily female, while researchers in human and primate evolution are increasingly female.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Variation in physician opinion about scheduling of return visits for common ambulatory care conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is consensus about intervals between visits for adult general medicine patients with common ambulatory care conditions. DESIGN: Survey of practicing physicians and residents. SETTING: Ambulatory care at a hospital clinic, a group practice, and a physician office. PARTICIPANTS: 153 physicians, including residents, fellows, and staff from The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, internists and family practitioners from three Iowa towns, and internists from Atlantic City, New Jersey. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: There was wide variation in responses, with greater consensus for more acute conditions than for chronic conditions or preventive care. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Wide variation exists in proposed intervals between visits for care of patients with common ambulatory conditions. 2) Variation occurs within the same geographic area and is unassociated with year of graduation from medical school, year in training, or academic appointment 3) Further study is needed to assess the significance of this variation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Telementoring and teleproctoring.

Telemedicine has previously been defined as "live two-way interactive video communication between a physician and a patient and/or another physician, where all participants are able to see and hear one another much like a face to face encounter." This concept has gained recent notoriety because of the great advances in telecommunications and the potential future increased cost-effectiveness associated with its utilization. We have developed a telementoring deployment protocol that can be effectively used to introduce a student to telementoring processes. The strict protocol uses military commands to facilitate smooth information transfer. The use of a concept called tactical information deployment provides the surgeon with rapid access to reference information in the operating suite. Multimedia interactive CD-ROMs, with digitized movie clips, illustrations, sound bits, and the latest academic review of the literature arm the surgeon with a database that establishes an unprecedented clinical adaptive capability (CAC). The availability of this information is invaluable to surgeons in their initial advanced laparoscopic procedural efforts. Telementoring simulator opportunities are included to acclimate the participant to the process. If the process seems comprehensive, it is meant to be. This is a high-risk situation, and a patient's welfare is on the line. If this concept is to reach its maximal healthcare delivery potential, responsible and academically credible training programs should be established with directional guidelines.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMed1981

An international system for the education of students of medicine and other health professionals in human reproduction. The FIGO teaching manual: a status report.

An analysis of the effectiveness of FIGO's Teaching Manual on Human Reproduction is reported on the basis of answers to a questionnaire received from 100 heads of teaching departments, chiefly of obstetrics and gynecology. These represented 32 countries widely distributed throughout the developing countries of the world. The most significant finding was the evidence of the very large number of medical and other students that could be reached through the principle of placing superlatively good teaching material in the hands of key educators in their native country. Additional answers to the questionnaire provided information on the way courses were organized about the material and suggestions as the useful changes, possible expansion of subject matter, and the felt need for an updated edition.

Education, Medical, Undergraduate↗
PubMed1990

Opposite musical-manual interference in young vs expert musicians.

Cerebral lateralization for music has been studied through a music-manual interference paradigm (tapping) in a group of young musicians (seven males and seven females) attending the 1st and 3rd intermediate grades of Udine's "J. Tomadini" State Conservatory of Music and in a group of graduated expert musicians or higher course students during the execution of three distinct tasks (singing notes, whistling a melody and singing a melody). A significant superiority of the right hemisphere (greater degree of interference with the left hand) in these tasks has been found in young musicians, while an opposite left hemisphere superiority (greater degree of interference with the right hand) was evident in the expert musicians. Other differences between sexes and tasks were not significant. The modification of hemispheric specialization occurring during academical musical training are discussed in terms of the role of education in the cerebral organization of superior cognitive functions.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Midwifery in Jordan.

Jordanian midwives, particularly those working in the public sector, are the major health care providers for mothers and their young children. Many women, however, do not receive early prenatal care, and some receive no prenatal care at all. Because of persistent high rates of maternal and early childhood morbidity and mortality, the Minister of Health has identified advanced preparation in primary health care nursing as a priority for some midwives, who will then be expected to function as leaders in the movement toward universal primary health care.

Child Health Services↗
PubMed2006

National survey of surgical morbidity and mortality conferences.

BACKGROUND: Morbidity and mortality conferences historically have been a paramount meeting for education and quality assurance within surgical departments of teaching institutions. The purpose of this survey was to assess the present educational value and the quality assurance aspect of surgical mortality conferences. METHODS: Surveys were sent to every academic surgical training program director within the United States and Canada (n = 127) and queried the general format and an individual's experience and attitude toward their institutions conference. RESULTS: A total of 546 individuals from 34 institutions returned completed surveys. The survey findings showed that 74% of these surgical departments discussed all deaths and 50% discussed all complications. There was general agreement that surgical morbidity and mortality conferences are of good educational value and effective in reducing future error. The majority of respondents expressed that evidence-based literature should be the primary basis of discussion, with comprehensive presentations that focus on analysis of error. CONCLUSIONS: This survey showed that morbidity and mortality conferences are both educational and perceived by the respondents as effective in reducing future error.

Canada↗